studying fungal infection and entomopathogenic activity in monochamus alternatus and model beetle tribolium castaneum

Exploring Entomopathogenic Fungi Resources from Forest Wood Borers

The devastation caused by insect pests has led to great ecological and economic losses in both forest and agricultural ecosystems. Most agricultural pests expose themselves to natural enemies or artificial control agents while damaging host plants. Instead, forest wood borers (FWB) nearly complete their whole developmental cycles inside host tree trunks1, which raises large challenges to explore efficient biocontrol organisms from FWB in the wild field. What is even worse is that FWBs carry a great number of phytopathogens2 or have an intimate relationship with these pathogens as their potential vectors3,4, dramatically amplifying the negative effects of FWB on forest health. Excessive use of chemical insecticides can alleviate FWB severity, but the emergence of insecticidal resistance5,6 limits their environmental application. In certain cases, insect parasitoids, predatory arthropods as well as entomopathogenic microbes were released as biocontrol agents to the distribution areas of FWB7 and were proven to be efficient and economically acceptable alternatives to chemical control8,9,10.
Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) are regarded to have the advantage in controlling FWB over most other microbial groups. Their spores can be carried by insect hosts and stably fixed on body surfaces via penetration into the cuticle or integument8,11. EPF also present excellent adaptability to environmental stresses and some species colonize well in the tissue of trees as endophytes12,13, facilitating their growth, survival, and transmission. However, compared to that in agricultural industries, the species diversity of EPF used in natural forest ecosystems is remarkably restricted14,15,16. Beauveria bassiana (strain PPRI 5339) was evidenced as the most promising strain to promote an IPM program to Eucalyptus weevils in South Africa17 and the combination of two promising isolates of B. bassiana provided an opportunity for the practical microbial control of red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus, at different life stages in palm tree fields18. In addition to Beauveria and the well-known Metarhizium, other EPF genera of the order Hypocreales, especially species of Lecanicillium (many of which are now classified into the genus Akanthomyces19,20), showed strong pathogenicity and high potential in management of forest pests, such as the Cypress aphid in Chile21.
The pine sawyer beetle Monochamus alternatus is a notorious pine forest pest in China and neighboring countries, which burrows into branches and trunks of pine trees to impede the transportation of nutrients and water22,23,24. Moreover, M. alternatus also promotes the invasion of the plant-parasitic pine wood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, PWN) as its main vector beetle. Another congeneric species of the beetle, M. galloprovincialis, has spread PWN in several countries in Europe in recent years25. Previous research reported several genera of natural EPFs from Monochamus spp., such as Beauveria, Metarhizium, and Lecanicillium (Verticillium, an even former name of Lecanicillium), in Spain, Japan, and the Anhui/Zhejiang Provinces of China26,27,28,29. Nevertheless, these collections of EPFs seem to be commonly restricted in a certain location, compared to the wide occurrence of Monochamus beetles in natural fields. As the M. alternatus beetle has a wide geographical distribution in China, it could be regarded as a representative wood borer to explore more potential EPFs across different populations.
In the present protocol, we introduce a specific procedure exploring EPFs from several geographical populations of M. alternatus in southern China. This protocol uses a model Coleopteran beetle as a substitute to perform entomopathogenicity assays, under the condition that the tested fungal species has a consistent behavioral phenotype on both beetle species. This protocol can also provide insights into EPF exploration for other forest wood borers, in which the diversity of their entomopathogenic fungal species is underestimated or less investigated.

Author Spotlight: Evaluation of Entomopathogenic Fungi in Wild Monochamus alternatus Populations for Biocontrol Applications in Forest Wood Borers

Isolation, Behavioral Identification, and Pathogenicity Assessment of Entomopathogenic Fungi from a Forest Wood Borer

We explore entomopathogenic fungal resources from wild Monochamus alternatus populations. Taking this species as an example, we could enrich the diversity of entomopathogenic fungi of other forest wood borers for future bio-control applications. We have recently obtained three fungal species certified as parasitical entomopathogenic fungi of Monochamus alternatus, two of which are not well-known, but have proven to be potent pathogens of insects.This protocol helps the discovery of more EPFS of Monochamus alternatus, and performs a substitute way to evaluate their entomopathogenic activities, which can also provide insights into entomopathogenic fungal exploration for other forest wood borers.

Studying Fungal Infection and Entomopathogenic Activity in Monochamus alternatus and Model Beetle Tribolium castaneum

To begin, sterilize the surface of a 24 hour starved Monochamus alternatus and Tribolium castaneum beetles with bleach, ethanol, and distilled water. To induce the fungal infection, first, immerse the pine twigs or wheat bran into the conidial suspension for 10 seconds. Then dip the beetles in the conidial suspension.After drying, place one beetle and one twig into a sterile 50 milliliter tube. Rear the beetles in a non-humidified incubator at 25 degrees Celsius. After incubation, transfer the dead beetles into a new 50 milliliter tube, and place a piece of sterile, moist cotton within the tube.Dissect the infected beetle bodies with fungal infections into positions like an antennae, head, thorax, abdomen, wings, and legs. Cut five millimeter disc plugs of mature fungal colonies. Place the infected beetle tissues into pre-chilled 2.5%glutaraldehyde at four degrees Celsius for two days.Next, wash the samples thrice in 0.1%phosphate buffer for five minutes and dehydrate in increasing ethanol concentrations for 10 minutes each. Dry the samples in a vacuum freeze dryer, and then observe the fungal structures under a scanning electron microscope. Treat the wheat bran with a conidial suspension for 10 seconds and after drying, transfer them into a Petri dish.Immersed T.castaneum beetles in the conidial suspension for 10 seconds before placing them into the Petri dish containing wheat bran. After incubation, count the dead beetles from the plate. Extract genomic DNA of parasitic entomopathogenic fungi using the fungi genomic DNA isolation kit.Using the given sets of primers, prepare a PCR reaction mixture for gene-specific amplification. After sequencing, align the nucleotide sequence using ClustalX 2. Finally, perform phylogenetic analysis using MEGA 6 based on the maximum likelihood method.Parasitic fungi like Aspergillus austwickii, Akanthomyces attenuatus, and Scopulariopsis alboflavescens caused significant infection symptoms in M.alternatus. SEM observations further supported the morphological characteristics of these parasitic fungi on the surface of the beetles. Entomopathogenic activity showed significantly higher mortality rates in parasitic fungi compared to the control group.The multi-gene phylogenetic tree demonstrated genetic distances between the three parasitic fungal species and other species within their respective genera.

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Forest wood borers (FWB) cause severe tree damage and economic losses worldwide. The release of entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) during the FWB emergence ...