Name: preparation of primary acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells in different cell cycle phases by centrifugal elutriation
Uploaded: 2017-11-10T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preparation of Primary Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Cells in Different Cell Cycle Phases by Centrifugal Elutriation at JoVE.com

This work was supported by NIH CA109821 (to TCC). We thank Beckman-Coulter for generously providing funds to cover publication costs and for technical assistance in the set-up and operation of the elutriation system. We thank Dr. Fred Falkenburg for providing initial primary ALL cultures.

NOTE: This protocol has been optimized for primary B-ALL cells which range in diameter from approximately 8 &#181;m (G1 phase) to 13 &#181;m (G2/M phases). Thus, the specific centrifuge speeds and pump flow rates may not be applicable to cells with different size ranges. Nevertheless, appropriate elutriation parameters can be estimated using the sedimentation rate equation. Cells are cultured in a defined serum-free medium as described16 at an optimal density of 1 - 3 x 106 cells...

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We have described a method for obtaining primary ALL cells in different phases of the cell cycle using CCE. Under optimal conditions an essentially pure population of cells in G1 phase and a highly enriched population of cells in G2/M phases could readily be obtained in excellent yield, and cells highly enriched in S phase can also be obtained if desired. The results presented here were obtained using one primary ALL culture (specifically, ALL-5), and essentially identical results have been obtained with an independent c...

Cultured cells typically grow asynchronously and individual cells are present in different phases of the cell cycle. Some organisms exhibit naturally synchronous cell cycles or can be synchronized by specific physiological stimuli. For example, nuclei within giant plasmodia of the slime mold Physarum polycephalum divide in a highly synchronous fashion1, and cells of the green algae Desmodesmus quadricauda can be synchronized by alternating light and dark periods2. While such organisms offer unique experimental attributes, they inadequately model the complexities of mammalian cells. The ability to artificially synchronize mammalian cell populations has been central to advancing our understanding of cell cycle regulation and the molecular basis of cell cycle checkpoints. Common methods include serum deprivation, chemical block and release, or exploiting physical characteristics3,4. Withdrawal of serum often causes cells to enter quiescence, and the re-addition of serum promotes cell cycle reentry into the G1 phase5. Chemical inhibitors include agents such as excess thymidine or hydroxyurea which block cells at the G1/S boundary, or microtubule inhibitors which typically arrest cells in the M phase3,4. Approaches that exploit physical characteristics include mitotic shake-off which can be used to enrich for mitotic cells since they are less adherent than interphase cells6. However, all of these techniques have potential drawbacks. For example, not all cell types maintain viability in the absence of serum or the presence of chemical inhibitors, and the yield of cells after mitotic shake-off is limited without prior synchronization with mitotic inhibitors.
With the exception of early embryonic cell cycles, where cells progressively decrease in size as they divide7, most cells advancing through the cycle undergo growth phases and become larger. This property is exploited in the technique of counterflow centrifugal elutriation (CCE), which can be used to separate cells differing in size and hence in cell cycle phase8,9. During CCE, cells are under the influence of two opposing forces: centrifugal force, which drives the cells away from the axis of rotation, and fluid velocity (counterflow), which drives the cells towards the axis of rotation (Figure 1). Cells in the elutriation chamber reach an equilibrium position where these forces are equal. The key factors dictating the equilibrium position are cell diameter and density. As the flow rate of the buffer solution is increased and the counterflow drag force outweighs the centrifugal force, a new equilibrium is established, causing a change in position of cells inside the chamber. All cells are shifted toward the chamber exit, resulting in smaller ones leaving the chamber first, whereas the larger cells stay within the chamber until the counterflow rate is increased sufficiently to promote their exit. The cells escaping the elutriation chamber with consecutive increases in counterflow rate can be collected in specific fractions and each fraction contains cells of sequentially increasing sizes. Instead of conducting elutriation with incremental increases in counterflow rate, sequential decreases in centrifugal force by decreasing centrifugation speed will accomplish the same result. The process of elutriation requires optimization depending on cell type, elutriation buffer employed, and the specific apparatus used. The rate of sedimentation of cells under these conditions is best described by Stokes Law: SV = [d2(&#961;p-&#961;m)/18&#951;].&#969;2r, where SV = sedimentation velocity; d = diameter of the particle; &#961;p = density of the particle; &#961;m = density of the buffer; &#951; = viscosity of the buffer; &#969; = angular velocity of the rotor; and r = radial position of the particle. Thus, SV is proportional to cell diameter and density, and since diameter is raised to the second power, it contributes more significantly than density which is generally constant through the cell cycle.
An important advantage of CCE is that cells are not subjected to harsh conditions of chemical treatment or nutritional deprivation and can be recovered in excellent yield essentially unperturbed. A requirement is that the cells in question undergo a significant increase in diameter, of at least 30%, as they traverse the cell cycle. The main disadvantage is the cost of the specialized centrifuge, rotor, and accessories. Nonetheless, the ability to prepare cells enriched in specific cell cycle phases by CCE has greatly facilitated cell cycle research in organisms from yeast to mammalian cells9,10. Moreover, recent advances are expanding uses to the separation of cells from healthy versus cancerous tissue, the separation of different cell types in heterogeneous mixtures, and to the production of specific cell types for immunotherapy9.
Our major interest has been in understanding the mechanism of action of microtubule targeting agents (MTAs) such as vinca alkaloids and taxanes. These drugs were thought to act exclusively in mitosis, blocking spindle microtubule function11,12, but recent evidence suggests they may also target interphase microtubules13,14. We recently reported that primary acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cells undergo death in either the G1 phase or in the M phase when treated with vincristine and other MTAs in a cell cycle-dependent manner15. The ability to separate ALL cells into different cell cycle phases by CCE was instrumental in reaching this conclusion. In this article, we describe the technical details and offer practical tips for the application of CCE to the preparation of primary ALL cells in different cell cycle phases.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1542">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:535px;">Hanks&#39; balanced salt solution</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Lonza</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">10-508Q</td>
			<td style="width:780px;">1 L bottle</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:535px;">Fetal Plus bovine serum</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Atlas Biologicals</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">FP-0500-A</td>
			<td>500 mL bottle</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:535px;">2-napthol-6,8-disulfonic acid dipotassium salt</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Acros Organics</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">212-672-4</td>
			<td>100 g powder</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:535px;">50 mL concial tubes</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Denville Scientifics</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C1062-P</td>
			<td>500/case</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:535px;">PES Membrane 0.22 &#181;m filter unit</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SLGP033RB</td>
			<td>250/pack</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">Avanti J-26S XPI w/ Elut. Non-IVD - 50/60 Hz, 200/208/240V</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">B14544</td>
			<td>centrifuge compatible with elutriation system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:535px;">JE 5.0 elutriator rotor kit</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">356900</td>
			<td>rotor kit which includes the rotor, T-handle hex wrench, the quick release assembly (w/o the elutriation chamber), anchoring cable, and the strobe assembly</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">Chamber, standard, 4-mL, &#34;A&#34;</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">356943</td>
			<td>standard elutriation chamber&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:535px;">Masterflex L/S Easy-Load pump head</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Cole-Parmer</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">EW-07518-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:535px;">Masterflex L/S Variable-Speed Drive</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Cole-Parmer</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">EW-07528-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:535px;">Masterflex BioPharm platinum-cured silicone pump tubing, L/S 16</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Cole-Parmer</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">EW-96420-16</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:535px;">25 G x 1.5 Precision Glide needle</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">BD</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">305127</td>
			<td>sterile, single-use needles</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:535px;">10 mL Luer-Lok syringe</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">BD</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">309604</td>
			<td>sterile, single-use syringes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:535px;">Vi-Cell XR</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">383556</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:535px;">PI/RNase staining buffer</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">BD Pharmingen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">550825</td>
			<td>propidium iodide/RNase staining buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:535px;">cyclin B1 (GNS1) mouse monoclonal IgG antibody</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">sc-245</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:535px;">cyclin D1 (DCS-6) mouse monoclonal IgG antibody</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">sc-20044</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:535px;">P-Rb (S807/811) (D20B12) XPR rabbit monoclonal antibody</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Cell Signaling Technology</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">8516s</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:535px;">GAPDH (14C10) rabbit monoclonal antibody</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Cell Signaling Technology</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">2118s</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:535px;">Goat anti-mouse IgG (H+L)-HRP conjugate</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">BioRad</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">170-6516</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:535px;">Goat anti-rabbit IgG (H+L)-HRP conjugate</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">BioRad</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">170-6515</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

preparation of primary acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells in different cell cycle phases by centrifugal elutriation

The ability to synchronize cells has been central to advancing our understanding of cell cycle regulation. Common techniques employed include serum deprivation; chemicals which arrest cells at different cell cycle phases; or the use of mitotic shake-off which exploits their reduced adherence. However, all of these have disadvantages. For example, serum starvation works well for normal cells but less well for tumor cells with compromised cell cycle checkpoints due to oncogene activation or tumor suppressor loss. Similarly, chemically-treated cell populations can harbor drug-induced damage and show stress-related alterations. A technique which circumvents these problems is counterflow centrifugal elutriation (CCE), where cells are subjected to two opposing forces, centrifugal force and fluid velocity, which results in the separation of cells on the basis of size and density. Since cells advancing through the cycle typically enlarge, CCE can be used to separate cells into different cell cycle phases. Here we apply this technique to primary acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells. Under optimal conditions, an essentially pure population of cells in G1 phase and a highly enriched population of cells in G2/M phases can be obtained in excellent yield. These cell populations are ideally suited for studying cell cycle-dependent mechanisms of action of anticancer drugs and for other applications. We also show how modifications to the standard procedure can result in suboptimal performance and discuss the limitations of the technique. The detailed methodology presented should facilitate application and exploration of the technique to other types of cells.

Primary ALL cells (3 - 4 x 108) were subjected to centrifugal elutriation and collected into two wash fractions and twenty main fractions, as described in the protocol. Table 1 shows representative data where the total number of cells in each fraction as well as the corresponding rotor speed are presented. Overall yield was typically over 80%. Measurement of cell diameter in individual fractions confirmed that cell diameter increased with advancing elutriation (<strong class="x...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preparation of Primary Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Cells in Different Cell Cycle Phases by Centrifugal Elutriation at JoVE.com

Preparation of Primary Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Cells in Different Cell Cycle Phases by Centrifugal Elutriation

This protocol describes the use of centrifugal elutriation to separate primary acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells into different cell cycle phases.

The ability to synchronize cells has been central to advancing our understanding of cell cycle regulation. Common techniques employed include serum ...

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