Bu eser mali R & D planı, Guangdong Eyaleti (PR Çin) (2016A050503028) tarafından desteklenmiştir.

İnsan kanı toplama dahil olmak üzere tüm yordamları Sun Yat-Sen Üniversitesi Etik Komitesi tarafından kabul edildi.
1. GPC3-S-Fab tasarım stratejisi
<ol><li>GPC3-S-Fab anti-GPC3 (insanlaşmış GC3313) bir anti-CD16 VHH14 (Şekil 1) ile bir Fab bağlayarak tasarlayın.</li>
	<li>Sentez ve VH-CH1-CD16-VHH ve VL-CL pET26b ve pET21a vektörel çizimler daha önce bildirilen12olarak klonu.</li>
</ol>2. dönüşüm ve kültür
<ol><li>100 Ekle VH-CH1-CD16 (Şekil 1A) ve 100 içeren ng pET26b, pET21a, yetkili BL21 100 µL VL-CL (Şekil 1A) içeren ng (DE3) hücreleri. Mix iyi ve 45-90 s, transfer, 42 ° C su banyosunda 30 dk. Incubate buz üzerinde kuluçkaya ve 3-5 dakika buz üzerinde kuluçkaya.</li>
	<li>Lysogeny suyu (LB) orta 500 µL BL21 içeren bir tüpün içine ekleyin (DE3) hücreleri ve sonra 37 ° c, 45-60 dakika süreyle 150 d/d BL21 yayılmış 100 µL kuluçkaya LB-agar (DE3) hücre tabaklar içeren 50 µg/mL sefaloridin ve ampisilin 100 µg/mL ve 12-16 h 37 ° C'de kuluçkaya.<ol>
<li>Lysogeny suyu (LB) orta hazırlamak: %1 wt/vol tryptone, % 0.5 wt/vol maya özü, % 1 wt/vol NaCl.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>Bir koloni hücrelerden sefaloridin 50 µg/mL ve ampisilinve kültür 37 ° c, 220 devir/dakika, 100 µg/mL gecede içeren Süper suyu (SB) orta 5 mL aşılamak. O zaman, kültür 1 mL 100 mL 50 µg/mL sefaloridin ve ampisilin ve kültür 37 ° c, 4 h için 220 devir/dakika 100 µg/mL içeren SB orta içine aşılamak. Ardından kültür 10 mL 1 L SB orta sefaloridin 50 µg/mL ve ampisilin ve kültür 37 ° c, 220 devir/dakika 100 µg/mL içeren içine aktarın.<ol>
<li>Süper suyu orta hazırlamak: % 3.2 wt/vol tryptone, % 2 wt/vol maya özü, % 0.5 wt/vol NaCl.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>OD600 0,6 - ulaştığında 0.8, 0.2 mM son bir konsantrasyon izopropil-b-D-thio-galactopyranoside (IPTG) ekleyin. Kültür 16 ° c, 36-48 h periplasmic ifade için 180 rpm.</li>
</ol>3. GPC3-S-Fab Periplasmic arıtma
<ol><li>Periplasmic kesir hazırlık<ol>
<li>4000 x g, 30 dk için 4 ° C de centrifuging tarafından hücreleri toplamak, orta atın ve hücreleri tartın.</li>
		<li>4 mL buz gibi sükroz çözeltisi (20 mM Tris-HCL, pH 7.5; %25 (wt/vol) sükroz ve 1 mM EDTA) gram hücre başına iyice hücrelerde resuspend ve 15 dakika buz üzerinde kuluçkaya.</li>
		<li>8.500 x g (Masa Üstü Santrifüj, sabit açılı rotor), buz üzerinde 20 dk. kaldırmak için süpernatant (sukroz Kesir) ve kurtarmak o 4 ° C santrifüj kapasitesi.</li>
		<li>Buz gibi 5 mm MgCl2 ve PMSF (gram hücre başına 4 mL), 1 mM bir karışımında granül resuspend. Lizozim hisse senedi (15 mg/mL) gram başına 40 µL ekleyin ve buz 30 dk için kuluçkaya.</li>
		<li>8.500 x g (Masa Üstü Santrifüj, sabit açılı rotor), 4 ° C 20 dakika Transfer süpernatant (periplasmic Kesir) süreyle santrifüj kapasitesi ve buza kaydedin.</li>
		<li>Sükroz kesir ve periplasmic kesir birleştirin ve de 30.000 x g, 4 ° C'de 30 dk. kaldırmak için süpernatant ve kurtarmak o bir 50 mL konik tüp buz santrifüj kapasitesi.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>Ni-NTA benzeşme arıtma<ol>
<li>Homojen bir süspansiyon ulaşmak, Ni-NTA özel bir taze 15 mL konik tüp için 1 mL kaldırmak ve 10 sütun birimleri (CV) denge arabellek eklemek için iyice karıştırılarak Ni-NTA özel 1 mL resuspend (25 mM Tris-HCL, pH 7.5; 1 M NaCl) equilibrate için.</li>
		<li>400 x g 5 min için de santrifüj kapasitesi ve süpernatant dikkatli bir şekilde çıkarın. Daha sonra Ni-NTA özel sükroz kesir ve periplasmic kesir içeren 50 mL tüp içine ekleyin. Rock 4 ° c 2 h için.</li>
		<li>400 x g karisimin santrifüj kapasitesi, 4 ° C'de 5 dakika süreyle dikkatli bir şekilde süpernatant ilişkisiz kesir olarak başka bir taze buz gibi tüp için çıkarın. Ni-NTA özel bir yerçekimi sütuna aktarmak.</li>
		<li>10 Ekle CV, arabellek yıkama (25 mM Tris-HCL, pH 7.5; 1 M NaCl; 20 mM, 30 mM veya 40 mM imidazole) sütun ve toplamak çamaşır kesir olarak elute. Not: Bu çözümler imidazole konsantrasyonları artan sırayla eklenmelidir.</li>
		<li>3 ekleyin elüsyon CV (25 mM Tris-HCL, pH 7.5; 300 mM NaCl; 100 mM, 200 mM, 300 mM veya imidazole 400 mM) sütun için tampon ve elüsyon kesir olarak 1, 2, 3 ve 4 elute toplamak. Not: Bu çözümler imidazole konsantrasyonları artan sırayla eklenmelidir.</li>
		<li>Diyaliz PBS (137 mM NaCl, KCl, 10 mM Na2HPO4, 2 mM KH2PO4, pH 7,4 2.7 mM) 2 L eluted fraksiyonları % 12 kontrol GPC3-S-Fab varlığı diyaliz boru (12,4 kDa) 4 ° C'de 2 h. için istimal SDS-sayfa ve sonra tarafından Coomassie mavi boyama.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>IgG-CH1 benzeşme arıtma<ol>
<li>IgG-CH1 benzeşme reçine 1 mL 50 mL konik tüp içine aktarmak ve boncuk PBS ile önce yıkayın. Daha sonra GPC3-S-Fab-den sonra adım 3.2.6 içeren diyaliz çözüm ekleyin. Rock 4 ° c 2 h için.</li>
		<li>5 min için 400 x g, santrifüj, 4 ° C. Dikkatle ve reçine bir ağırlık sütun için transfer için başka bir taze buz gibi tüp süpernatant çıkarın.</li>
		<li>10 Ekle CV çamaşır tampon (PBS) için sütun ve yıkama kesir olarak elüsyon toplamak.</li>
		<li>Koleksiyon tüpler Tris pH 9.0 (her eluted kesir mL başına 0.1 mL) 1 M ekleyerek hazırlayın. 3 CV elüsyon arabellek (glisin-HCL, pH 2.7 0.1 M) ile elute ve eluted kesir toplamak; 3 kez tekrarlayın.</li>
		<li>Diyaliz diyaliz boru (12,4 kDa) kullanarak 4 ° C'de 2 h. için PBS 2 L eluted kesirler iki kez tekrarlayın.</li>
		<li>Ultramicrospectrophotometer tarafından protein konsantrasyonu belirlemek (Molar tükenme katsayısı: 91105. 1 A280 = 0.69 mg/L).</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>4. SDS-sayfa ve Western blot Analizi
<ol><li>5 SDS yükleme arabellek x 10 µL örnek almak ve iyice karıştırın. 5 min için 100 ° C'de protein karışımı kaynatın.<ol>
<li>5 x SDS yükleme arabellek hazırlamak: 250 mM Tris-HCL, pH 6.8, % 10 wt/vol SDS, %0,5 wt/vol bromophenol mavi, %50 vol/vol gliserol, % 5 vol/vol beta-mercaptoethanol.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>SDS-sayfa jel yükleme jel (% 5) ve ayrılık jeli (% 12) yukarıda açıklanan26,27,28hazırlayın.</li>
	<li>Haşlanmış protein karışımı ve protein marker 10 µL yük ve SDS-sayfayı çalıştırın.</li>
	<li>Coomassie parlak mavi çözüm ile 20 dk için sallayarak jel leke ve destaining gerçekleştirin.</li>
	<li>Western Blot, PVDF membran için aktardıktan sonra membran TBST (20 mM Tris-HCl, NaCl, %0,1 vol/vol ara 20 150 mM) ile blok + % 5 wt/vol sallayarak süre oda sıcaklığında 1 h için süt kaymağı alınmış.</li>
	<li>Membran birincil antikorlar ile kuluçkaya (Anti-O'nun veya anti-bayrak) seyreltilmiş 1:2,000 TBST + % 5 yağsız süt 1 h için.</li>
	<li>Oda sıcaklığında 5 min için TBST ile yıkama ve 3 kez tekrarlayın.</li>
	<li>İkincil antikoru (Anti-fare Fc antikor HRP bağlı) seyreltilmiş 1:2,000 TBST + % 5 yağsız süt 1 h için membran kuluçkaya.</li>
	<li>Oda sıcaklığında 5 min için TBST ile yıkama ve 3 kez tekrarlayın.</li>
	<li>HPR substrat film başına 1 mL ekleyin, geliştirmek ve fotoğraf çekmek.</li>
</ol>5. jel filtrasyon Analizi
<ol><li>Aşağıdaki sütun kullanın: sütun hacmi 24 mL; Denge arabellek PBS pH 7.4; Akış hızı 0.5 mL/dk odasında ılıman; Örnek hacmi 200 µL.</li>
	<li>Aşağıdaki protein güç ve konsantrasyon kullanın: 500 µL 1.2 mg/ml GPC3-S-Fab. 20.000 x g 30 dk için de santrifüj kapasitesi ve yüklemek için 200 µL al.</li>
	<li>Protein marker hacmi ve konsantrasyon, 100 µL sitokrom C (2 mg/mL, 12.4 kDa), 140 µL anhidraz (3 mg/mL, 29 kDa), albümin (10 mg/mL, 66 kDa) 140 µL ve alkol dehidrogenaz (5 mg/mL, 150 kDa) 200 µL bir tüpün içine alın. 20.000 x g 30 dk için de santrifüj kapasitesi ve yüklemek için 200 µL al.</li>
	<li>Her koşudan önce en az 2 ile yıkayın CV distile suyun akış hızı 0.5 mL/dak.</li>
	<li>Sütun en az 2 ile equilibrate CV denge arabelleği (PBS, pH 7,4) 0.5 mL/dk akış hızında.</li>
	<li>Otomatik olarak örnek örnek yüklemek için 0.5 mL/dk enjekte et.</li>
	<li>Denge arabelleği 0.5 mL/dk ile elute ve 280 ve 215 nm algılamak.</li>
</ol>6. Akış Sitometresi Analizi
<ol><li>HepG2 Kültür (GPC3 pozitif), Hep3B (GPC3 pozitif), Huh7 (GPC3 pozitif) ve 100 x 20 mm plastik yemekleri DMEM orta % 10 fetal Sığır serum (FBS), penisilin (100 µg/mL) ve streptomisin (50 µg/mL) 37 ° C'de içeren hücrelerde MHCC - 97H (GPC3 complement) %5 CO2.</li>
	<li>Kültür CHO (GPC3 complement) hücreleri ve tam uzunlukta insan GPC3 cDNA (GPC3 pozitif) 100 x 20 mm plastik yemekler RPMI 1640 orta %10 FBS, penisilin (100 µg/mL) ve streptomisin (50 µg/mL) 37 ° c, % 5 CO2içeren yataklık CHO/GPC3 hücreleri.</li>
	<li>Tam uzunlukta insan CD16 cDNA (CD16 pozitif) barındıran NK92/CD16 25 cm2 şişeye %10 FBS, penisilin (100 µg/mL) ve streptomisin (50 µg/mL) 37 ° c, % 5 CO2ile RPMI 1640 orta içeren kültür.</li>
	<li>Hücreleri % 70-90 birleşmesi olduğunuzda, orta atın ve PBS 2 mL hücrelerle yıkayın. 1 mL % 0.25 tripsin ekleyin ve 37 ° c için 2-3 dk (veya hücre yüzeyinden ayırmak başlayana kadar) kuluçkaya. Tripsin etkisiz hale getirmek ve hücrelerin yavaşça yukarı ve aşağı pipetting tarafından yeniden askıya almak için tam büyüme orta 1 mL ekleyin.</li>
	<li>Neubauer hemasitometre kullanarak hücre sayıları saymak ve hücre canlılığı Trypan Mavitarafından algılamak.</li>
	<li>3 x 106 hücreler her hücre satırı için toplamak. PBS + % 0,2 BSA hücreleri yeniden askıya almak için 1 mL ekleyin. 200 x g, santrifüj, 4 ° C 5 dk. iki kez tekrarlamak için.</li>
	<li>PBS + % 0,2 BSA hücreleri yeniden askıya almak için 0.3 mL ekleyin ve her 5 mL polistren yuvarlak alt tüp 100 µL (yaklaşık 1 milyon) aktarın. Not: Lütfen burada tüpler için adımları soğuk buz üstünde tutulmalıdır emin olun. Antikor hücre yüzey antijeni bağlanırken, karmaşık içselleştirmesi başlar. Soğuk tutarak, süreci önemli ölçüde yavaşladı.</li>
	<li>Her tüp için birincil antikor (GPC3-S-Fab veya insan Igg1, son konsantrasyonu 5 µg/mL) 10 µL ekleyin ve 1 h için buz üzerinde kuluçkaya.</li>
	<li>PBS 1 mL ekleyin + % 0,2 BSA yıkama ve 200 x g, santrifüj, 4 ° C'de 5 dakika süreyle üç kez tekrarlayın.</li>
	<li>PBS + % 0,2 BSA, 100 µL yeniden askıya alma ve daha sonra ikincil antikoru (anti-insan IgG(H+L)-488, son konsantrasyonu 10 µg/mL) 0.5 µL ekleyin ve buz 1 h. Not için kuluçkaya: Bu adıma, lütfen hücreler gelen ışık tutmak..</li>
	<li>PBS 1 mL ekleyin + % 0,2 BSA yıkama ve 200 x g, santrifüj, 4 ° C'de 5 dakika süreyle üç kez tekrarlayın.</li>
	<li>Hücreleri tarafından akış sitometresi standart protokolü29göre analiz. Hücrelerin uyarma için 488 nm lazer ile elde etmek.</li>
</ol>7. sitotoksik deneyleri
<ol><li>Tümör hücreleri hazırlayın.<ol>
<li>Kültür HepG2, Hep3B, Huh7, MHCC - 97H ve CHO hatları 6.1 6.5 adımlarda açıklandığı gibi hücre.</li>
		<li>0,5 × 105/mL hücrelere sulandırmak ve 100 µL hücreleri (iyi başına 5000 hücre) 96-şey plakalar üzerinde plakası. 6-8 h hücre eklemek izin vermek için kültür.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>İnsan periferik kan mononükleer hücreler (PBMCs) hazırlayın.<ol>
<li>PBS eşit bir birimdeki bir 50 mL konik tüp taze hazırlanmış kanı sulandırmak. Örneğin, kan 10 mL 10 mL PBS ile oranında seyreltin.</li>
		<li>Lenfosit ayrılık orta 15 mL taze 50 mL konik tüp içine al. Lenfosit ayrılık ortama tüp tarafı boyunca seyreltilmiş kan yavaş yavaş aktarın. Not: tüp dikey tutun. Lenfosit ayrılık orta yüzeyine bozulmaz.</li>
		<li>400 x g oda sıcaklığında 35 dk için de kapalı tut ile santrifüj kapasitesi.</li>
		<li>Yavaş yavaş üst plazma katmanı kaldırın ve PBMCs plazma-lenfosit ayrılık orta arayüz içeren beyaz kan katman al.</li>
		<li>PBS + % 2 Kişilik birimi olan PBMCs seyreltik FBS. 400 x g 5 min için de santrifüj kapasitesi.</li>
		<li>Hücrelerle iki kez PBS + % 2 yıkama FBS. 5 dakika süreyle santrifüj 400 x g de 6,5 adımda anlatıldığı gibi hücre sayıları saymak.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>NK hücreleri hazırlayın.<ol>
<li>5 x 107 hücre/mL PBS + %2 FBS ve yerde bir konsantrasyon, PBMCs süspansiyon hazırlamak 5 mL polistren yuvarlak alt tüp giriyordu.</li>
		<li>İnsan NK hücre zenginleştirme kokteyl 50 µL/mL hücre ekleyin. Mix iyi ve 10 dakika oda sıcaklığında kuluçkaya.</li>
		<li>Manyetik parçacıklar NK hücre zenginleştirme kiti ve mix iyi onlar düzgün pipetting tarafından askıya alınır sağlamak için yukarı ve aşağı 5 katından fazla şiddetle resuspend. 100 µL/mL resuspended manyetik parçacıklar hücre süspansiyon aktarın. Mix iyi ve 5 min için oda sıcaklığında kuluçkaya.</li>
		<li>PBS + %2 ekleyerek toplam hacmi 2.5 mL kadar hücre süspansiyon getirmek FBS. Tüp hücrelerde yavaşça yukarı ve aşağı 2 - 3 kez pipetting tarafından karıştırın. (Olmadan bir kap) tüp mıknatıs yerleştirin. Oda sıcaklığında 2.5 min için yerleşmek manyetik boncuklar izin.</li>
		<li>Mıknatıs kaldırın. Bir sürekli çekimde zenginleştirilmiş hücre süspansiyon yeni bir tüp içine dökme Tüp, tersine çevirin.</li>
		<li>6.5. adımda açıklandığı gibi hücre sayıları saymak.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>Sitotoksik tepki kadar ayarla.<ol>
<li>NK hücreleri 5 × 105 hücreleri/karşılık gelen kültür ortamı kullanarak ml seyreltik. 100 µL NK hücre süspansiyon, bir 96-şey plaka üzerinde kaplama tümör hücreleri ekleyin.</li>
		<li>GPC3-S-Fab 10 µL 30 µg/mL, 3 kat seyreltme, 9 nokta (üç çoğaltır) son bir konsantrasyon, en yüksek dozla farklı konsantrasyonlarda ekleyin.</li>
		<li>37 ° c, % 5 CO2 72 h için kuluçkaya.</li>
		<li>72 h, kuluçka sonra orta kaldırmak ve DMEM orta CCK8 reaktif her kuyuya 96-şey plakaları için 10 µL içeren 100 µL ekleyin ve 37 ° C'de kuluçkaya</li>
		<li>450 de plaka okumak nm'de 1, 2, 3 ve 4 h CCK8 reaktif ekledikten sonra.</li>
		<li>Verileri analiz. (OD450 GPC3-S-Fab + efektör + tümör - OD450 Orta) hayatta kalma oranı hesaplamak / (OD450 tümör - OD450 Orta) × %100 ve (OD450 GPC3-S-Fab + tümör - OD450 Orta) / (OD450 tümör - OD450 Orta) × %100. Efektör hücreler NK hücreleri vardır.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Weiner, G. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Building+better+monoclonal+antibody-based+therapeutics.">Building better monoclonal antibody-based therapeutics.</a> Nature Reviews Cancer. 15 (6), 361-370 (2015).</li><li>Rathi, C., Meibohm, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clinical+pharmacology+of+bispecific+antibody+constructs.">Clinical pharmacology of bispecific antibody constructs.</a> The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 55, S21-S28 (2015).</li><li>Weidle, U. H., Kontermann, R. E., Brinkmann, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tumor-antigen-binding+bispecific+antibodies+for+cancer+treatment.">Tumor-antigen-binding bispecific antibodies for cancer treatment.</a> Seminars in Oncology. 41 (5), 653-660 (2014).</li><li>Demarest, S. J., Glaser, S. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antibody+therapeutics,+antibody+engineering,+and+the+merits+of+protein+stability.">Antibody therapeutics, antibody engineering, and the merits of protein stability.</a> Current Opinion in Drug Discovery and Development. 11 (5), 675-687 (2008).</li><li>Mabry, R., Snavely, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Therapeutic+bispecific+antibodies:+The+selection+of+stable+single-chain+fragments+to+overcome+engineering+obstacles.">Therapeutic bispecific antibodies: The selection of stable single-chain fragments to overcome engineering obstacles.</a> IDrugs. 13 (8), 543-549 (2010).</li><li>Rothlisberger, D., Honegger, A., Pluckthun, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Domain+interactions+in+the+Fab+fragment:+a+comparative+evaluation+of+the+single-chain+Fv+and+Fab+format+engineered+with+variable+domains+of+different+stability.">Domain interactions in the Fab fragment: a comparative evaluation of the single-chain Fv and Fab format engineered with variable domains of different stability.</a> Journal of Molecular Biology. 347 (4), 773-789 (2005).</li><li>Kijanka, M., Dorresteijn, B., Oliveira, S., van Bergen en Henegouwen, P. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nanobody-based+cancer+therapy+of+solid+tumors.">Nanobody-based cancer therapy of solid tumors.</a> Nanomedicine (London). 10 (1), 161-174 (2015).</li><li>Muyldermans, S., Cambillau, C., Wyns, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recognition+of+antigens+by+single-domain+antibody+fragments:+the+superfluous+luxury+of+paired+domains.">Recognition of antigens by single-domain antibody fragments: the superfluous luxury of paired domains.</a> Trends in Biochemical Sciences. 26 (4), 230-235 (2001).</li><li>Gonzalez-Sapienza, G., Rossotti, M. A., Tabares-da Rosa, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single-Domain+Antibodies+As+Versatile+Affinity+Reagents+for+Analytical+and+Diagnostic+Applications.">Single-Domain Antibodies As Versatile Affinity Reagents for Analytical and Diagnostic Applications.</a> Frontiers in Immunology. 8, 977 (2017).</li><li>Fernandes, C. F. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Camelid+Single-Domain+Antibodies+As+an+Alternative+to+Overcome+Challenges+Related+to+the+Prevention,+Detection,+and+Control+of+Neglected+Tropical+Diseases.">Camelid Single-Domain Antibodies As an Alternative to Overcome Challenges Related to the Prevention, Detection, and Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases.</a> Frontiers in Immunology. 8, 653 (2017).</li><li>Li, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+bispecific+antibody,+S-Fab,+induces+potent+cancer+cell+killing.">A novel bispecific antibody, S-Fab, induces potent cancer cell killing.</a> Journal of Immunotherapy. 38 (9), 350-356 (2015).</li><li>Li, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+single-domain+antibody-linked+Fab+bispecific+antibody+Her2-S-Fab+has+potent+cytotoxicity+against+Her2-expressing+tumor+cells.">A single-domain antibody-linked Fab bispecific antibody Her2-S-Fab has potent cytotoxicity against Her2-expressing tumor cells.</a> AMB Express. 6 (1), 32 (2016).</li><li>Nakano, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Anti-glypican+3+antibodies+cause+ADCC+against+human+hepatocellular+carcinoma+cells.">Anti-glypican 3 antibodies cause ADCC against human hepatocellular carcinoma cells.</a> Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 378 (2), 279-284 (2009).</li><li>Behar, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+and+characterization+of+anti-FcgammaRIII+(CD16)+llama+single-domain+antibodies+that+activate+natural+killer+cells.">Isolation and characterization of anti-FcgammaRIII (CD16) llama single-domain antibodies that activate natural killer cells.</a> Protein Engineering, Design, and Selection. 21 (1), 1-10 (2008).</li><li>Baral, T. N., Arbabi-Ghahroudi, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Expression+of+single-domain+antibodies+in+bacterial+systems.">Expression of single-domain antibodies in bacterial systems.</a> Methods in Molecular Biology. 911, 257-275 (2012).</li><li>Arbabi-Ghahroudi, M., Tanha, J., MacKenzie, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prokaryotic+expression+of+antibodies.">Prokaryotic expression of antibodies.</a> Cancer and Metastasis Reviews. 24 (4), 501-519 (2005).</li><li>Spiess, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bispecific+antibodies+with+natural+architecture+produced+by+co-culture+of+bacteria+expressing+two+distinct+half-antibodies.">Bispecific antibodies with natural architecture produced by co-culture of bacteria expressing two distinct half-antibodies.</a> Nature Biotechnology. 31 (8), 753-758 (2013).</li><li>Filmus, J., Selleck, S. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Glypicans:+proteoglycans+with+a+surprise.">Glypicans: proteoglycans with a surprise.</a> Journal of Clinical Investigation. 108 (4), 497-501 (2001).</li><li>Baumhoer, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Glypican+3+expression+in+human+nonneoplastic,+preneoplastic,+and+neoplastic+tissues:+a+tissue+microarray+analysis+of+4,387+tissue+samples.">Glypican 3 expression in human nonneoplastic, preneoplastic, and neoplastic tissues: a tissue microarray analysis of 4,387 tissue samples.</a> American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 129 (6), 899-906 (2008).</li><li>Llovet, J. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+molecular+signature+to+discriminate+dysplastic+nodules+from+early+hepatocellular+carcinoma+in+HCV+cirrhosis.">A molecular signature to discriminate dysplastic nodules from early hepatocellular carcinoma in HCV cirrhosis.</a> Gastroenterology. 131 (6), 1758-1767 (2006).</li><li>Zhu, Z. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enhanced+glypican-3+expression+differentiates+the+majority+of+hepatocellular+carcinomas+from+benign+hepatic+disorders.">Enhanced glypican-3 expression differentiates the majority of hepatocellular carcinomas from benign hepatic disorders.</a> Gut. 48 (4), 558-564 (2001).</li><li>Hsu, H. C., Cheng, W., Lai, P. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cloning+and+expression+of+a+developmentally+regulated+transcript+MXR7+in+hepatocellular+carcinoma:+biological+significance+and+temporospatial+distribution.">Cloning and expression of a developmentally regulated transcript MXR7 in hepatocellular carcinoma: biological significance and temporospatial distribution.</a> Cancer Research. 57 (22), 5179-5184 (1997).</li><li>Flaherty, M. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nonclinical+evaluation+of+GMA161--an+antihuman+CD16+(FcgammaRIII)+monoclonal+antibody+for+treatment+of+autoimmune+disorders+in+CD16+transgenic+mice.">Nonclinical evaluation of GMA161--an antihuman CD16 (FcgammaRIII) monoclonal antibody for treatment of autoimmune disorders in CD16 transgenic mice.</a> Toxicological Sciences. 125 (1), 299-309 (2012).</li><li>Sharma, R., Das, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Organ-specific+phenotypic+and+functional+features+of+NK+cells+in+humans.">Organ-specific phenotypic and functional features of NK cells in humans.</a> Immunological Research. 58 (1), 125-131 (2014).</li><li>Li, X. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+CD16a,+the+surface+receptor+of+Kupffer+cells,+on+the+growth+of+hepatocellular+carcinoma+cells.">Effect of CD16a, the surface receptor of Kupffer cells, on the growth of hepatocellular carcinoma cells.</a> International Journal of Molecular Medicine. 37 (6), 1465-1474 (2016).</li><li>Fiala, G. J., Schamel, W. W., Blumenthal, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Blue+native+polyacrylamide+gel+electrophoresis+(BN-PAGE)+for+analysis+of+multiprotein+complexes+from+cellular+lysates.">Blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (BN-PAGE) for analysis of multiprotein complexes from cellular lysates.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (48), (2011).</li><li>Hwang, A. C., Grey, P. H., Cuddy, K., Oppenheimer, D. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pouring+and+running+a+protein+gel+by+reusing+commercial+cassettes.">Pouring and running a protein gel by reusing commercial cassettes.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (60), (2012).</li><li>Laemmli, U. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cleavage+of+structural+proteins+during+the+assembly+of+the+head+of+bacteriophage+T4.">Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4.</a> Nature. 227 (5259), 680-685 (1970).</li><li>Menon, V., Thomas, R., Ghale, A. R., Reinhard, C., Pruszak, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Flow+cytometry+protocols+for+surface+and+intracellular+antigen+analyses+of+neural+cell+types.">Flow cytometry protocols for surface and intracellular antigen analyses of neural cell types.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (94), (2014).</li><li>Feng, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Therapeutically+targeting+glypican-3+via+a+conformation-specific+single-domain+antibody+in+hepatocellular+carcinoma.">Therapeutically targeting glypican-3 via a conformation-specific single-domain antibody in hepatocellular carcinoma.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Science U S A. 110 (12), E1083-E1091 (2013).</li></ol>

Yazarlar hiçbir çıkar çatışmaları bildirin.

Bu çalışmada, biz bsAbs, yeni bir biçim oluşturmak için bir strateji mevcut GPC3-S-hangi GPC3 pozitif tümör hücreleri hedefleme NK hücreleri askere Fab. S-Fab üzerinde doğal Fab dayalı bir anti-CD16 VHH11,12ekleyerek biçimi. BsAbs içeren Fc bölge ile karşılaştırıldığında, GPC3-S-Fab kolayca bakteri büyük ölçüde periplasm olarak üretilmektedir.
İletişim kuralında tanımlanan ifade ve arıtma stratejisi k...

Monoklonal antikor şimdi geniş kanser tedavi1için kullanılır. Antikorlar esneklik nedeniyle çeşitli antikor tabanlı biçimler aktif olarak keşfedilmeyi. Monoklonal antikorlar ile karşılaştırıldığında, bsAbs iki farklı hedefler aynı anda ve verimli bir şekilde hedef ve tümör hücreleri2öldürmek için bağışıklık efektör hücreleri alımı tetiklemek tanımasını sağlayarak iki farklı antijen bağlayıcı modülleri var.
Geçerli rekombinant bsAb biçimleri genellikle iki sınıf için atanmış: Fc içeren bsAbs ve bsAbs bir Fc bölge olmadan. Çoğunlukla memeli hücrelerinde üretilir Fc içeren biçimleri ile karşılaştırıldığında, bsAbs olmadan bir Fc bölge daha küçük boyutları, avantajları daha kolay mikroorganizma ifade sistemlerinde üretilen ve tümör doku daha verimli bir şekilde nüfuz 3.
bsAbs bir Fc bölge olmadan genellikle tek-zinciri değişken parçaları (scFvs) veya Fabs3gibi bireysel bağlama moieties bağlayarak meydana gelir. Olmadan teskin etki, scFv parçaları genellikle dayalı bsAbs termal kararlılık, düşük çözünürlük veya toplama4,5için artan bir potansiyel tehlikeye. Buna ek olarak, Fab-esaslı bsAbs CH1 ve CL heterodimerization yerli Fab yan4,6' nedeniyle daha istikrarlı.
Değişken etki alanından ağır zinciri yalnızca antikorlar (VHHs, tek etki alanı antikor da bilinir) doğal ağır zincir antikorlar7aktif antijen bağlayıcı parçası vardır. VHHs yüksek afinite özellikleri, geleneksel IgGs8, düşük immünojenisite ve yüksek verim özgüllük bakteriyel ifade9' var. FV parçaları ile karşılaştırıldığında, VHHs daha yüksek termal kararlılık10var. Fab moieties ile karşılaştırıldığında, VHHs daha küçük boyutları nedeniyle CH1 ve CL eksikliği var. Böylece, S-Fab, Fab bir tek etki alanı antikor, VHH, ile bağlantı kurarak elde bsAb biçiminde tasarlanmış ve onun anti-tümör etkisi11,12için okudu.
Bu çalışmada, GPC3-S-Fab inşaatı hGC3313 ile bir anti-CD16a VHH14 Fab bağlama tarafından tanımlanmıştır. GPC3-S-Fab, verimli bir şekilde periplasmic ifade Escherichia coli (e.coli)içinde üretilmektedir. GPC3-S-Fab fonksiyonel çalışmaları GPC3-S-Fab karaciğer kanseri tedavisi için umut verici bir strateji olduğunu düşündürmektedir. Böylece, GPC3-S-Fab avantajları alternatif teknikleri ile ilgili başvuruları önceki çalışmalarda kolay üretim ve arıtma ve daha istikrarlı bsAbs içerir.
Memeli ifade ve prokaryotik ifade sistemler BsAbs çeşitli biçimlerde ifade etmek için kullanılmaktadır. Memeli ifade sistemleri, E. coliaksine-tabanlı protein ifade sistemlerine sahip pek çok faydaları, yüksek verim, düşük maliyetli ve emek tasarrufu, genetik manipülasyon ve yüksek dönüşüm verimliliği15kolaylığı dahil olmak üzere. E. colibsAbs ifade için iki temel strateji vardır: sitoplazma ve sitoplazma ve dış hücre zarlarında15arasında periplasm ifadede ifade. Sitoplazma azaltarak çevreye, periplasm bir daha oksitleyici doğru katlanır teşvik çevre ve proteinler16ortak ifade karşılaştırılır. Doğru katlanır çözünürlük, istikrar ve işlev bsAbs üretiminde önemli bir rol oynar. Bu nedenle, bir sinyal sıra pelB periplasm için salgılanmasını E. coli17yönlendirmek için S Fab N-terminus eklendi. Emin olmak için doğru katlanır, çözünürlük, termal kararlılık ve konformasyon istikrar, karmaşıklığı ve bir antikor boyutunu azaltarak sık16istihdam. S-Fab biçimi bir Fab ve bakteriyel sistemlerinde basit yapısı ve küçük boyutu nedeniyle büyük olasılıkla çok iyi ifade edilen bir VHH oluşur.
GPC3 bu GPC3-S-Fab bispecific antikor biçimde seçildi. Glypican-3 (GPC3) ile glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)18hücre yüzeyine demirli heparin sülfat (HS) proteoglikan ailesinin bir üyesidir. GPC3 karaciğer kanserleri19,20,21,22çoğunluğu için hangi hesabı % 70 hepatosellüler karsinom (HCC) olguların overexpressed. GPC3 nadiren normal dokulara ifade edilir çünkü GPC3 HCC için potansiyel bir hedef teklif edildi. Birden çok fare mAbs GPC3 karşı üretilen. Ancak, sadece GC33 sınırlı anti-tümör faaliyet 22sergiledi ve bu hastalarda klinik etkinlik sergilemek için başarısız oldu. Bu çalışmada, GPC3-S-Fab NK hücreleri GPC3 tümör hücreleri14öldürmek için recruit edebilmek için gösterildi.
NK hücreleri toplamak için anti-CD16 VHH kullanıldı. CD16a esas olarak doğal öldürücü (NK) hücreler, makrofajlar, monosit ve bazı alt türlerinden T hücrelerinin üzerinde ifade bir düşük benzeşme IgG reseptör var. NK hücreleri23tarafından antikor bağımlı hücre sitotoksisite (CCDA) ilgilenmektedir. İnsan NK hücreleri iki türe, CD56 kategorize - CD16 + ve CD56 + CD16-. CD56 + CD16− NK hücreleri, CD56 aksine-CD16 + NK hücreleri serbest bırakmak daha yüksek düzeyde perforin ve granzyme B ve böylece güçlü sitotoksisite24mevcut. CD16a, ifade Kupffer hücreleri (KCs), karaciğerde ikamet makrofajlar vardır. Kupffer hücreleri karaciğer kanseri25bastırılması içinde önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Böylece, CD16a hedefleme bsAbs T hücrelerinin karaciğer kanserine karşı ilgi çekici daha bir daha umut verici strateji olabilir.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Shaking incubator</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>MAXQ 4000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Shaking incubator</td>
			<td>Zhicheng</td>
			<td>ZWYR-D2402</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge</td>
			<td>Cence</td>
			<td>GL-10MD</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge</td>
			<td>Beckman coulter</td>
			<td>Avanti j-26S XPI</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge</td>
			<td>eppendorf</td>
			<td>5810R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultraviolet spectrophotometer</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>Nanodrop</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Analytical polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis apparatus</td>
			<td>Mini-PROTEAN&#174; Tetra</td>
			<td>Bio-rad</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trans-blot apparatus</td>
			<td>Criterion</td>
			<td>Bio-rad</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Imaging system</td>
			<td>Bio-rad</td>
			<td>chemidoc tm XRS+</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fast Protein Liquid chromatogram</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td>AKTA avant</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GF column</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td>28-9909-44 Superdex 200 Increase 10/300 GL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Flow Cytometer</td>
			<td>Beckman coulter</td>
			<td>FC500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge</td>
			<td>eppendorf</td>
			<td>5702R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Envision plate reader</td>
			<td>TECAN</td>
			<td>Infinite F50</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti His-tag</td>
			<td>eBioscience</td>
			<td>14-6657-82</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-Flag-tag</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>F1804</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-human(H&#38;L)-488</td>
			<td>A11013</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-mouse IgG HRP-linked antibody</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling</td>
			<td>7076S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ni-NTA-Agarose</td>
			<td>Tribioscience</td>
			<td>TBS9202-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IgG-CH1 affinity resin</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>194320005</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ficoll-Plaque Plus</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td>17-1440-03</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NK cell enrichment kit</td>
			<td>Stemcell</td>
			<td>19055</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnet</td>
			<td>Stemcell</td>
			<td>18000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CCK8 kit</td>
			<td>Dojindo</td>
			<td>CK04</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>C11995500CP</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RPMI-1640</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>C11875500CP</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>F2442</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15050-057</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin-Streptomycin</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15140-122</td>
			<td>Cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Standard marker</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>MWGF200</td>
			<td>Gel filtration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isopropyl-b-D-thio-galactopyranoside (IPTG)</td>
			<td>VWR chemicals</td>
			<td>VWRC0487-100G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dialysis tubing</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>D0655-100FT</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Knanamycine</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>VWRC0408-100G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ampicillin</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>VWRC0339-100G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tryptone</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>LP0042B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Yeast Extract</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>LP0021B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl</td>
			<td>Sangon Biotech</td>
			<td>A100241</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trizma base</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>T6791-1KG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EDTA</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>V900106</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glycine</td>
			<td>aladdin</td>
			<td>A110752-500g</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KCl</td>
			<td>aladdin</td>
			<td>P112134-500g</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MgCl</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>V900020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agar</td>
			<td>Sangon Biotech</td>
			<td>A505255-0250</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium Phosphate, Monobasic Anhydrous (KH2PO4)</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>7778-77-0</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Phosphate, Dibasic, Anhydrous (Na2HPO4)</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>7558-79-4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2-Mercaptoethanol</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>60-24-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phenylmethyl Sulfonyl Fluoride (PMSF)</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>329-98-6</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lysozyme</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>L6876-25G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td><a name="RANGE!A50">Coomassie Brilliant Blue R250</a></td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>VWRC0472-50G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bromophenol blue</td>
			<td>Sangon Biotech</td>
			<td>A500922-25G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA)</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>VWRC0332-100G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glycerol</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>V900122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100mm x 20mm plastic dish</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>430167</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>25cm2 flask</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>430639</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>96 well cell culture cluster</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>3599</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sucrose</td>
			<td>Sangon Biotech</td>
			<td>A610498-0005</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CHO</td>
			<td>the Type Culture Collection of the Chinese Academy of Sciences</td>
			<td>GNHa 3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MHCC-97H</td>
			<td>the Type Culture Collection of the Chinese Academy of Sciences</td>
			<td>SCSP-528</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HepG2</td>
			<td>the Type Culture Collection of the Chinese Academy of Sciences</td>
			<td>TCHu 72</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Huh7</td>
			<td>the Type Culture Collection of the Chinese Academy of Sciences</td>
			<td>TCHu182</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hep3B</td>
			<td>the Type Culture Collection of the Chinese Academy of Sciences</td>
			<td>TCHu106</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NK92</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>CRL2408</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a gpc3-targeting bispecific antibody, gpc3-s-fab, with potent cytotoxicity

Bu iletişim kuralı İnşaat ve bispecific antikor (bsAb), GPC3-S-Fab fonksiyonel çalışmaları açıklanmaktadır. bsAbs iki farklı kolları aracılığıyla iki farklı epitopları tanıyabilir. bsAbs aktif olarak yeteneklerini doğrudan bağışıklık hücreleri tümör hücrelerini öldürmek için recruit için inceledik. Şu anda, bsAbs çoğunluğu rekombinant proteinler, Fc içeren bsAbs olarak veya daha küçük bsAb türevleri Fc bölge olmadan şeklinde üretilmektedir. Bu çalışmada, GPC3-S-Fab, bir antikor parçası (Fab) tabanlı bispecific antikor anti-GPC3 antikor GC33 bir anti-CD16 tek etki alanı antikor ile Fab bağlama tarafından tasarlanmıştır. GPC3-S-Fab Escherichia coli ifade edilen ve iki benzeşme chromatographies tarafından arıtılmış. Saf GPC3-S-Fab özellikle bağlamak ve GPC3 pozitif karaciğer kanseri hücrelerini öldürmek doğal katil hücreler, işe alma tarafından GPC3-S-Fab potansiyel bir uygulama karaciğer kanseri tedavisi öneriyor.

GPC3-S-Fab arıtma
GPC3-S-Fab E. coli bir iki adım benzeşme saflaştırma tarafından ilk Ni-NTA-özel, IgG-CH1 benzeşme arıtma tarafından takip ile saflaştırıldı. İki adım benzeşme arıtma sonra GPC3-S-Fab homojenliği ile 1:1 (Şekil 2A) yakın iki zincir için saflaştırıldı. VH-CH1-CD16 VHH ve VL-CL polipeptitler varlığı onların farklı C-terminal eti...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A GPC3-targeting Bispecific Antibody, GPC3-S-Fab, with Potent Cytotoxicity at JoVE.com

A GPC3-targeting Bispecific Antibody, GPC3-S-Fab, with Potent Cytotoxicity

Burada, içinde bispecific antikor GPC3-S-Fab üretmek için bir protokol mevcut Escherichia coli. Saf GPC3-S-Fab güçlü sitotoksisite karşı GPC3 pozitif karaciğer kanseri hücreleri vardır.

GPC3 hedefleme Bispecific antikor, GPC3-S-Fab, güçlü sitotoksisite

This protocol describes the construction and functional studies of a bispecific antibody (bsAb), GPC3-S-Fab. bsAbs can recognize two different epitopes ...

a-gpc3-targeting-bispecific-antibody-gpc3-s-fab-with-potent

Research

JoVE Journal

Cancer Research

8.5K Görüntüleme.  Sun Yat-Sen University. Burada, içinde bispecific antikor GPC3-S-Fab üretmek için bir protokol mevcut Escherichia coli. Saf GPC3-S-Fab güçlü sitotoksisite karşı GPC3 pozitif karaciğer kanseri hücreleri vardır.

Video: A GPC3-targeting Bispecific Antibody, GPC3-S-Fab, with Potent Cytotoxicity

Labeling of Breast Cancer Patient-derived Xenografts with Traceable Reporters for Tumor Growth and Metastasis Studies

The use of preclinical models to study tumor biology and response to treatment is central to cancer research. Long-established human cell lines, and many transgenic mouse models, often fail to recapitulate the key aspects of human malignancies. Thus, alternative models that better represent the heterogeneity of patients' tumors and their metastases are being developed. Patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models in which surgically resected tumor samples are engrafted into immunocompromised mice have become an attractive alternative as they can be transplanted through multiple generations,and more efficiently reflect tumor heterogeneity than xenografts derived from human cancer cell lines. A limitation to the use of PDXs is that they are difficult to transfect or transduce to introduce traceable reporters or to manipulate gene expression. The current protocol describes methods to transduce dissociated tumor cells from PDXs with high transduction efficiency, and the use of labeled PDXs for experimental models of breast cancer metastases. The protocol also demonstrates the use of labeled PDXs in experimental metastasis models to study the organ-colonization process of the metastatic cascade. Metastases to different organs can be easily visualized and quantified using bioluminescent imaging in live animals, or GFP expression during dissection and in excised organs. These methods provide a powerful tool to extend the use of multiple types of PDXs to metastasis research.

We describe a method for stable labeling of patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) with lentiviral particles expressing green-fluorescent protein and luciferase reporters. This method allows for tracking the growth of PDXs at the primary site, as well as detecting spontaneous and experimental metastases using in vivo imaging systems.

Tümör Büyüme ve metastaz Çalışmaları İzlenebilir Muhabirleri ile Meme Kanseri Hasta kaynaklı ksenogratflarının Etiketleme

The use of preclinical models to study tumor biology and response to treatment is central to cancer research. Long-established human cell lines, and many ...

Kanser Araştırmaları

Potentiation of Anticancer Antibody Efficacy by Antineoplastic Drugs: Detection of Antibody-drug Synergism Using the Combination Index Equation

Potentiation of hostile monoclonal antibodies (mAb) by chemotherapeutic agents constitutes a valuable strategy for designing effective and safer therapy against cancer. Here we provide a protocol to identify a rational combination at the preclinical step. First, we describe a cell-based assay to assess the synergism between anticancer mAb and cytotoxic drugs, that uses the combination index equation of Chou and Talalay1. This includes the measurement of tumor cell drug- and antibody-sensitivity using an MTT assay, followed by an automated computer analysis to calculate the combination index (CI) values. CI values of &lt;1 indicate synergism between tested mAbs and cytotoxic agents1. To corroborate the in vitro findings in vivo, we further describe a method to assess the combination regimen efficacy in a xenograft tumor model. In this model, the combined regimen significantly delays tumor growth, which results in a significant extended survival in comparison to single-agent controls. Importantly, the in vivo experimentation reveals that the combination regimen is well tolerated. This protocol allows the effective evaluation of anticancer drug combinations in preclinical models and the identification of rational combination to evaluate in clinical trials.

This protocol describes how to assess synergism between an anticancer antibody and antineoplastic drugs in preclinical models by using the combination index equation of Chou and Talalay.

Antikanser antikor etkinliğinin Antineoplastic uyuşturucu tarafından kullanılmasının muhtemelen: antikor-uyuşturucu Synergism kombinasyon Dizin denklem kullanılarak tespiti

Potentiation of hostile monoclonal antibodies (mAb) by chemotherapeutic agents constitutes a valuable strategy for designing effective and safer therapy ...

In Vivo Immunofluorescence Localization for Assessment of Therapeutic and Diagnostic Antibody Biodistribution in Cancer Research

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are important tools in cancer detection, diagnosis, and treatment. They are used to unravel the role of proteins in tumorigenesis, can be directed to cancer biomarkers enabling tumor detection and characterization, and can be used for cancer therapy as mAbs or antibody-drug conjugates to activate immune effector cells, to inhibit signaling pathways, or directly kill cells carrying the specific antigen. Despite clinical advancements in the development and production of novel and highly specific mAbs, diagnostic and therapeutic applications can be impaired by the complexity and heterogeneity of the tumor microenvironment. Thus, for the development of efficient antibody-based therapies and diagnostics, it is crucial to assess the biodistribution and interaction of the antibody-based conjugate with the living tumor microenvironment. Here, we describe In Vivo Immunofluorescence Localization (IVIL) as a new approach to study interactions of antibody-based therapeutics and diagnostics in the in vivo physiological and pathological conditions. In this technique, a therapeutic or diagnostic antigen-specific antibody is intravenously injected in&#160;vivo and localized ex vivo with a secondary antibody in isolated tumors. IVIL, therefore, reflects the in vivo biodistribution of antibody-based drugs and targeting agents. Two IVIL applications are described assessing the biodistribution and accessibility of antibody-based contrast agents for molecular imaging of breast cancer. This protocol will allow future users to adapt the IVIL method for their own antibody-based research applications.

The in vivo immunofluorescence localization (IVIL) method can be used to examine in vivo biodistribution of antibodies and antibody conjugates for oncological purposes in living organisms using a combination of in vivo tumor targeting and ex vivo immunostaining methods.

Kanser Araştırmalarında Terapötik ve Tanısal Antikor Biyodağılımının Değerlendirilmesi için In Vivo Immunofluoresence Lokalizasyonu

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are important tools in cancer detection, diagnosis, and treatment. They are used to unravel the role of proteins in ...

Generation of Orthotopic Pancreatic Tumors and Ex vivo Characterization of Tumor-Infiltrating T Cell Cytotoxicity

In vivo models of pancreatic cancer provide invaluable tools for studying disease dynamics, immune infiltration and new therapeutic strategies. The orthotopic murine model can be performed on large cohorts of immunocompetent mice simultaneously, is relatively inexpensive and preserves the cognate tissue microenvironment. The quantification of T cell infiltration and cytotoxic activity within orthotopic tumors provides a useful indicator of an antitumoral response.
This protocol describes the methodology for surgical generation of orthotopic pancreatic tumors by injection of a low number of syngeneic tumor cells resuspended in 5 &#181;L basement membrane directly into the pancreas. Mice bearing orthotopic tumors take approximately 30 days to reach endpoint, at which point tumors can be harvested and processed for characterization of tumor-infiltrating T cell activity. Rapid enzymatic digestion using collagenase and DNase allows a single-cell suspension to be extracted from tumors. The viability and cell surface markers of immune cells extracted from the tumor are preserved; therefore, it is appropriate for multiple downstream applications, including flow-assisted cell sorting of immune cells for culture or RNA extraction, flow cytometry analysis of immune cell populations. Here, we describe the ex vivo stimulation of T cell populations for intracellular cytokine quantification (IFN&#947; and TNF&#945;) and degranulation activity (CD107a) as a measure of overall cytotoxicity. Whole-tumor digests were stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate and ionomycin for 5 h, in the presence of anti-CD107a antibody in order to upregulate cytokine production and degranulation. The addition of brefeldin A and monensin for the final 4 h was performed to block extracellular transport and maximize cytokine detection. Extra- and intra-cellular staining of cells was then performed for flow cytometry analysis, where the proportion of IFN&#947;+, TNF&#945;+ and CD107a+ CD4+ and CD8+ T cells was quantified.
This method provides a starting base to perform comprehensive analysis of the tumor microenvironment.

Generation of Orthotopic Pancreatic Tumors and Ex vivo Characterization of Tumor-Infiltrating T Cell Cytotoxicity

This protocol describes the surgical generation of orthotopic pancreatic tumors and the rapid digestion of freshly isolated murine pancreatic tumors. Following digestion, viable immune cell populations can be used for further downstream analysis, including ex vivo stimulation of T cells for intracellular cytokine detection by flow cytometry.

Ortotopik Pankreas Tümörlerinin Üretimi ve Tümör Efiltrasyonu T Hücre Sitotoksisitesinin Ex vivo Karakterizasyonu

In vivo models of pancreatic cancer provide invaluable tools for studying disease dynamics, immune infiltration and new therapeutic strategies. The ...

Analyzing Tumor and Tissue Distribution of Target Antigen Specific Therapeutic Antibody

Monoclonal antibodies are high affinity multifunctional drugs that work by variable independent mechanisms to eliminate cancer cells. Over the last few decades, the field of antibody-drug conjugates, bispecific antibodies, chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) and cancer immunotherapy has emerged as the most promising area of basic and therapeutic investigations. With numerous successful human trials targeting immune checkpoint receptors and CAR-T cells in leukemia and melanoma at a breakthrough pace, it is highly exciting times for oncologic therapeutics derived from variations of antibody engineering. Regrettably, a significantly large numbers of antibody and CAR based therapeutics have also proven disappointing in human trials of solid cancers because of the limited availability of immune effector cells in the tumor bed. Importantly, nonspecific distribution of therapeutic antibodies in tissues other than tumors also contribute to the lack of clinical efficacy, associated toxicity and clinical failure. As faithful translation of preclinical studies into human clinical trails are highly relied on mice tumor xenograft efficacy and safety studies, here we highlight a method to test the tumor and general tissue distribution of therapeutic antibodies. This is achieved by labeling the protein-A purified antibody with near Infrared fluorescent dye followed by live imaging of tumor bearing mice.

Here we present a protocol to study the in vivo localization of antibodies in mice tumor xenograft models.

Hedef Antijen Spesifik Terapötik Antikor tümör ve doku dağılımının analizi

Monoclonal antibodies are high affinity multifunctional drugs that work by variable independent mechanisms to eliminate cancer cells. Over the last few ...

An Automated Differential Nuclear Staining Assay for Accurate Determination of Mitocan Cytotoxicity

The contribution of mitochondria to oncogenic transformation is a subject of wide interest and active study. As the field of cancer metabolism becomes more complex, the goal of targeting mitochondria using various compounds that inflict mitochondrial damage (so-called mitocans) is becoming quite popular. Unfortunately, many existing cytotoxicity assays, such as those based on tetrazolium salts or resazurin require functional mitochondrial enzymes for their performance. The damage inflicted by compounds that target mitochondria often compromises the accuracy of these assays. Here, we describe a modified protocol based on differential staining with two fluorescent dyes, one of which is cell-permeant (Hoechst 33342) and the other of which is not (propidium iodide). The difference in staining allows living and dead cells to be discriminated. The assay is amenable to automated microscopy and image analysis, which increases throughput and reduces bias. This also allows the assay to be used in high-throughput fashion using 96-well plates, making it a viable option for drug discovery efforts, particularly when the drugs in question have some level of mitotoxicity. Importantly, results obtained by Hoechst/PI staining assay show increased consistency, both with trypan blue exclusion results and between biological replicates when the assay is compared to other methods.

The protocol describes a rapid, high-throughput, reliable, inexpensive, and unbiased assay for efficiently determining cellular viability. This assay is particularly useful when cells&#39; mitochondria have been damaged, which interferes with other assays. The assay uses automated counting of cells stained with two nuclear dyes &#8211; Hoechst 33342 and propidium iodide.

Mitokan Sitotoksisitesinin Doğru Tayini için Otomatik Diferansiyel Nükleer Boyama Denemesi

The contribution of mitochondria to oncogenic transformation is a subject of wide interest and active study. As the field of cancer metabolism becomes ...

Monitoring Cancer Cell Invasion and T-Cell Cytotoxicity in 3D Culture

Significant progress has been made in treating cancer with immunotherapy, although a large number of cancers remain resistant to treatment. A limited number of assays allow for direct monitoring and mechanistic insights into the interactions between tumor and immune cells, amongst which, T-cells play a significant role in executing the cytotoxic response of the adaptive immune system to cancer cells. Most assays are based on two-dimensional (2D) co-culture of cells due to the relative ease of use but with limited representation of the invasive growth phenotype, one of the hallmarks of cancer cells. Current three-dimensional (3D) co-culture systems either require special equipment or separate monitoring for invasion of co-cultured cancer cells and interacting T-cells.
Here we describe an approach to simultaneously monitor the invasive behavior in 3D of cancer cell spheroids and T-cell cytotoxicity in co-culture. Spheroid formation is driven by enhanced cell-cell interactions in scaffold-free agarose microwell casts with U-shaped bottoms. Both T-cell co-culture and cancer cell invasion into type I collagen matrix are performed within the microwells of the agarose casts without the need to transfer the cells, thus maintaining an intact 3D co-culture system throughout the assay. The collagen matrix can be separated from the agarose cast, allowing for immunofluorescence (IF) staining and for confocal imaging of cells. Also, cells can be isolated for further growth or subjected to analyses such as for gene expression or fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS). Finally, the 3D co-culture can be analyzed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) after embedding and sectioning. Possible modifications of the assay include altered compositions of the extracellular matrix (ECM) as well as the inclusion of different stromal or immune cells with the cancer cells.

The presented approach simultaneously evaluates cancer cell invasion in 3D spheroid assays and T-cell cytotoxicity. Spheroids are generated in a scaffold-free agarose multi-microwell cast. Co-culture and embedding in type I collagen matrix are performed within the same device which allows to monitor cancer cell invasion and T-cell mediated cytotoxicity.

3D Kültürde Kanser Hücre İstilası ve T-Hücre Sitotoksisitesi İzleme

Significant progress has been made in treating cancer with immunotherapy, although a large number of cancers remain resistant to treatment. A limited ...

Chemical Conjugation of a Purified DEC-205-Directed Antibody with Full-Length Protein for Targeting Mouse Dendritic Cells In Vitro and In Vivo

Targeted antigen delivery to cross-presenting dendritic cells (DC) in vivo efficiently induces T effector cell responses and displays a valuable approach in&#160;vaccine design. Antigen is delivered to DC via antibodies specific for endocytosis receptors such as DEC-205 that induce uptake, processing, and MHC class I- and II-presentation.
Efficient and reliable conjugation of the desired antigen to a suitable antibody is a critical step in DC targeting and among other factors depends on the format of the antigen. Chemical conjugation of&#160;full-length protein to purified antibodies is one possible strategy. In the past, we have successfully established cross-linking of the model antigen ovalbumin (OVA) and a DEC-205-specific IgG2a antibody (&#945;DEC-205)&#160;for in vivo DC targeting studies in mice. The first step of the protocol is the purification of the antibody from the supernatant of the NLDC (non-lymphoid dendritic cells)-145 hybridoma by affinity chromatography. The purified antibody is activated for chemical conjugation by sulfo-SMCC (sulfosuccinimidyl 4-[N-maleimidomethyl] cyclohexane-1-carboxylate) while at the same time the sulfhydryl-groups of the OVA protein are exposed through incubation with TCEP-HCl (tris (2-carboxyethyl) phosphine hydrochloride). Excess TCEP-HCl and sulfo-SMCC are removed and the antigen is mixed with the activated antibody for overnight coupling. The resulting &#945;DEC-205/OVA conjugate is concentrated and freed from unbound OVA. Successful conjugation of OVA to &#945;DEC-205 is verified by western blot analysis and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
We have successfully used chemically crosslinked &#945;DEC-205/OVA to induce cytotoxic T cell responses in the liver and to compare different adjuvants for their potential in inducing humoral and cellular immunity following in vivo targeting of DEC-205+ DC. Beyond that, such chemically coupled antibody/antigen conjugates offer valuable tools for the efficient induction of vaccine responses to tumor antigens and have been proven to be superior to classical immunization approaches regarding the prevention and therapy of various types of tumors.

Chemical Conjugation of a Purified DEC-205-Directed Antibody with Full-Length Protein for Targeting Mouse Dendritic Cells In Vitro and In Vivo

We describe a protocol for the chemical conjugation of the model antigen ovalbumin to an endocytosis receptor-specific antibody for in vivo dendritic cell targeting. The protocol includes purification of the antibody, chemical conjugation of the antigen, as well as purification of the conjugate and the verification of efficient conjugation.

Vitro ve In Vivo'da Fare Dendritik Hücrelerini Hedeflemek için Tam Uzunlukta Proteinli Saflaştırılmış DEC-205 Yönlendirilmiş Antikorun Kimyasal Konjugasyonu

Targeted antigen delivery to cross-presenting dendritic cells (DC) in vivo efficiently induces T effector cell responses and displays a valuable approach ...

Tumor Allotransplantation in Drosophila melanogaster with a Programmable Auto-Nanoliter Injector

This protocol describes the allotransplantation of tumors in Drosophila melanogaster using an auto-nanoliter injection apparatus. With the use of an autoinjector apparatus, trained operators can achieve more efficient and consistent transplantation results compared to those obtained using a manual injector. Here, we cover topics in a chronological fashion: from the crossing of Drosophila lines, to the induction and dissection of the primary tumor, transplantation of the primary tumor into a new adult host and continued generational transplantation of the tumor for extended studies. As a demonstration, here we use Notch intracellular domain (NICD) overexpression induced salivary gland imaginal ring tumors for generational transplantation. These tumors can first be reliably induced in a transition-zone microenvironment within larval salivary gland imaginal rings, then allografted and cultured in vivo to study continued tumor growth, evolution, and metastasis. This allotransplantation method can be useful in potential drug screening programs, as well as for studying tumor-host interactions.

Tumor Allotransplantation in Drosophila melanogaster with a Programmable Auto-Nanoliter Injector

This protocol provides detailed guidance for the initial and continued generational allotransplantation of Drosophila tumors into the abdomen of adult hosts for studying various aspects of neoplasia. Using an autoinjector apparatus, researchers can achieve improved efficiency and tumor yields compared to those achieved by traditional, manual methods.

Programlanabilir Otomatik Nanolitre Enjektör ile Drosophila melanogaster'de Tümör Allotransplantasyonu

This protocol describes the allotransplantation of tumors in Drosophila melanogaster using an auto-nanoliter injection apparatus. With the use of an ...

Robot Assisted Distal Pancreatectomy with Celiac Axis Resection (DP-CAR) for Pancreatic Cancer: Surgical Planning and Technique

Malignant pancreatic tumors involving the celiac artery can be resected with a distal pancreatectomy, splenectomy and celiac axis resection (DP-CAR), relying on collateral flow to the liver through the gastroduodenal artery (GDA). In the current manuscript, the technical conduct of robotic DP-CAR is outlined. The greater curve of the stomach is mobilized with care to avoid sacrificing the gastroepiploic vessels. The stomach and liver are retracted cephalad to facilitate dissection of the porta hepatis. The hepatic artery (HA) is dissected and encircled with a vessel loop. The gastroduodenal artery (GDA) is carefully preserved. The common HA is clamped and triphasic flow in the proper HA via the GDA is confirmed using intra-operative ultrasound. A retropancreatic tunnel is made over the superior mesenteric vein (SMV). The pancreas is divided with an endovascular stapler at the neck. The inferior mesenteric vein (IMV) and splenic vein are ligated. The HA is stapled proximal to the GDA. The entire specimen is retracted laterally with further dissection cephalad to expose the superior mesenteric artery (SMA). The SMA is then traced back to the aorta. The dissection continues cephalad along the aorta with the bipolar energy device used to divide the crural fibers and celiac nerve plexus. The specimen is mobilized from the patient's right to left until the origin of the celiac axis is identified and oriented towards the left. The trunk is circumferentially dissected and stapled. Additional dissection with hook cautery and the bipolar energy device fully mobilizes the pancreatic tail and spleen. The specimen is removed from the left lower quadrant extraction site and one drain is left in the resection bed. A final intra-operative ultrasound of the proper HA confirms pulsatile, triphasic flow in the artery and liver parenchyma. The stomach is inspected for evidence of ischemia. Robotic DP-CAR is safe, feasible and when used in conjunction with multi-modality therapy, offers potential for long-term survival in selected patients.

Robot Assisted Distal Pancreatectomy with Celiac Axis Resection DP-CAR for Pancreatic Cancer: Surgical Planning and Technique

We present our operative approach to robot assisted distal pancreatectomy, splenectomy, and celiac axis resection (DP-CAR), demonstrating that the procedure is safe and feasible with proper planning, patient selection, and surgeon experience.

Pankreas Kanseri için Çölyak Eksen Rezeksiyonu (DP-CAR) ile Robot Destekli Distal Pankreasektomi: Cerrahi Planlama ve Teknik

Malignant pancreatic tumors involving the celiac artery can be resected with a distal pancreatectomy, splenectomy and celiac axis resection (DP-CAR), ...