This research received no specific grant from public, commercial, or not-for-profit funding agencies.

The present study was performed with approval from the Animal Care and Use Committee of Sichuan University. TPO-cre/ERT2; BrafCA/wt; Trp53&#916;ex2-10/&#916;ex2-10&#160;transgenic mice10 were used in this study (see Table of Materials). The protocol steps can be modified for different animal species&#160;if necessary. Twelve mice, including six females and six males, with a mean age of 93 days, were used here.
1. Exp...

<ol>
	<li>Maniakas, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+overall+survival+in+patients+with+anaplastic+thyroid+carcinoma,+2000-2019.">Evaluation of overall survival in patients with anaplastic thyroid carcinoma, 2000-2019.</a> JAMA Oncology. 6 (9), 1397-1404 (2020).</li><li>Molinaro, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Anaplastic+thyroid+carcinoma:+From+clinicopathology+to+genetics+and+advanced+therapies.">Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma: From clinicopathology to genetics and advanced therapies.</a> Nature Reviews Endocrinology. 13 (11), 644-660 (2017).</li><li>Champa, D., Di Cristofano, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modeling+anaplastic+thyroid+carcinoma+in+the+mouse.">Modeling anaplastic thyroid carcinoma in the mouse.</a> Hormones and Cancer. 6 (1), 37-44 (2015).</li><li>Vitiello, M., Kusmic, C., Faita, F., Poliseno, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+lymph+node+volume+by+ultra-high-frequency+ultrasound+imaging+in+the+Braf/Pten+genetically+engineered+mouse+model+of+melanoma.">Analysis of lymph node volume by ultra-high-frequency ultrasound imaging in the Braf/Pten genetically engineered mouse model of melanoma.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (175), e62527 (2021).</li><li>Wang, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Low+intensity+focused+ultrasound+(LIFU)+triggered+drug+release+from+cetuximab-conjugated+phase-changeable+nanoparticles+for+precision+theranostics+against+anaplastic+thyroid+carcinoma.">Low intensity focused ultrasound (LIFU) triggered drug release from cetuximab-conjugated phase-changeable nanoparticles for precision theranostics against anaplastic thyroid carcinoma.</a> Biomaterials Science. 27 (1), 196-210 (2018).</li><li>Mohammed, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Early+detection+and+prevention+of+pancreatic+cancer:+Use+of+genetically+engineered+mouse+models+and+advanced+imaging+technologies.">Early detection and prevention of pancreatic cancer: Use of genetically engineered mouse models and advanced imaging technologies.</a> Current Medicinal Chemistry. 19 (22), 3701-3713 (2012).</li><li>Wege, A. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High+resolution+ultrasound+including+elastography+and+contrast-enhanced+ultrasound+(CEUS)+for+early+detection+and+characterization+of+liver+lesions+in+the+humanized+tumor+mouse+model.">High resolution ultrasound including elastography and contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) for early detection and characterization of liver lesions in the humanized tumor mouse model.</a> Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation. 52 (2-4), 93-106 (2012).</li><li>Greco, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preclinical+imaging+for+the+study+of+mouse+models+of+thyroid+cancer.">Preclinical imaging for the study of mouse models of thyroid cancer.</a> International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 18 (12), 2731 (2017).</li><li>Renault, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-resolution+ultrasound+imaging+of+the+mouse.">High-resolution ultrasound imaging of the mouse.</a> Journal of Radiologie. 87, 1937-1945 (2006).</li><li>McFadden, D. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=p53+constrains+progression+to+anaplastic+thyroid+carcinoma+in+a+Braf-mutant+mouse+model+of+papillary+thyroid+cancer.">p53 constrains progression to anaplastic thyroid carcinoma in a Braf-mutant mouse model of papillary thyroid cancer.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 111 (16), 1600-1609 (2014).</li><li>Garassini, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Basic+principles+of+ultrasonic+diagnosis.">Basic principles of ultrasonic diagnosis.</a> GEN. 39 (4), 283-289 (1985).</li><li>Aldrich, J. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Basic+physics+of+ultrasound+imaging.">Basic physics of ultrasound imaging.</a> Critical Care Medicine. 35, 131-137 (2007).</li><li>Mancini, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Morphological+ultrasound+microimaging+of+thyroid+in+living+mice.">Morphological ultrasound microimaging of thyroid in living mice.</a> Endocrinology. 150 (10), 4810-4815 (2009).</li><li>Ying, M., Yung, D. M., Ho, K. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Two-dimensional+ultrasound+measurement+of+thyroid+gland+volume:+a+new+equation+with+higher+correlation+with+3-D+ultrasound+measurement.">Two-dimensional ultrasound measurement of thyroid gland volume: a new equation with higher correlation with 3-D ultrasound measurement.</a> Ultrasound in Medicine &amp; Biology. 34 (1), 56-63 (2008).</li></ol>

The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

This protocol uses high-resolution ultrasonography to analyze orthotopic ATC tumors in a genetically engineered mouse model. The transgenic model, with a genotype of TPO-cre/ERT2; BrafCA/wt; Trp53&#916;ex2-10/&#916;ex2-10, was developed in our laboratory. The animals overexpress BrafV600E and lack Trp53; injecting the animals intraperitoneally with tamoxifen leads to tumor growth after approximately 1 month10. The tumors grow rapidly and reach a m...

Although anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) accounts for fewer than 2% of thyroid cancers, it causes more than 50% of thyroid cancer-related deaths annually. The median survival time after diagnosis with ATC is only about 6 months, and no treatments are available that significantly improve survival1,2.
The rarity of ATC has hampered the research studying how the disease begins and aggressively progresses. Genetically engineered mouse models that mimic the disease have recently become available, which provide insights into the disease and its responses to possible treatments3,4,5. Such studies require accurate tumor imaging for measurements and monitoring, which is typically performed using magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, or high-resolution ultrasonography6,7. Ultrasonography has been widely used in mouse organs. It has advantages over magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography since it can be performed in real-time and does not expose the subject to radiation, and the necessary equipment is small enough to be portable8,9. However, studies on continuously monitoring ATC growth using ultrasound are rare; therefore, this work explores the utility of ultrasound in this context.
Here, a protocol for using high-resolution ultrasonography to accurately scan, monitor, and measure tumors in a mouse model of ATC is presented.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Adhesive tape</td>
			<td>Winner</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anesthesia system</td>
			<td>RWDlifescience</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Brafflox/wt mice</td>
			<td>Collaboration with Institute of Life Science, eBond Pharmaceutical Technology Ltd, Chengdu, China</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chamber for anesthesia induction</td>
			<td>RWDlifescience</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cotton swabs</td>
			<td>Winner</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Depilatory cream</td>
			<td>Veet</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electric heating blanket</td>
			<td>Petbee</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane vaporizer</td>
			<td>RWDlifescience</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Medical gloves</td>
			<td>Winner</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paper towels</td>
			<td>Breeze</td>
			<td>B914JY</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TPO-cre/ERT2 mice</td>
			<td>Collaboration with Institute of Life Science, eBond Pharmaceutical Technology Ltd, Chengdu, China</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trp53flox/wt mice</td>
			<td>Collaboration with Institute of Life Science, eBond Pharmaceutical Technology Ltd, Chengdu, China</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultrasound gel</td>
			<td>Keppler</td>
			<td>KL-250</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultrasound machine</td>
			<td>VisualSonics</td>
			<td>Vevo 3100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

high-resolution ultrasonography for the analysis of orthotopic atc tumors in a genetically engineered mouse model

Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) is associated with a poor prognosis and short median survival time, but no effective treatment improves the outcomes significantly. Genetically engineered murine models that mimic ATC&#39;s progression may help researchers to study treatments for this disease. Crossing three different genotypes of mice, a TPO-cre/ERT2; BrafCA/wt; Trp53&#916;ex2-10/&#916;ex2-10&#160;transgenic ATC model was developed. The ATC murine model was induced by an intraperitoneal injection of tamoxifen with overexpression of BrafV600E and deletion of Trp53, and the tumors were generated within about 1 month. High-resolution ultrasound was applied to investigate the tumor initiation and progression, and the dynamic growth curve was obtained by measuring the tumor sizes. Compared to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography scanning, ultrasound has advantages in observing the ATC murine model, such as being noninvasive, portable, in real-time, and without radiation exposure. High-resolution ultrasound is suitable for dynamic and multiple measurements. However, ultrasonographic examination of the thyroid in mice requires relevant anatomical knowledge and experience. This article provides a detailed procedure for utilizing high-resolution ultrasound to scan tumors in the transgenic ATC model. Meanwhile, ultrasonic parameter adjustment, ultrasound scanning skills, anesthesia and recovery of the animals, and other elements that need attention during the process are listed.

The average right ATC size at the beginning of the study was 4.867 mm2, and the average left ATC size was 5.189 mm2. On the fourth measurement, the average right ATC size had grown to 11.844 mm2, while the tumor size of the left lobe had grown to 9.280 mm2. The total ATC size increased from 10.057 mm2 to 15.843 mm2. In the later stage of the study, the ATC grew rapidly. In terms of the mouse labeled &#34;P92&#34; (Table 1), the tumor size ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about High-Resolution Ultrasonography for the Analysis of Orthotopic ATC Tumors in a Genetically Engineered Mouse Model at JoVE.com

High-Resolution Ultrasonography for the Analysis of Orthotopic ATC Tumors in a Genetically Engineered Mouse Model

The present protocol describes high-frequency ultrasonography for visualizing the entire mouse thyroid gland and monitoring the growth of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma.

Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) is associated with a poor prognosis and short median survival time, but no effective treatment improves the outcomes ...

This protocol helps users to utilize high-resolution ultrasonography to scan, monitor, and measure tumors in the mouse model of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. Ultrasonography has been proven reliable in mice for imaging tissues that occupy similar body locations as human tissues, including the liver, thyroid, and fetus. To begin, turn on the ultrasonography system, and create a new folder for capturing the images and collecting data.Then, select the 40-megahertz line probe, click on superficial tissue pattern to activate the superficial tissue transducer, and use the resultant B mode for thyroid imaging. Clean the animal imaging platform, and switch on the heating button for the platform temperature to reach 38 to 40 degrees Celsius before placing the animal on it. Anesthetize the mouse, and place it on the heated platform.Cover the snout with a nose cone connected to the anesthesia outlet. Then, with the mouse in a supine position, use adhesive tape to fix its limbs to the heated platform. For tumor imaging, adjust the imaging system to optimize the resolution.Set the two-dimensional gain to 25 to 30 decibels, image depth to 10 millimeters, and center to three to six millimeters. After setting the parameters, liberally apply ultrasound gel to the area of bare skin achieved by using a depilatory cream. Holding the probe, place it into contact with the ultrasound gel on the chest.Then, scan from the chest toward the neck to locate the thyroid. Identify the anaplastic thyroid carcinoma tumors from the trachea and strap muscles depending on the anatomical location and ultrasound echo. Based on the impression of the total tumor, confirm the image section with the largest left-to-right tumor diameter.Then, press the freeze button, and measure the anteroposterior and left-to-right tumor diameters using the ultrasound caliper. After completing the scans, wipe the ultrasound gel, and remove the restraining tape from the animal's limbs. The ATC tumor size of the right and left lobes were measured over four time intervals.On the fourth measurement, the average right ATC size had grown to 11.844 square millimeters, while the tumor size of the left lobe had grown to 9.280 square millimeters, making the total an average size increase to 15.843 square millimeters. Interestingly, in the mouse labeled P92, the tumor size had grown to almost four times larger than the size on the initial measurement. The main advantage of this technique is that ultrasound is flexible and can be performed in real time without any radiation.

high-resolution-ultrasonography-for-analysis-orthotopic-atc-tumors

Research

JoVE Journal

Cancer Research

1.5K Görüntüleme.  Sichuan University. Bu protokol, kullanıcıların anaplastik tiroid karsinomunun fare modelindeki tümörleri taramak, izlemek ve ölçmek için yüksek çözünürlüklü ultrasonografiyi kullanmalarına yardımcı olur. Ultrasonografinin, karaciğer, tiroid ve fetüs de dahil olmak üzere insan dokularıyla benzer vücut konumlarını işgal eden dokuları görüntülemek için farelerde güvenilir olduğu kanıtlanmıştır. Başlamak için, ultrasonografi sistemini açın ve görüntüleri yakalamak ve veri...