preparation and sorting of ct-fr-stained zebrafish t-all cells for transplantation and tumor tracking

Estimating LSC Frequency in Zebrafish T-ALL Using Cell Proliferation Dye Sorting

Adult stem cells are responsible for the regeneration of differentiated cell types in a given organ and are predominantly present in a dormant, non-dividing state1,2. For example, hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), which maintain the blood, largely remain quiescent, and only a small fraction enters the cell cycle to self-renew or differentiate to generate mature blood components3. Similarly, in cancers, a rare subpopulation of cells called cancer stem cells (CSCs) possess the self-renewal ability and are responsible for the long-term maintenance of the malignancy4. Cancer stem cells exist in vivo in a state of quiescence or slow growth, which may enable them to escape the anti-proliferative cancer treatments5, evade clearance by the immune system6, reduce oxidative stress, and enhance their DNA repair pathways7. Even a low number of CSCs left behind after treatment can potentially repopulate the tumor, resulting in a patient&#39;s relapse8. Accordingly, understanding cellular quiescence holds great promise for the identification of potential vulnerabilities of CSCs and the development of new ways to target them.
Cell proliferation dyes, such as the carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE) stain and its derivatives, are commonly used to track the frequency of cell divisions9. The dye permeates across the cell membrane and, once inside the cell, undergoes activation by intracellular esterases into a fluorescent product. The resultant fluorescent compound is retained inside the cell through the covalent amide bonds formed between the succinimidyl moiety and the amine functional groups of intracellular proteins10. With each cellular division, the fluorescent compound is divided equally between the two resulting cells, causing a two-fold signal dilution. This dye enables the detection of up to 10 cell divisions through flow cytometry analysis11.
This approach has been previously utilized to enrich CSC populations in vitro by identifying slow-cycling populations of cells with high retention of the dye11,12. In T-ALL, CFSE has been used to track tumor growth in vivo in patient-derived xenografts in mice. Following cell labeling and three weeks of transplant, flow cytometry analysis showed a rare population of cells that still retained CFSE fluorescence. This population was associated with stemness, treatment resistance, and high similarity to relapse-causing cells in patients13. Accordingly, this dye provides a useful tool for the study of leukemia stem cell (LSC) phenotypes in T-ALL.
The aim of the work is to extend the application of the cell proliferation dye to study quiescence in vivo using a zebrafish T-ALL model. In particular, the rag2:Myc-driven zebrafish T-ALL model14 provides an excellent venue for the study of self-renewal due to the high frequency of LSCs compared to mouse models and human disease15. In addition, the use of zebrafish allows for large-scale transplantation studies, which can be done at a much lower cost of care and maintenance compared to their mouse counterparts16. Zebrafish are also excellent for live imaging applications, as fluorescently labeled tumor cells can be readily viewed using a simple fluorescence microscope to estimate the rate of tumor development16.
In this protocol, we describe the workflow for staining&#160;zebrafish T-ALL cells with cell proliferation dye followed by&#160;in vivo propagation of stained cells in syngeneic CG1 zebrafish. Upon leukemia development, we describe the sorting of cells that retained the dye and their use for a subsequent limiting dilution transplantation experiment to quantify rates of LSC self-renewal. This protocol can be extended for additional applications, including in vivo drug screening of potential compounds for the targeting of quiescent LSCs. In addition, collected cells can be used for different downstream analyses, such as transcriptomic profiling, proteomics, and metabolomics, offering unique insights into the behavior of quiescent LSCs in T-ALL.

Author Spotlight: Identification and Isolation of Quiescent Leukemia Stem Cells from Zebrafish T-ALL

Identification of Quiescent Cells in a Zebrafish T-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Model Using Cell Proliferation Staining 

Leukemia stem cells are a rare subpopulation of cells within the leukemia that are responsible for long-term disease maintenance and relapse. Our goal is to better characterize these cells to find ways to target and eliminate them and improve patient outcomes. Cancer stem cells, including leukemia stem cells, exist in a state of quiescence or slow growth, which may enable them to escape anti-proliferative cancer treatments.Understanding cellular quiescence will help identify potential vulnerabilities of leukemia stem cells, and new ways to target them. Using this protocol, we can identify and isolate quiescent leukemia cells from a zebrafish model of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Those cells can be used for downstream applications, such as in vivo drug screening, transcriptomic profiling, and proteomics analysis.

Preparation and Sorting of CT-FR-Stained Zebrafish T-ALL Cells for Transplantation and Tumor Tracking

For the preparation of the donor plate transfer 500, 000 wild type CG1 zebrafish cells into a 15 milliliter conical tube. Add five milliliters of fish media to dilute the cell stock to 100 cells per microliter. Dispense 50 microliters of the cell suspension into each well of the 96-well plate and place the plate at four degrees Celsius until sorting.Prepare no stain and single color controls for the setup of the sorting experiment. Pass the cell suspension of the controls and the samples through a 35-micron filter cap into a fax tube on ice. Centrifuge the 96-well plate at 2, 500 G at four degrees Celsius.Carefully remove 45 microliters of the supernatant from each well, leaving five microliters of liquid behind. Resuspend the cells with a 20-microliter pipette and using the Hamilton micro syringe, inject the cell suspensions into the desired number of CG1 zebrafish. After transplanting CG1 zebrafish with sorted cells for the limiting dilution analysis, the CT-FR high cells had a fourfold higher leukemic stem cell frequency compared to CT-FR low cells.Representative images of zebrafish at 28 days post-transplant showed that 89%of CT-FR high zebrafish develop leukemia compared to 20%in the CT-FR low group. CT-FR high zebrafish had a significantly shorter latency to leukemia. CT-FR high zebrafish had a significantly lower overall survival compared to the CT-FR low zebra fish.

Research

JoVE Journal

Cancer Research

Cellular quiescence is a state of growth arrest or slowed proliferation that is described in normal and cancer stem cells (CSCs). Quiescence may protect ...