Yazarlar hiçbir çıkar çatışması olarak atadım.

Genel protokol sepsis indüksiyon ilk gününde ve yalıtım BAL sıvı hayvan ve fare BALF exosomes izolasyonu için ikinci gün de dahil olmak üzere 2 gün gerektirir. Tüm yordamları gözden geçirilmiş ve kurumsal hayvan bakım ve kullanım Komitesi Atlanta VA Tıp Merkezi tarafından onaylanmış.
1. fare Akut Septik akciğer yaralanma modeli
<ol><li>Kullanın 6-8 hafta - yaşlı erkek yaban-C57BL/6J farelerde tip (ağırlığı 20-22 g) hayvan için model ve aseptik teknik ve araçları kullanarak tüm yordamlarını gerçekleştirin. Otoklav forseps ve makas için 121 ° C'de 20 dk da dahil olmak üzere tüm cerrahi aletler</li>
	<li>Rastgele fare içine deney ve kontrol grubu dağıtın. Fareler cerrahi bir tahta üzerinde tut. Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 15 mg/kg) ile fareler mayi yoldan tedavi. Bireysel vücut ağırlığına göre uygun LPS dozlarda fare, başına 0.1 ml PBS sulandırmak LPS çözüm 27 G iğne ile 1 mL şırınga kullanarak enjekte ve PBS bir eşdeğer birim denetim hayvanlara enjekte.</li>
	<li>Fareler uygun oda sıcaklığında temiz kafes oluşur hayvan BSL2 tesis unutmayın.</li>
	<li>24 s sonra CO2 inhalasyon ile fareler ötenazi.</li>
	<li>Cerrahi alan fare boyun ortasına seçin. Küçük bir insizyon attım (yaklaşık 5 mm) yapmak ve yavaşça kasları erişim trakea maruz kadar künt forseps kullanarak nefes borusu için ayırın.</li>
	<li>Fare BAL sıvısı 10 mL steril şırınga ile 27 G iğne ile geri alıyorum. İlk olarak, yavaşça, iğne nefes borusu takın ve 1 mL steril PBS yavaş yavaş nefes borusu enjekte, daha sonra BALF 3 mL tek kullanımlık şırınga 27 G iğne ile çizmek. Yordamı tamamlandığında, şırınga ve iğne biohazard "Sharps" kap içinde atın.</li>
	<li>Chauret ve ark. tarafından daha önce açıklandığı gibi cerrahi aletler ile klor dioksit, tedavi 27ve o zaman ısıyla 121 ° C'de 20 dk için tarafından tüm cerrahi aletler sterilize</li>
</ol>2. Exosomes yalıtım-seri Ultra-Santrifüjü ve karakterizasyonu
<ol><li>Fare BAL sıvısı 15 mL konik tüpler toplamak. Alveolar hücre hasat için örnekleri, 1000 g, 4 ° C'de 10 dakika santrifüj kapasitesi</li>
	<li>Süpernatant yeni 15 mL konik tüpler, daha sonra örnekleri için 4.000 x g 4 ° C'de hücre artıkları kaldırmak için de 30 dk santrifüj kapasitesi.</li>
	<li>Süpernatant ultracentrifuge tüpler ve 10.000 x g 4 ° C'de daha büyük hücresel parçacıkları kaldırmak için de 60 dk santrifüj örnekleri toplamak.</li>
	<li>Süpernatant yeni konik tüpler, daha sonra örnekleri 0.2 µm şırınga filtre daha büyük partiküller kalan kaldırmak için aracılığıyla filtre.</li>
	<li>Ultracentrifuge tüpler örnekleri toplamak ve tüpler denge. 140.000 x g 4 ° C'de exosomes cips için de 2 h için örnekler santrifüj kapasitesi. Not: 20-200 nm exosomes boyutu değişir. 0.2 µm filtre 200'den fazla olan büyük parçacıklar kaldırmak için kullanılır nm boyutunda.</li>
	<li>Supernatants yavaşça atmak. Pelet 100 µL PBS veya lizis çözüm ve transfer exosomes örnekleri için 1,5 mL tüpler ile dağıtılması ve-80 ° C'de kullanmak kadar saklamak. Not: Transmisyon Elektron mikroskobu izole exosomes doğrulamak için önerilir.</li>
	<li>İletişim kuralı28işleme standart TEM örnek izleyin. 200 bar transmisyon elektron mikroskobu ve almak görüntüleri, ölçek kullanarak exosomes örnekleri analiz nm.</li>
</ol>3. miRNA ve sahne miRNA-q-RT-PCR hazırlanması
Not: miRNA-q-RT-PCR miRNAs ifade düzeyini analiz etmek için önerilir.
<ol><li>Standart miRNAs yalıtım Protokolü izleyin ve tek iplikçikli Ters transkripsiyon24saat içinde arıtılmış RNA'ların eşit miktarda kullanmaya dikkat edin.</li>
	<li>Exosomal mikroRNA düzeyi BAL sıvısı içinde algılamak için standart gerçek zamanlı PCR Protokolü izleyin. Belirli gerçek zamanlı PCR astar miR-155, miR-146a ve U6 SnRNA karşı kullanın. PCR reaksiyon kantitatif PCR aparatı ile çalıştırın ve iç kontrol U6 snRNA için ifade değerleri normalize. Not: Her grup onaylatılacak örnekleri24toplam oluşur.</li>
</ol>4. Exosomes etiketleme ve arıtma
<ol><li>Exosomes Pelet 100 µL süspansiyon çözüm ile 1,5 mL polipropilen boru içinde askıya sonra exosomes boya diğer tüp içine 0.4 µL süspansiyon çözeltinin 100 µL ile ekleyin.</li>
	<li>Hızlı bir şekilde exosomes boya çözümde ekleyin ve karıştırarak iyice pipetting tarafından. Örnekleri 5 min için oda sıcaklığında tutmak, ışıktan korumak.</li>
	<li>Bir eksozom spin sütuna bir 1,5 mL elüsyon tüpü yerleştirin. Çözüm karışımı eksozom spin sütun Center'a aktarın.</li>
	<li>Sütun vasıl 800 x g oda sıcaklığında 2 min için spin.</li>
	<li>Sütun atın ve -20 ° C'de eluted örnek kullanmak kadar saklamak.</li>
</ol>5. doğrulama Exosomes alıcı hücreleri tarafından alınan up
<ol><li>1 x 104 MLE 12 /cell bir 8-şey odası slayt ve kültür hücreleri 37 ° c, % 5 CO2tohum.</li>
	<li>10 µL floresan etiketli exosomes hücrelere ekleme. 37 ° C'de 1 h için kuluçkaya</li>
	<li>Kültür ortamını çıkarın ve hücreleri PBS ile yıkayın, sonra oda sıcaklığında 10 dakika için %1 paraformaldehyde ile hücreleri tamir.</li>
	<li>Slayt Dağı orta DAPI ile bağlayın.</li>
	<li>Floresan mikroskop örnekleri analiz ve fotoğraf, 40 X büyütme çekmek.</li>
</ol>6. Exosomes ve alıcı hücreler arasındaki etkileşim doğrulanması
<ol><li>Tohum 2 x 105 MLE12/iyi uygun kültür orta ve 37 ° c, % 5 CO2kültür hücreleri içeren bir 12-şey kültür plaka.</li>
	<li>20 µg exosomes fare BAL sıvısı MLE12 hücrelere ekleme ve deney grubu başına çoğaltır ayarlayın.</li>
	<li>24 s sonra PBS hücrelerle yıkama ve 600 µL lizis arabellek kuyunun içine ekleyin. Yavaşça plaka sallamak ve pipet ile 1,5 mL tüp lizis örnekleri toplamak.</li>
	<li>Standart toplam RNA izolasyon iletişim kuralı ve cDNA Ters transkripsiyon protokolü takip et, tek iplikçikli cDNA Ters transkripsiyon29tamamlamak.</li>
	<li>MRNA ifade düzey alıcı hücreler29algılamak için standart gerçek zamanlı PCR Protokolü izleyin. TNF-α, Il karşı belirli gerçek zamanlı PCR astar kullanın-6 ve ZO-1. PCR reaksiyonları kantitatif PCR aparatı ile çalıştırın ve iç kontrol GAPDH için ifade değerleri normalize. Not: Her grup onaylatılacak örnekleri oluşur.</li>
</ol>

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Bu eser VA Merit İnceleme 2I01BX001786-06A1 RS için fon tarafından desteklenmiştir.

Fare modelleri hastalıkların belirli genler fizyolojik fonksiyonun değerlendirildiği ve deneme2maliyetini azaltmak için yaygın olarak kullanılır. Açıklanan Akut Septik akciğer hasarı burada inflamatuar yanıt ARDS ile insanlarda görülen taklit eder. Bu model moleküler patogenezi, biyolojik gelişimi araştırmak için ve potansiyel yeni tedaviler5test etmek için geçerlidir.
Ortak kültür sistemleri in vivo çalışmalar...

ALI ve ARDS yaklaşık 1 milyon kişi dünya çapında etkiler sigara kardiyojenik pulmoner ödem tarafından neden olduğu ciddi hipoksemi ile solunum yetmezliği hayati formları vardır her yıl1. ARDS etyolojisinde doğrudan yaralanma için akciğer enfeksiyonları veya aspirasyon ve dolaylı hakaret çeşitli içerir. Son on yılda ARDS moleküler patogenezi artan bir anlayış,2,3için geliştirilen henüz ancak, ARDS için hedeflenen spesifik tedaviler vardır.
Akut akciğer yaralanma birkaç hayvan modeli sağlayan bir köprü deneysel terapiler insan çalışmaları4,5' e çevirmek için geliştirilmiştir. Yaygın olarak kullanılan modelleri yerel yükleme oleik asit, bakteri, LPS ve bleomycin içerir. Diğer bir yaklaşım iskemi-reperfüzyon, cecal tüp ligasyonu ponksiyon, mekanik havalandırma kaynaklı streç yaralanma, hyperoxia veya bakteri ve LPS5sistemik yönetimini içerir. Bu modeller klinik hipotezler test etmek için yararlı bir biyolojik sistem sağlamak ve olası terapiler gelişimi için. İnsan ARDS benzetimini yapmak için hayvan modelleri inflamasyon ve akciğerlerde bariyer işlevindeki kusur ile epitel ve endotel hücrelere akut yaralanma çoğaltmak.
Exosomes arası hücresel doku microenvironment moleküler kompozisyonu havalesi yoluyla iletişimde kolaylaştırmak ve membran veziküller ile 20-200 nm çapında, moleküler içeriği protein, DNA, RNA ve lipidler içerir, vardır. Exosomes hücrelerin endotel hücreleri, epitel hücreleri, düz kas hücreleri ve tümör hücreleri, gibi birden çok türü tarafından salgılanan ve insan vücut sıvısı içinde adlı biri yok. Exosomes çapraz-hadis bağışıklık hücreleri ve stromal hücreler arasında bulaşıcı ve steril inflamatuar hastalıklar sırasında düzenleyen ve çeşitli doğal ve deneysel uyaranlara tarafından fizyolojik sırasında düzenlenmiş olması anormal salınımlarını görünür çalışmalar göstermektedir ve patolojik süreçler6. Böyle iletişim ağı akciğer hastalıkları patogenezinde önemli bir rol oynayabilir ve patofizyolojik ilerleme7,8etkileyebilir. Kodlamayan RNA'ların, miRNAs ve doku ve vücut sıvıları, plazma, sera var mRNA ifade translasyon düzeyinde9,10modüle olarak 18-22 nükleotit.
Farklılaşma ve işlevi hücre birden çok türünün paketlenmiş miRNAs exosomes etkisi ve aşırı düzeyleri hastalıkları, kanser, akciğer hastalıkları, obezite, diyabet ve kardiyovasküler hastalık11de dahil olmak üzere çeşitli ile ilişkilidir, 12,13,14,15,16. Alıcı hücreler ve exosomal miRNAs mekik içine girişini kolaylaştıran hücreler arası iletişim microenvironment17,18hemostaz değiştirme. Akut akciğer-yaralanma bir karmaşık süreçler, birden çok hücre tipleri ile exosomes8geniş hücreler arası iletişim ile ilgili olduğunu. miR-155 ve miR-146a ortak transkripsiyon düzenleyici mekanizma paylaşmak ve inflamatuar yanıt ve immün tolerans19,20katkıda bulunur. Son yıllarda yapılan çalışmalarda her ikisi de exosomal miRNAs bağışıklık hücreleri21arasında mekik ile inflamatuar yanıt modüle gösterir. Ancak, düzenleyici etkileri exosomal miRNAs endotoksin alveoler yanıt temel moleküler mekanizmaları belirsiz kalır, hiç şüphesiz soruşturma potansiyel klinik önemi ve çevirim dolaylı hak daha fazla.
Ortak kültür modelleri inflamasyon ve kanser22,23gibi karmaşık ortamında belirli hücre tipleri arasındaki etkileşimin tanımlamak için istihdam edilmektedir. Bu platformlar özellikle bağışıklık ve yapısal hücreler için hücre tipleri arasında çapraz konuşma sorguya çekmek için alternatif bir stratejisi sağlayabilir.
Intra-trakeal, solumuş, mayi veya sistemik LPS deneysel akciğer hasarı24,25,26ikna etmek için yaygın olarak kullanılan ve yönetim epitel ve endotel geçirgenliği ikna etmek için göstermiştir kusur. Burada mayi LPS septik manken akut akciğer yaralanma farelerde ikna etmek için kullanın. LPS mayi yönetim 24 h içinde geçirgenliği kusurları ile inflamatuar hücre alımı akciğerlerde indüklenen vardır. Ayrıca, exosomes BAL üzerinden miRNA-155 ve miR-146a içerir ve exosomes BAL sıvısı üzerinden alıcı epitel hücreleri, IL-6 ve TNF-α gibi ifadede pro-inflamatuar sitokinlerin neden göster. O exosomal miRNAs ilk Akut Septik akciğer hasarı bu modelde BAL içinde salgılanan verilerdir.

<table><tbody><tr><td>lipopolysaccharide</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>Escherichia coli 055:B5</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PBS pH7.2(1X)</td><td>Life technologies</td><td>20012-027</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>mirVana miRNA isolation kit</td><td>Thermo Fisher</td><td>449774</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>TaqMan Gene Expression Master Mix</td><td>Thermo Fisher</td><td>4369016</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>mmu-miR-155 (002571) primer</td><td>Thermo Fisher</td><td>4427975</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>has-miR-146a (000468) primer</td><td>Thermo Fisher</td><td>4427975</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>U6snRNA primer</td><td>Thermo Fisher</td><td>4427975</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>TNF-&amp;alpha;(Mm00443258_m1 ) primer</td><td>Thermo Fisher</td><td>4331182</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>IL-6 (Mm00446190_m1&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; )primer</td><td>Thermo Fisher</td><td>4331182</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ZO-1 (Mm00493699_m1&amp;nbsp; )primer</td><td>Thermo Fisher</td><td>4331182</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>minimal essential medium (MEM)</td><td>Thermo Fisher</td><td>11095-072</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Trysin-EDTA solution(0.05%)</td><td>Thermo Fisher</td><td>25300054</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Exosomes were labeled with PKH67 through PKH67 Green Fluorescent Cell linker Mini Kit&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>MINI67-1KT</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Exosome Spin Columns (MW3000)</td><td>Thermo Fisher</td><td>4484449</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Beckman Coulter Optima L-100XP ultracentrifuge&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Beckman Coulter</td><td>L-100XP</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ultra-clear centrifuge tubes</td><td>Beckman Coulter</td><td>344058</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Applied Biosystems 7500 Fast Real-Time PCR System</td><td>Thermo Fisher</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>transmission electron microscopes (TEM)</td><td>JEOL Ltd</td><td>120 kV TEM</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Olympus BX41 microscope</td><td>Olympus</td><td>BX41</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

bronchoalveolar lavage exosomes in lipopolysaccharide-induced septic lung injury

Akut akciğer hasarı (ALI) ve Akut Respiratuar distress Sendromu (ARDS) yüksek morbidite ve mortalite bulunmaya devam ediyor akciğer hastalıkları heterojen bir grup temsil eder. ALI moleküler patogenezi daha iyi tanımlanmış; Ancak, hastalık karmaşık yapısı nedeniyle moleküler terapiler geliştirilecek için henüz. Burada bir lipopolysaccharide (LPS) indüklenen fare modeli Akut Septik akciğer yaralanma exosomes inflamatuar yanıt rolü betimlemek için kullanın. Bu modeli kullanarak, biz mayi LPS maruz fareler exosomes içinde miRNA ve inflamatuar yanıt düzenleyen sitokinler ile paketlenmiş akciğerler solunum-alveoler lavaj (BAL) sıvı salgılar göstermek başardık. Daha fazla ortak kültür model sistem kullanarak, gösterdiğimiz makrofajlar yayımlanan exosomes ifade bronş epitel hücrelerdeki sıkı kavşak proteinlerin bozabilir. Bu sonuçlar 1) exosomal mekik ile doğuştan gelen bağışıklık ve yapısal hücreler arasında çapraz konuşma katkıda bulunmak için inflamatuar yanıt ve yapısal bariyer ve 2) hedefleme bu miRNAs bozulma tedavisi için yeni bir platform sağlamak öneririz ALI ve ARDS.

Septik akciğer yaralanmalara neden fareler mayi LPS (15 mg/kg) ile tedavi edildi. LPS yönetim 24 h içinde nötrofilik akını akciğerlerde, Şekil 1A' gösterildiği gibi görüldü. Yalıtım ve arıtma exosomes ardından fare BAL sıvısı çizilmiştir. BALF exosomes morfoloji elektron transmisyon mikroskopisi (Şekil 1B) tarafından doğrulandı.
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Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Bronchoalveolar Lavage Exosomes in Lipopolysaccharide-induced Septic Lung Injury at JoVE.com

Bronchoalveolar Lavage Exosomes in Lipopolysaccharide-induced Septic Lung Injury

Bronchoalveolar lavaj Exosomes septik akciğer Lipopolysaccharide kaynaklı yaralanmalarında

Fareler için mayi LPS maruz miRNAs ile paketlenmiş exosomes solunum-alveoler lavaj (BAL) sıvı salgılar. Ortak kültür sistemiyle, biz BAL sıvısı serbest exosomes ifade bronş epitel hücrelerdeki sıkı kavşak proteinlerin bozabilir ve akciğer hasarı vurgulamak pro-inflamatuar sitokinlerin ifade artış gösteriyor.

Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) represent a heterogeneous group of lung diseases which continues to have a high ...

bronchoalveolar-lavage-exosomes-lipopolysaccharide-induced-septic

Research

JoVE Journal

Genetics

10.8K Görüntüleme.  Atlanta VAMC. Fareler için mayi LPS maruz miRNAs ile paketlenmiş exosomes solunum-alveoler lavaj (BAL) sıvı salgılar. Ortak kültür sistemiyle, biz BAL sıvısı serbest exosomes ifade bronş epitel hücrelerdeki sıkı kavşak proteinlerin bozabilir ve akciğer hasarı vurgulamak pro-inflamatuar sitokinlerin ifade artış gösteriyor.

Video: Bronchoalveolar Lavage Exosomes in Lipopolysaccharide-induced Septic Lung Injury

The Utilization of Oropharyngeal Intratracheal PAMP Administration and Bronchoalveolar Lavage to Evaluate the Host Immune Response in Mice

The host immune response to pathogens is a complex biological process. The majority of in vivo studies classically employed to characterize host-pathogen interactions take advantage of intraperitoneal injections of select bacteria or pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) in mice. While these techniques have yielded tremendous data associated with infectious disease pathobiology, intraperitoneal injection models are not always appropriate for host-pathogen interaction studies in the lung. Utilizing an acute lung inflammation model in mice, it is possible to conduct a high resolution analysis of the host innate immune response utilizing lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Here, we describe the methods to administer LPS using nonsurgical oropharyngeal intratracheal administration, monitor clinical parameters associated with disease pathogenesis, and utilize bronchoalveolar lavage fluid to evaluate the host immune response. The techniques that are described are widely applicable for studying the host innate immune response to a diverse range of PAMPs and pathogens. Likewise, with minor modifications, these techniques can also be applied in studies evaluating allergic airway inflammation and in pharmacological applications.

The host immune response to pathogen infection is a tightly regulated process. Utilizing a lipopolysaccharide lung exposure model in mice, it is possible to conduct high resolution evaluations of the complex mechanisms associated with disease pathogenesis.

Farelerde Host immün yanıtı değerlendirmek için Orofarengeal intratrakeal PAMP İdaresi ve Bronchoalveolar Lavage Kullanımı

The host immune response to pathogens is a complex biological process. The majority of in vivo studies classically employed to characterize host-pathogen ...

İmmünoloji ve Enfeksiyon

A Method for Generating Pulmonary Neutrophilia Using Aerosolized Lipopolysaccharide

Acute lung injury (ALI) is a severe disease characterized by alveolar neutrophilia, with limited treatment options and high mortality. Experimental models of ALI are key in enhancing our understanding of disease pathogenesis. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) derived from gram positive bacteria induces neutrophilic inflammation in the airways and lung parenchyma of mice. Efficient pulmonary delivery of compounds such as LPS is, however, difficult to achieve. In the approach described here, pulmonary delivery in mice is achieved by challenge to aerosolized Pseudomonas aeruginosa LPS. Dissolved LPS was aerosolized by a nebulizer connected to compressed air. Mice were exposed to a continuous flow of LPS aerosol in a Plexiglas box for 10 min, followed by 2 min conditioning after the aerosol was discontinued. Tracheal intubation and subsequent bronchoalveolar lavage, followed by formalin perfusion was next performed, which allows for characterization of the sterile pulmonary inflammation. Aerosolized LPS generates a pulmonary inflammation characterized by alveolar neutrophilia, detected in bronchoalveolar lavage and by histological assessment. This technique can be set up at a small cost with few appliances, and requires minimal training and expertise. The exposure system can thus be routinely performed at any laboratory, with the potential to enhance our understanding of lung pathology.

We describe a method for inducing neutrophilic pulmonary inflammation by challenge to aerosolized lipopolysaccharide by nebulization, to model acute lung injury. In addition, basic surgical techniques for lung isolation, tracheal intubation and bronchoalveolar lavage are also described.

Aerosolize Lipopolisakarid kullanma Yaratma Pulmoner nötrofilisi için bir yöntem

Acute lung injury (ALI) is a severe disease characterized by alveolar neutrophilia, with limited treatment options and high mortality. Experimental models ...

Bronchoalveolar Lavage of Murine Lungs to Analyze Inflammatory Cell Infiltration

Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL) is an experimental procedure that is used to examine the cellular and acellular content of the lung lumen ex vivo to gain insight into an ongoing disease state.
Here, a simple and efficient method is described to perform BAL on murine lungs without the need of special tools or equipment. BAL fluid is isolated by inserting a catheter in the trachea of terminally anesthetized mice, through which a saline solution is instilled into the bronchioles. The instilled fluid is gently retracted to maximize BAL fluid retrieval and to minimize shearing forces. This technique allows the viability, function, and structure of cells within the airways and BAL fluid to be preserved.
Numerous techniques may be applied to gain further understanding of the disease state of the lung. Here, a commonly used technique for the identification and enumeration of different types of immune cells is described, where&#160;flow cytometry is combined with a select panel of fluorescently labeled cell surface-specific markers. The BAL procedure presented here can also be used to analyze infectious agents, fluid constituents, or inhaled particles within murine lungs.

The health status of the lung is reflected by the type and number of immune cells that are present in the bronchioles of the lung. We describe a bronchoalveolar lavage technique that allows the isolation and study of nonadherent cells and soluble factors from the lower respiratory tract of mice.

İnflamatuvar Hücre İnfiltrasyonunu İncelemek İçin Murin Akciğerlerin Bronkoalveoler Lavajı

Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL) is an experimental procedure that is used to examine the cellular and acellular content of the lung lumen ex vivo to gain ...

Lavage-induced Surfactant Depletion in Pigs As a Model of the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)

Various animal models of lung injury exist to study the complex pathomechanisms of human acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and evaluate future therapies. Severe lung injury with a reproducible deterioration of pulmonary gas exchange and hemodynamics can be induced in anesthetized pigs using repeated lung lavages with warmed 0.9% saline (50 ml/kg body weight). Including standard respiratory and hemodynamic monitoring with clinically applied devices in this model allows the evaluation of novel therapeutic strategies (drugs, modern ventilators, extracorporeal membrane oxygenators, ECMO), and bridges the gap between bench and bedside. Furthermore, induction of lung injury with lung lavages does not require the injection of pathogens/endotoxins that impact on measurements of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. A disadvantage of the model is the high recruitability of atelectatic lung tissue. Standardization of the model helps to avoid pitfalls, to ensure comparability between experiments, and to reduce the number of animals needed.

Lavage-induced Surfactant Depletion in Pigs As a Model of the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome ARDS

Repeated pulmonary lavages in anesthetized pigs induce lung injury resembling major aspects of human acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). For this purpose the lungs are repeatedly lavaged with 0.9% saline at 37 &#176;C. The goal of the protocol is a reproducible mitigation of gas exchange and hemodynamics for research in ARDS.

Akut Solunum Sıkıntısı Sendromu Modeli itibariyle Domuzların lavaj kaynaklı Surfaktan tükenmesi (ARDS)

Various animal models of lung injury exist to study the complex pathomechanisms of human acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and evaluate future ...

Tıp

Isolation of Extracellular Vesicles from Murine Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid Using an Ultrafiltration Centrifugation Technique

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are newly discovered subcellular components that play important roles in many biological signaling functions during physiological and pathological states. The isolation of EVs continues to be a major challenge in this field, due to limitations intrinsic to each technique. The differential ultracentrifugation with density gradient centrifugation method is a commonly used approach and is considered to be the gold standard procedure for EV isolation. However, this procedure is time-consuming, labor-intensive, and generally results in low scalability, which may not be suitable for small-volume samples such as bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. We demonstrate that an ultrafiltration centrifugation isolation method is simple and time- and labor-efficient yet provides a high recovery yield and purity. We propose that this isolation method could be an alternative approach that is suitable for EV isolation, particularly for small-volume biological specimens.

Here, we describe two extracellular vesicle isolation protocols, ultrafiltration centrifugation and ultracentrifugation with density gradient centrifugation, to isolate extracellular vesicles from murine bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples. The extracellular vesicles derived from murine bronchoalveolar lavage fluid by both methods are quantified and characterized.

Üzerinden Ultrafiltrasyon tekniği Santrifüjü kullanarak fare Bronchoalveolar lavaj sıvı ekstrasellüler veziküller yalıtım

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are newly discovered subcellular components that play important roles in many biological signaling functions during ...

Oleic Acid-Injection in Pigs As a Model for Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

The acute respiratory distress syndrome is a relevant intensive care disease with an incidence ranging between 2.2% and 19% of intensive care unit patients. Despite treatment advances over the last decades, ARDS patients still suffer mortality rates between 35 and 40%. There is still a need for further research to improve the outcome of patients suffering from ARDS. One problem is that no single animal model can mimic the complex pathomechanism of the acute respiratory distress syndrome, but several models exist to study different parts of it. Oleic acid injection (OAI)-induced lung injury is a well-established model for studying ventilation strategies, lung mechanics and ventilation/perfusion distribution in animals. OAI leads to severely impaired gas exchange, deterioration of lung mechanics and disruption of the alveolo-capillary barrier. The disadvantage of this model is the controversial mechanistic relevance of this model and the necessity for central venous access, which is challenging especially in smaller animal models. In summary, OAI-induced lung injury leads to reproducible results in small and large animals and hence represents a well-suited model for studying ARDS. Nevertheless, further research is necessary to find a model that mimics all parts of ARDS and lacks the problems associated with the different models existing today.

In this article, we present a protocol to induce acute lung injury in pigs by central-venous injection of oleic acid. This is an established animal model for studying the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).

Oleik asit enjeksiyon domuzlarda Akut Respiratuar Distress Sendromu için bir Model olarak

The acute respiratory distress syndrome is a relevant intensive care disease with an incidence ranging between 2.2% and 19% of intensive care unit ...

Visualizing Lung Cellular Adaptations during Combined Ozone and LPS Induced Murine Acute Lung Injury

Lungs are continually faced with direct and indirect insults in the form of sterile (particles or reactive toxins) and infectious (bacterial, viral or fungal) inflammatory conditions. An overwhelming host response may result in compromised respiration and acute lung injury, which is characterized by lung neutrophil recruitment as a result of the patho-logical host immune, coagulative and tissue remodeling response. Sensitive microscopic methods to visualize and quantify murine lung cellular adaptations, in response to low-dose (0.05 ppm) ozone, a potent environmental pollutant in combination with bacterial lipopolysaccharide, a TLR4 agonist, are crucial in order to understand the host inflammatory and repair mechanisms. We describe a comprehensive fluorescent microscopic analysis of various lung and systemic body compartments, namely the broncho-alveolar lavage fluid, lung vascular perfusate, left lung cryosections, and sternal bone marrow perfusate. We show damage of alveolar macrophages, neutrophils, lung parenchymal tissue, as well as bone marrow cells in correlation with a delayed (up to 36-72 h) immune response that is marked by discrete chemokine gradients in the analyzed compartments. In addition, we present lung extracellular matrix and cellular cytoskeletal interactions (actin, tubulin), mitochondrial and reactive oxygen species, anti-coagulative plasminogen, its anti-angiogenic peptide fragment angiostatin, the mitochondrial ATP synthase complex V subunits, &#945; and &#946;. These surrogate markers, when supplemented with adequate in vitro cell-based assays and in vivo animal imaging techniques such as intravital microscopy, can provide vital information towards understanding the lung response to novel immunomodulatory agents.

Combined ozone and bacterial endotoxin exposed mice show wide-spread cell death, including that of neutrophils. We observed cellular adaptations such as disruption of cytoskeletal lamellipodia, increased cellular expression of complex V ATP synthase subunit &#946; and angiostatin in broncho-alveolar lavage, suppression of the lung immune response and delayed neutrophil recruitment.

Kombine Ozon ve LPS kaynaklı Murine Akut Akciğer Hasarı Sırasında Akciğer Hücresel Adaptasyonlarının Görselleştirilmesi

Lungs are continually faced with direct and indirect insults in the form of sterile (particles or reactive toxins) and infectious (bacterial, viral or ...

Mouse Model of Oleic Acid-Induced Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a significant threat to critically ill patients with a high fatality rate. Pollutant exposure, cigarette smoke, infectious agents, and fatty acids can induce ARDS. Animal models can mimic the complex pathomechanism of the ARDS. However, each of them has limitations. Notably, oleic acid (OA) is increased in critically ill patients with harmful effects on the lung. OA can induce lung injury by emboli, disrupting tissue, altering pH, and impairing edema clearance. OA-induced lung injury model resembles various features of ARDS with endothelial injury, increased alveolar permeability, inflammation, membrane hyaline formation, and cell death. Herein, induction of lung injury is described by injecting OA (in salt form) directly into the lung and intravenously in a mouse since it is the physiological form of OA at pH 7. Thus, the injection of OA in the salt form is a helpful animal model to study lung injury/ARDS without causing emboli or altering the pH, thereby getting close to what is happening in critically ill patients.

The present protocol describes a lung injury model in mice using oleic acid to mimic acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). This model increases the inflammatory mediators on edema and decreases lung compliance. Oleic acid is used in the salt form (oleate) since this physiological form avoids the risk of embolism.

Oleik Asit Kaynaklı Akut Solunum Sıkıntısı Sendromunun Fare Modeli

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a significant threat to critically ill patients with a high fatality rate. Pollutant exposure, cigarette ...

Inducing Acute Lung Injury in Mice by Direct Intratracheal Lipopolysaccharide Instillation

Airway administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a common way to study pulmonary inflammation and acute lung injury (ALI) in small animal models. Various approaches have been described, such as the inhalation of aerosolized LPS as well as nasal or intratracheal instillation. The presented protocol describes a detailed step-by-step procedure to induce ALI in mice by direct intratracheal LPS instillation and perform FACS analysis of blood samples, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, and lung tissue. After intraperitoneal sedation, the trachea is exposed and LPS is administered via a 22 G venous catheter. A robust and reproducible inflammatory reaction with leukocyte invasion, upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines, and disruption of the alveolo-capillary barrier is induced within hours to days, depending on the LPS dosage used. Collection of blood samples, BAL fluid, and lung harvesting, as well as the processing for FACS analysis, are described in detail in the protocol. Although the use of the sterile LPS is not suitable to study pharmacologic interventions in infectious diseases, the described approach offers minimal invasiveness, simple handling, and good reproducibility to answer mechanistic immunological questions. Furthermore, dose titration as well as the use of alternative LPS preparations or mouse strains allow modulation of the clinical effects, which can exhibit different degrees of ALI severity or early vs. late onset of disease symptoms.

Presented here is a step-by-step procedure to induce acute lung injury in mice by direct intratracheal lipopolysaccharide instillation and to perform FACS analysis of blood samples, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and lung tissue. Minimal invasiveness, simple handling, good reproducibility, and titration of disease severity are advantages of this approach.

Doğrudan Intratracheal Lipopolysaccharide Instilasyon ile farelerde akut akciğer hasarının İndükleme

Airway administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a common way to study pulmonary inflammation and acute lung injury (ALI) in small animal models. ...

Bronchoalveolar Lavage and Oleic Acid-Injection in Pigs as a Double-Hit Model for Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)

The treatment of ARDS continues to pose major challenges for intensive care physicians in the 21st century with mortality rates still reaching up to 50% in severe cases. Further research efforts are needed to better understand the complex pathophysiology of this disease. There are different well-established animal models to induce acute lung injury but none has been able to adequately mimic the complex pathomechanisms of ARDS. The most crucial factor for the development of this condition is the damage to the alveolar capillary unit. The combination of two well-established lung injury models allow us to mimic in more detail the underlying pathomechanism. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) leads to surfactant depletion as well as alveolar collapse. The repeated instillation of fluid volumes causes subsequent hypoxemia. Surfactant depletion is a key factor of ARDS in humans. BAL is often combined with other lung injury approaches, but not with a second hit followed by oleic acid injection (OAI) yet. Oleic acid injection leads to severely impaired gas exchange, a deterioration of lung mechanics and disruption of the alveolo-capillary barrier. The OAI mimics most of the expected effects of ARDS consisting of extended inflammation of lung tissue with an increase of alveolar leakage and gas exchange impairment. A disadvantage of the combination of different models is the difficulty to determine the influence to the lung injury caused by BAL alone, OAI alone or both together. The model presented in this report represents the combination of BAL and OAI as a new double-hit lung injury model. This new model is easy to implement and an alternative to study different therapeutic approaches in ARDS in the future.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>Akut Solunum Sıkıntısı Sendromu ARDS için Çift Vuruşlu Bir Model Olarak Domuzlarda Bronkoalveoler Lavaj ve Oleik Asit Enjeksiyonu

Different, complex animal models exist to study the pathophysiology of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Bronchoalveolar lavage and oleic acid injection induced lung injury is suitable as a new double-hit animal model for studying the acute respiratory distress syndrome.

Akut Solunum Sıkıntısı Sendromu (ARDS) için Çift Vuruşlu Bir Model Olarak Domuzlarda Bronkoalveoler Lavaj ve Oleik Asit Enjeksiyonu

The treatment of ARDS continues to pose major challenges for intensive care physicians in the 21st century with mortality rates still reaching up to 50% ...