Name: bioassays for monitoring insecticide resistance
Uploaded: 2010-12-30T16:30:00
Duration: 6 min 30 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Bioassays for Monitoring Insecticide Resistance at JoVE.com

We would like to thank Cotton Incorporated State Support Program #08-317MO, USDA/CSREES SR-IPM Grant 2009-34103-20018 and Landis International for funding research pertaining to this publication.

<ol>
	<li>Yu, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The Toxicology and Biochemistry of Insecticides. , (2008).</li><li>Pimentel, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Environmental+and+Economic+Costs+of+the+Application+of+Pesticides+Primarily+in+the+United+States.">Environmental and Economic Costs of the Application of Pesticides Primarily in the United States.</a> Environ. Dev. Sustain. 7, 229-252 (2005).</li><li>Plapp, F. W., McWhorter, G. M., Vance, W. H., H, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Monitoring+for+pyrethroid+resistance+in+the+tobacco+budworm+in+Texas-1986.">Monitoring for pyrethroid resistance in the tobacco budworm in Texas-1986.</a> Proceedings Beltwide Cotton Production Research Conferences. , (1987).</li><li>Prabhaker, N., Toscano, N. C., Henneberry, T. J., Castle, S. J., Weddle, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessment+of+two+bioassay+techniques+for+resistance+monitoring+of+silverleaf+whitefly+(Homoptera:+Aleyrodidae)+in+California.">Assessment of two bioassay techniques for resistance monitoring of silverleaf whitefly (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) in California.</a> J. Econ. Entomol. 89, 805-815 (1996).</li><li>Sivasupramaniam, S., Johnson, S., Watson, T. F., Osman, A. A., Jassim, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=glass-vial+technique+for+monitoring+tolerance+of+Bemisia+argentifolii+(Homoptera:+Aleyrodidae)+to+selected+insecticides+in+Arizona.">glass-vial technique for monitoring tolerance of Bemisia argentifolii (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) to selected insecticides in Arizona.</a> J. Econ. Entomol. 90, 66-74 (1997).</li><li>Shean, B., Cranshaw, W. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+susceptibilities+of+green+peach+aphid+(Homoptera:+Aphididae)+and+two+endoparasitoids+(Hymenopera:+Encyrtidae+and+Braconidae)+to+pesticides.">Differential susceptibilities of green peach aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) and two endoparasitoids (Hymenopera: Encyrtidae and Braconidae) to pesticides.</a> J. Econ. Entomol. 84, 844-850 (1991).</li><li>Willrich, M. M., Leonard, B. R., Cook, D. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laboratory+and+field+evaluations+of+insecticide+toxicity+to+stink+bugs+(Heteroptera+Pentatomidae).">Laboratory and field evaluations of insecticide toxicity to stink bugs (Heteroptera Pentatomidae).</a> J. Cotton Sci. 7, 156-163 (2003).</li><li>Snodgrass, G. L., Adamczyk, J., Gore, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Toxicity+of+insecticides+in+a+glass-vial+bioassay+to+adult+brown,+green,+and+southern+green+stink+bugs+(Heteroptera:+Pentatomidae).">Toxicity of insecticides in a glass-vial bioassay to adult brown, green, and southern green stink bugs (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae).</a> J. Econ. Entomol. 98, 177-181 (2005).</li><li>Nielsen, A. L., Shearer, P. W., Hamilton, G. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Toxicity+of+insecticides+to+Halyomorpha+halys+(Hemiptera:+Pentatomidae)+using+glass-vial+bioassays.">Toxicity of insecticides to Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) using glass-vial bioassays.</a> J. Econ. Entomol. 101, 1439-1442 (2008).</li><li>Dennehy, T. J., Russell, J. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Susceptibility+of+Lygus+bug+populations+in+Arizona+to+acephate+(Orthene)+and+bifenthrin+(Capture)+with+related+contrasts+of+other+insecticides.">Susceptibility of Lygus bug populations in Arizona to acephate (Orthene) and bifenthrin (Capture) with related contrasts of other insecticides.</a> Proceedings Beltwide Cotton Conferences. , (1996).</li><li>Snodgrass, G. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Glass-vial+bioassay+to+estimate+insecticide+resistance+in+adult+tarnished+plant+bugs.">Glass-vial bioassay to estimate insecticide resistance in adult tarnished plant bugs.</a> Heteroptera: Miridae). J. Econ. Entomol. 89, 1053-1059 (1996).</li><li>Snoddgrass, G. L., Scott, W. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+discriminating-dose+bioassay+for+detecting+pyrethroid+resistance+in+tarnished+plant+bug+(+Heteroptera:+Miridae)+populations.">A discriminating-dose bioassay for detecting pyrethroid resistance in tarnished plant bug ( Heteroptera: Miridae) populations.</a> Southwest. Entomol. 24, 301-307 (1999).</li><li>Lopez, J. D., Hoffman, W. C., Latheef, M. A., Fritz, B. K., Martin, D. E., Lan, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adult+vial+bioassay+of+insecticidal+toxicity+against+cotton+fleahopper,+Pseudatomoscelis+seriatus+(Hemiptera:+Miridae).">Adult vial bioassay of insecticidal toxicity against cotton fleahopper, Pseudatomoscelis seriatus (Hemiptera: Miridae).</a> J. Pest. Sci.. 33, 261-265 (2008).</li><li>Lopez, J. D., Hoffman, W. C., Latheef, M. A., Fritz, B. K., Martin, D. E., Lan, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+toxicity+of+selected+insecticides+against+thrips+on+cotton+in+laboratory+bioassays.">Evaluation of toxicity of selected insecticides against thrips on cotton in laboratory bioassays.</a> J. Cotton Sci. 12, 188-194 (2008).</li><li>Smith, T. P., Hammond, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparative+susceptibility+of+sweetpotato+weevil+(Coleoptera:+Brentidae)+to+selected+insecticides.">Comparative susceptibility of sweetpotato weevil (Coleoptera: Brentidae) to selected insecticides.</a> J. Econ. Entomol. 99, 2024-2029 (2006).</li><li>Kanga, L. H. B., Wall, M. L., Plapp, F. W., Gardiner, E. M. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pyrethroid+resistance+in+field-collected+boll+weevils+from+southeast+Arkansas+in+1994.">Pyrethroid resistance in field-collected boll weevils from southeast Arkansas in 1994.</a> Southwest. Entomol. 20, 247-253 (1995).</li><li>Bayoun, I. M., Plapp, F. W. J. r., Gilstrap, F. E., Michels, G. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Toxicity+of+selected+insecticides+to+Diuraphis+noxia+(Homoptera:+Aphidiae)+and+its+natural+enemies.">Toxicity of selected insecticides to Diuraphis noxia (Homoptera: Aphidiae) and its natural enemies.</a> J. Econ. Entomol. 88, 1177-1185 (1995).</li><li>Smith, T. R., Cave, R. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pesticide+susceptibility+of+Cybocephalus+nipponoicus+and+Rhyzobius+Iophanthae+(Coleoptera+Cybocephalidae,+Coccinellidae).">Pesticide susceptibility of Cybocephalus nipponoicus and Rhyzobius Iophanthae (Coleoptera Cybocephalidae, Coccinellidae).</a> Fla. Entomol. 89, 502-507 (2006).</li><li>Sukontason, K., Olson, J. K., Hartberg, W. K., Duhrkopf, R. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Organophosphate+and+pyrethroid+susceptibilities+of+Culex+salinarius+adults+from+Texas+and+New+Jersey.">Organophosphate and pyrethroid susceptibilities of Culex salinarius adults from Texas and New Jersey.</a> J Am. Mosquito Contr. 14, 477-480 (1998).</li><li>Kanga, L. H. B., Plapp, F. W. J. r., Wall, M. L., Elzen, G. W., Lopez, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Monitoring+for+resistance+to+organophosphorus,+carbamate,+and+pyrethroid+insecticides+in+the+oriental+fruit+moth+(Lepidoptera:+Torticidae).">Monitoring for resistance to organophosphorus, carbamate, and pyrethroid insecticides in the oriental fruit moth (Lepidoptera: Torticidae).</a> Canadian Entomol. , 131-441 (1999).</li><li>Plapp, F. W., Jackman, J. A., Campanhola, C., Frisbie, R. E., Graves, J. B., Luttrell, R. G., Kitten, W. F., Wall, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Monitoring+and+management+of+pyrethroid+resistance+in+the+tobacco+budworm+(Lepidoptera:+Noctuidae)+in+Texas,+Mississippi,+Louisiana,+Arkansas,+and+Oklahoma.">Monitoring and management of pyrethroid resistance in the tobacco budworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Texas, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas, and Oklahoma.</a> J. Econ. Entomol. 83, 335-341 (1990).</li><li>Mink, J. S., Boethel, D. J., Leonard, B. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Monitoring+permethrin+resistance+in+soybean+looper+(Lepidoptera:+Noctuidae)+adults.">Monitoring permethrin resistance in soybean looper (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) adults.</a> J. Entomol. Sci. 28, 43-50 (1993).</li><li>Cook, D. R., Leonard, B. R., Gore, J., Temple, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Baseline+responses+of+bollworm,+Heliocoverpa+zea+(Boddie),+and+tobacco+budworm,+Heliothis+virescens+(F.),+to+indoxcarb+and+pyridalyl.">Baseline responses of bollworm, Heliocoverpa zea (Boddie), and tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.), to indoxcarb and pyridalyl.</a> J. Agricul. Urban Entomol. 22, 99-109 (2005).</li><li>Temple, J. H., Pommireddy, P. L., Cook, D. R., Ma&#231;on, P., Leonard, B. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Arthopod+management:+Susceptibility+of+selected+lepidopteran+to+pests+Rynaxypyr,+a+novel+insecticide.">Arthopod management: Susceptibility of selected lepidopteran to pests Rynaxypyr, a novel insecticide.</a> J. Cotton Sci. 13, 23-31 (2009).</li><li>Plapp, F. W., Vinson, S. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparative+toxicities+of+some+insecticides+to+the+tobacco+budworm+and+its+ichneumonid+parasite,+Campoletis+sonorensis.">Comparative toxicities of some insecticides to the tobacco budworm and its ichneumonid parasite, Campoletis sonorensis.</a> Environ. Entomol. 6, 381-384 (1977).</li><li>Xu, J., Shelton, A. M., Cheng, X. i. a. N. i. a. n. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Variation+in+susceptibility+of+Diadegma+insulare+(Hymenoptera:+Ichneumonidae)+to+permethrin.">Variation in susceptibility of Diadegma insulare (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) to permethrin.</a> J. Econ. Entomol. 94, 541-546 (2001).</li><li>Snodgrass, G. L., Scott, W. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Seasonal+changes+in+pyrethroid+resistance+in+tarnished+plant+bug+(Heteroptera:+Miridae)+populations+during+a+three+year+period+in+the+delta+area+of+Arkansas,+Louisiana+and+Mississippi.">Seasonal changes in pyrethroid resistance in tarnished plant bug (Heteroptera: Miridae) populations during a three year period in the delta area of Arkansas, Louisiana and Mississippi.</a> J. Econ. Entomol. 93, 441-446 (2000).</li><li>Miller, A. L. E., Way, M. O., Bernhardt, J., Stout, M. J., Tindall, K. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multi-state+resistance+monitoring+of+rice+stink+bug+with+a+new+and+old+insecticide.">Multi-state resistance monitoring of rice stink bug with a new and old insecticide.</a> , (2010).</li><li>Abbott, W. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+method+for+computing+the+effectiveness+of+an+insecticide.">A method for computing the effectiveness of an insecticide.</a> J. Econ. Entomol. 18, 265-267 (1925).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> User's Manual version 8.0. , (2002).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> A user's guide to Probitor Logit analysis. , (2002).</li><li>Preisler, H. K., Robertson, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Pesticide bioassays with arthropods. , (1992).</li><li>Hollingsworth, R. G., Steinkraus, D. C., Tugwell, N. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Responses+of+Arkansas+population+of+tarnished+plant+bugs+(Heteroptera:+Miridae)+to+insecticides,+and+tolerance+differences+between+nymphs+and+adults.">Responses of Arkansas population of tarnished plant bugs (Heteroptera: Miridae) to insecticides, and tolerance differences between nymphs and adults.</a> J. Econ. Entomol. 90, 21-26 (1997).</li></ol>

No conflicts of interest declared.

The LC50 value can be used to establish as baseline susceptibility of a target population(s). The value of this data can be in future monitoring surveys or for the immediate purpose of comparing the current results to that of a previously determined LC50 to determine the susceptibility of the target population has shifted. Actual LC50 values can be compared among populations by examining the 95% confidence intervals; if the upper and lower limits do not overlap, then it is likely that the population has experienced a significant change in susceptibility and in some situations is an indication of resistance33. The LC50s can also be used to examine seasonal changes in insecticide esusceptibilitye28, or compare responses among species or insecticide AI s. Considerable work has also use these data to compare responses between males and females10 or between adults and immature stages,10,34. Sometimes confidence intervals are wide or not able to be calculated. To gain tighter confidence intervals conduct the bioassay with more insects and/or more concentrations.

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">	
		
		<div>
		<table border="1">
		<thead>
		<tr>
		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
		
<tr>
<td>50-100 ml glass beaker </td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Volumetric flask with stoppers (can use the amber colored flasks for light sensitive pesticides such as pyrethroids)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>20ml glass scintillation vials with un-lined lids</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>A method for color coating vials (paint or markers)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Acetone</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Commercial hotdog roller (heat element disconnected)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>2 wash bottles (one modified such that the opening is large for fast delivery of the liquid and one so that the spout opening is small for slow delivery of the liquids)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Small weigh boat (make sure all plastic materials acetone safe)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Access to a balance with 0.001g readability or a higher precision.</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Parafilm M</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Repeater pipettor</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Appropriate tips</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Glass pipettes that fit in the volumetric flask.</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Hood (used to remove the acetone smell)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>A place to store insecticide solutions and vials [refrigerator (solutions), dark room or freezer depending on the chemical (vials)]</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>		</tbody>
		</table>
		</div>

bioassays for monitoring insecticide resistance

Pest resistance to pesticides is an increasing problem because pesticides are an integral part of high-yielding production agriculture. When few products are labeled for an individual pest within a particular crop system, chemical control options are limited. Therefore, the same product(s) are used repeatedly and continual selection pressure is placed on the target pest. There are both financial and environmental costs associated with the development of resistant populations. The cost of pesticide resistance has been estimated at approximately $ 1.5 billion annually in the United States. This paper will describe protocols, currently used to monitor arthropod (specifically insects) populations for the development of resistance. The adult vial test is used to measure the toxicity to contact insecticides and a modification of this test is used for plant-systemic insecticides. In these bioassays, insects are exposed to technical grade insecticide and responses (mortality) recorded at a specific post-exposure interval. The mortality data are subjected to Log Dose probit analysis to generate estimates of a lethal concentration that provides mortality to 50% (LC50) of the target populations and a series of confidence limits (CL's) as estimates of data variability. When these data are collected for a range of insecticide-susceptible populations, the LC50 can be used as baseline data for future monitoring purposes. After populations have been exposed to products, the results can be compared to a previously determined LC50 using the same methodology.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Bioassays for Monitoring Insecticide Resistance at JoVE.com

Bioassays for Monitoring Insecticide Resistance

This manuscript demonstrates and discusses techniques used to survey pesticide susceptibility and detect resistance to contact and systemic pesticides in arthropod pests.

Pest resistance to pesticides is an increasing problem because pesticides are an integral part of high-yielding production agriculture. When few products ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Choice and No-Choice Assays for Testing the Resistance of A. thaliana to Chewing Insects

Larvae of the small white cabbage butterfly are a pest in agricultural settings. This caterpillar species feeds from plants in the cabbage family, which ...

Monitoring Heart Function in Larval Drosophila melanogaster for Physiological Studies

Monitoring Heart Function in Larval Drosophila melanogaster for Physiological Studies

We present various methods to record cardiac function in the larval Drosophila. The approaches allow heart rate to be measured in unrestrained  and  ...

Characterizing Herbivore Resistance Mechanisms: Spittlebugs on Brachiaria spp. as an Example

Characterizing Herbivore Resistance Mechanisms: Spittlebugs on Brachiaria spp. as an Example

Plants can resist herbivore damage through three broad mechanisms: antixenosis, antibiosis and tolerance1. Antixenosis is the degree to which the plant is ...

Long-term Lethal Toxicity Test with the Crustacean Artemia franciscana

Long-term Lethal Toxicity Test with the Crustacean Artemia franciscana

Our research activities target the use of biological methods for the evaluation of environmental quality, with particular reference to saltwater/brackish ...

RNA Secondary Structure Prediction Using High-throughput SHAPE

Understanding the function of RNA involved in biological processes requires a thorough knowledge of RNA structure. Toward this end, the methodology dubbed ...

Assessing Murine Resistance Artery Function Using Pressure Myography

Pressure myograph systems are  exquisitely useful in the functional assessment of small arteries, pressurized  to a suitable transmural pressure. The  ...

Coupled Assays for Monitoring Protein Refolding in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Coupled Assays for Monitoring Protein Refolding in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Proteostasis, defined as the combined processes of protein folding/biogenesis, refolding/repair, and degradation, is a delicate cellular balance that must ...

Autonomously Bioluminescent Mammalian Cells for Continuous and Real-time Monitoring of Cytotoxicity

Mammalian  cell-based in vitro assays have been  widely employed as alternatives to animal testing for toxicological studies but  have been limited due to ...

Selected Reaction Monitoring Mass Spectrometry for Absolute Protein Quantification

Absolute quantification of target proteins within complex biological samples is critical to a wide range of research and clinical applications. This ...

Detection of Intracellular Gene Expression in Live Cells of Murine, Human and Porcine Origin Using Fluorescence-labeled Nanoparticles

The reprogramming of somatic cells to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) has successfully been performed in different mammalian species including mouse, ...