Name: generation of a three-dimensional full thickness skin equivalent and automated wounding
Uploaded: 2015-02-26T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Generation of a Three-dimensional Full Thickness Skin Equivalent and Automated Wounding at JoVE.com

The authors thank the Fraunhofer ISC for the collaboration concerning the construction of the automated wounding device. The project was founded by Fraunhofer internal project &#8220;M&#228;rkte von &#220;bermorgen&#8221; (SkinHeal).

NOTE: The protocol is designed for the production of 24 full thickness skin equivalents. Human dermal fibroblasts and epidermal keratinocytes were isolated from skin biopsies according to a previously published protocol.21,22 Informed consent was obtained beforehand and the study was approved by the institutional ethics committee on human research of the Julius-Maximilians-University W&#252;rzburg (vote 182/10).
1. Production of Dermal Component
<ol>
	<li>Dissolve collagen with 0....

<ol>
	<li>Proksch, E., Brandner, J. M., Jensen, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+skin:+an+indispensable+barrier.">The skin: an indispensable barrier.</a> Exp Dermatol. 17, 1063-1072 (2008).</li><li>Guo, S., Dipietro, L. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Factors+affecting+wound+healing.">Factors affecting wound healing.</a> J Dent Res. 89, 219-229 (2010).</li><li>Kirsner, R. S., Eaglstein, W. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+wound+healing+process.">The wound healing process.</a> Dermatol Clin. 11, 629-640 (1993).</li><li>Cory, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Scratch-wound+assay.">Scratch-wound assay.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 769, 25-30 (2011).</li><li>Sun, T., Jackson, S., Haycock, J. W., MacNeil, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Culture+of+skin+cells+in+3D+rather+than+2D+improves+their+ability+to+survive+exposure+to+cytotoxic+agents.">Culture of skin cells in 3D rather than 2D improves their ability to survive exposure to cytotoxic agents.</a> J Biotechnol. 122 (3), 372-381 (2006).</li><li>Harrison, C. A., Heaton, M. J., Layton, C. M., Mac Neil, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+an+in+vitro+model+of+tissue-engineered+human+skin+to+study+keratinocyte+attachment+and+migration+in+the+process+of+reepithelialization.">Use of an in vitro model of tissue-engineered human skin to study keratinocyte attachment and migration in the process of reepithelialization.</a> Wound Repair Regen. 14 (2), 203-209 (2006).</li><li>Wilkins, L. M., Watson, S. R., Prosky, S. J., Meunier, S. F., Parenteau, N. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+a+bilayered+living+skin+construct+for+clinical+applications.">Development of a bilayered living skin construct for clinical applications.</a> Biotechnol Bioeng. 43 (8), 747-756 (1994).</li><li>Gangatirkar, P., Paquet-Fifield, S., Li, A., Rossi, R., Kaur, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Establishment+of+3D+organotypic+cultures+using+human+neonatal+epidermal+cells.">Establishment of 3D organotypic cultures using human neonatal epidermal cells.</a> Nat Protoc. 2 (1), 178-186 (2007).</li><li>Boyce, S. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Skin+substitutes+from+cultured+cells+and+collagen-GAG+polymers.">Skin substitutes from cultured cells and collagen-GAG polymers.</a> Med Biol Eng Comput. 36 (6), 791-800 (1998).</li><li>El-Ghalbzouri, A., Lamme, E. N., van Blitterswijk, C., Koopman, J., Ponec, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+use+of+PEGT/PBT+as+a+dermal+scaffold+for+skin+tissue+engineering.">The use of PEGT/PBT as a dermal scaffold for skin tissue engineering.</a> Biomaterials. 25 (5), 2987-2996 (2004).</li><li>Maas-Szabowski, N., Shimotoyodome, A., Fusenig, N. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Keratinocyte+growth+regulation+in+fibroblast+cocultures+via+a+double+paracrine+mechanism.">Keratinocyte growth regulation in fibroblast cocultures via a double paracrine mechanism.</a> J Cell Sci. 112 (Pt 12), 1843-1853 (1999).</li><li>Coolen, N. A., Vlig, M., vanden Bogaerdt, A. J., Middelkoop, E., Ulrich, M. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+an+in+vitro+burn+wound+model.">Development of an in vitro burn wound model.</a> Wound Repair Regen. 16 (4), 559-567 (2008).</li><li>Oberringer, M., Meins, C., Bubel, M., Pohlemann, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+in+vitro+wound+model+based+on+the+co-culture+of+human+dermal+microvascular+endothelial+cells+and+human+dermal+fibroblasts.">A new in vitro wound model based on the co-culture of human dermal microvascular endothelial cells and human dermal fibroblasts.</a> Biol Cell. 99 (4), 197-207 (2007).</li><li>Cribbs, R. K., Luquette, M. H., Besner, G. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+standardized+model+of+partial+thickness+scald+burns+in+mice.">A standardized model of partial thickness scald burns in mice.</a> J Surg Res. 80 (1), 69-74 (1998).</li><li>Reed, J. T., Ghadially, R., Elias, P. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Skin+type,+but+neither+race+nor+gender,+influence+epidermal+permeability+barrier+function.">Skin type, but neither race nor gender, influence epidermal permeability barrier function.</a> Arch Dermatol. 131 (10), 1134-1138 (1995).</li><li>Pilcher, B. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Keratinocyte+collagenase-1+expression+requires+an+epidermal+growth+factor+receptor+autocrine+mechanism.">Keratinocyte collagenase-1 expression requires an epidermal growth factor receptor autocrine mechanism.</a> J Biol Chem. 274 (15), 10372-10381 (1999).</li><li>Blank, I. H., Miller, O. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+method+for+the+separation+of+the+epidermis+from+the+dermis.">A method for the separation of the epidermis from the dermis.</a> J Invest Dermatol. 15 (1), 9-10 (1950).</li><li>El Ghalbzouri, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fibroblasts+facilitate+re-epithelialization+in+wounded+human+skin+equivalents.">Fibroblasts facilitate re-epithelialization in wounded human skin equivalents.</a> Lab Invest. 84 (1), 102-112 (2004).</li><li>Vaughan, M. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+reproducible+laser-wounded+skin+equivalent+model+to+study+the+effects+of+aging+in+vitro.">A reproducible laser-wounded skin equivalent model to study the effects of aging in vitro.</a> Rejuvenation Res. 7 (2), 99-110 (2004).</li><li>Geer, D. J., Swartz, D. D., Andreadis, S. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+model+of+wound+healing+based+on+transplanted+tissue-engineered+skin.">In vivo model of wound healing based on transplanted tissue-engineered skin.</a> Tissue Eng. 10 (7-8), 1006-1017 (2004).</li><li>Bell, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+reconstitution+of+living+skin.">The reconstitution of living skin.</a> J Invest Dermatol. 81 (1 Suppl), 2s-10s (1983).</li><li>Asselineau, D., Prunieras, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reconstruction+of+'simplified'+skin:+control+of+fabrication.">Reconstruction of 'simplified' skin: control of fabrication.</a> Br J Dermatol. 111, 219-222 (1984).</li><li>Pampaloni, F., Reynaud, E. G., Stelzer, E. H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+third+dimension+bridges+the+gap+between+cell+culture+and+live+tissue.">The third dimension bridges the gap between cell culture and live tissue.</a> Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 8 (10), 839-845 (2007).</li></ol>

In vitro cells are usually expanded in two-dimensional cell cultures, in which cells adhere to plastic surfaces. However, these culture conditions do not reflect the physiological three-dimensional conditions in which cells grow in vivo. Under three-dimensional conditions, cells can form natural cell-cell and cell-matrix attachments and migrate in three-dimensions. Especially in the cutaneous wound healing the resemblance of the in vivo situation is pivotal to generate meaningful data, as cell ...

The skin is the largest organ of the body. It creates a barrier between the external environment and the internal organs. Moreover, the skin protects the body from fluid loss, environmental influences, injuries and infections and helps to regulate body temperature1. Due to its exposed location, the skin is often affected by mechanical, thermal or chemical trauma. Though the skin is generally capable of self-repair, multiple local factors such as infection, oxygenation, and venous sufficiency can lead to impaired wound healing. Wound healing can also be interfered by systemic factors as obesity, alcoholism, smoking, medication, nutrition and diseases such as diabetes.2
The process of wound healing can be divided into 3 phases: (i) the inflammatory phase, (ii) the proliferative and the (iii) remodeling phase. Upon injury to the skin, a complex signal-cascade starts, leading to the closure of the wound.3 After injury, the wound is bleeding and a blood clot is formed. Fibroblasts move into the blood clot and replace it with new tissue which is subsequently remodeled over years.
The current understanding of the biological processes underlying cutaneous repair is limited. Small animal and pig models have been used to study wound healing. However, these results cannot be directly transferred to humans due to species-specific differences. In addition to these in vivo models, some aspects of wound healing can be studied by simulating a wound situation via scratching of in vitro monolayer cultures based on immortalized cell lines or primary cells.4 These scratching models are highly standardized but do not sufficiently reflect the complex in vivo physiology.5 Besides two-dimensional models, three-dimensional human skin equivalents have been developed for dermatological research. The dermal part of these models are generated using various scaffolds including decellularized dermis,6 collagen hydrogels,7,8 glycosaminoglycans9 or synthetic materials.10 Employing these skin equivalents, the role of epithelial-mesenchymal interactions11, the re-epithelialization, the cellular crosstalk between fibroblasts and keratinocytes and the influence of different growth factors can be studied. Moreover, these models are useful to gain new knowledge about how fibroblasts migrate into the wounded area and how chemotactic factors influence tissue regeneration.12
Not only generation of the wound healing model itself is challenging, but also to establish a highly standardized wound in a model is problematic. Common techniques to create wounds are scratch tests,13 burns,14 tape abrasion,15 thermal injury,16 suction blisters,17 liquid nitrogen,18 lasers,19 scalpels,18 meshers6 and biopsy punches.20 Most of these methods have the same pitfalls. Injuries implemented manually are difficult to standardize and to reproduce between multiple tests. Size, shape and depth of the wound vary between studies and thus impair the quality of research data. The use of laser for defined skin wounding can be relatively easily standardized but leads to a situation mimicking burn wounds. Heat applied by laser can cause protein denaturation, platelets aggregation or vessels constriction, which can lead to necrotic tissue.
In an alternative approach, we developed an automated wounding device (aWD), which allows us to generate defined and precise cutaneous wounds under sterile conditions. Wounding parameters, like depth and speed of penetration as well as revolutions of the drill head can be regulated. In this study, we combined the aWD with in house developed full thickness skin equivalents (ftSE) that are comparable to a protocol published by Gangatirkar et al. 8 The dermal layer of the skin equivalent is composed of human dermal fibroblasts (hDF), which are embedded in a collagen I hydrogel. On the dermal layer, human epidermal keratinocytes (hEK) are seeded. Within two weeks at the air-liquid interface the hEK build up an epidermis composed of several vital cell layers and a stratum corneum. Besides the generation of this model, this study shows the use of the aWD to create defined and precise wounds in ftSE.

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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;"></td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">Trypsin EDTA (1:250) 0.5 % in DPBS&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">PAA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">L11-003</td>
			<td align="right">0.05%</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">Dulbecco&#8217;s Phosphate Buffered Saline</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D8537</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">Collagen (6 mg/ml in 0,1 % acetic acid)</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Produced in house</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">Fibronectin Human Protein, Plasma (50 &#181;g/ml)</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">33016-015</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">Inserts</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Nunc</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">140627</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">6 well plate&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Nunc</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">140685</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">24 well plate</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Nunc</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">142485</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">Microscope slides</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">R. Langenbrinck</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">03-0070</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;"></td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">Fibroblasts culturing (500 ml):</td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">DMEM, high glucose</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11965-092</td>
			<td>89% (445 ml)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">Fetal bovine serum</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Bio &#38; Sell</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">FCS.ADD.0500</td>
			<td>10% (50 ml)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">Penicillin-Streptomycin (10,000 U/mL)</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15140-122</td>
			<td>1% (5 ml)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;"></td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">Keratinozyten culture medium (500 ml):&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">Keratinocyte Growth Medium 2</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Promocell&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C-20111</td>
			<td>89% (445 ml)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">Keratinocyte Growth Medium 2 SupplementPack</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Promocell&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C-39011</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">Penicillin-Streptomycin (10,000 U/mL)</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15140-122</td>
			<td>1% (5 ml)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;"></td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">Gel neutralization solution (250 ml):</td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:329px;">Dulbecco&#8217;s Modified Eagle Medium, high Glucose Powder with L-Glutamine</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">PAA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">G0001,3010</td>
			<td>93% (232,5 ml)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:329px;">Chondroitin sulfate sodium salt from shark cartilage</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C4384-1g</td>
			<td>1% (2,5 ml)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">Fetal bovine serum</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Bio &#38; Sell</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">FCS.ADD.0500</td>
			<td>3% (7,5 ml)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">HEPES</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Sigma&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">H3375-1kg</td>
			<td>3% (7,5 ml)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;"></td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">Skin model submers medium (500ml):&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">Keratinocyte Growth Medium 2</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Promocell&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C-20111</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">Keratinocyte Growth Medium 2 SupplementPack</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Promocell&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C-39011</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">Fetal calf serum</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Bio &#38; Sell</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">FCS.ADD.0500</td>
			<td>5%-2% (25 ml-10 ml)&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">Penicillin-Streptomycin (10,000 U/mL)</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15140-122</td>
			<td>1% (5 ml)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;"></td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">Skin model air-liquid interface medium (500 ml):&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">Keratinocyte Growth Medium 2</td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:329px;">Keratinocyte Growth Medium 2 Supplement Pack</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Promocell&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C-39011</td>
			<td>adding only supplements: Insulin, Hydrocortisone, Epinephrine, Transferrin, CaCl2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">Penicillin-Streptomycin (10,000 U/mL)</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15140-122</td>
			<td>1% (5 ml)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:329px;">CaCl2 (300 mM)</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Sigma&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C7902-500g</td>
			<td>&#160;0,62% (3,1 ml)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;"></td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">Histology:</td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">IHC-Kit DCS SuperVision 2 HRP</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">DCS</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">PD000KIT</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">Vimentin antibody</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Abcam</td>
			<td>ab92547</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">CK14 antibody</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Sigma&#160;</td>
			<td>HPA023040-100&#181;l</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">CK10 antibody</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Dako</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">M7002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">Filaggrin antibody</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Abcam</td>
			<td>ab81468</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;"></td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">H&#38;E staining</td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">Mayer&#180;s Haemalaun</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">AppliChem</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A0884,2500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">Xylol</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>296325-4X2L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">Ethanol</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>32205-4X2.5L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">HCl</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>H1758-500ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">Eosin</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>E4009-5G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">2-Propanolol</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>I9516-500ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">Mounting Medium</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>M1289-10ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

generation of a three-dimensional full thickness skin equivalent and automated wounding

In vitro models are a cost effective and ethical alternative to study cutaneous wound healing processes. Moreover, by using human cells, these models reflect the human wound situation better than animal models. Although two-dimensional models are widely used to investigate processes such as cellular migration and proliferation, models that are more complex are required to gain a deeper knowledge about wound healing. Besides a suitable model system, the generation of precise and reproducible wounds is crucial to ensure comparable results between different test runs. In this study, the generation of a three-dimensional full thickness skin equivalent to study wound healing is shown. The dermal part of the models is comprised of human dermal fibroblast embedded in a rat-tail collagen type I hydrogel. Following the inoculation with human epidermal keratinocytes and consequent culture at the air-liquid interface, a multilayered epidermis is formed on top of the models. To study the wound healing process, we additionally developed an automated wounding device, which generates standardized wounds in a sterile atmosphere.

The isolated hDF and hEK differ both in morphology and in expression of typical markers. The hDF showed typical spindle-shape morphology, whereas morphology of hEK can be described by a cobblestone morphology. The cells were characterized by immunohistochemical staining (Figure 1) before using them for ftSE. The hDF are positive for vimentin (Figure 1A), a marker for fibroblasts. Primary hEK highly express early differentiation protein cytokeratin-14 (Figure 1B) but near...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Generation of a Three-dimensional Full Thickness Skin Equivalent and Automated Wounding at JoVE.com

Generation of a Three-dimensional Full Thickness Skin Equivalent and Automated Wounding

The goal of this protocol is to build up a three-dimensional full thickness skin equivalent, which resembles natural skin. With a specifically constructed automated wounding device, precise and reproducible wounds can be generated under maintenance of sterility.

In vitro models are a cost effective and ethical alternative to study cutaneous wound healing processes. Moreover, by using human cells, these models ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

Alginate Hydrogels for Three-Dimensional Organ Culture of Ovaries and Oviducts

Ovarian cancer is the fifth leading cause of cancer deaths in women and has a 63% mortality rate in the United States1. The cell type of origin for ...

The Three-Dimensional Human Skin Reconstruct Model: a Tool to Study Normal  Skin and Melanoma Progression

Most in vitro studies in experimental skin biology have been done in 2-dimensional (2D) monocultures, while accumulating evidence suggests that cells ...

Planar and Three-Dimensional Printing of Conductive Inks

Printed electronics rely on low-cost, large-area fabrication routes to create flexible or multidimensional electronic, optoelectronic, and biomedical ...

Investigating the Three-dimensional Flow Separation Induced by a Model Vocal Fold Polyp

The fluid-structure energy exchange process for normal speech has been studied extensively, but it is not well understood for pathological conditions. ...

A Full Skin Defect Model to Evaluate Vascularization of Biomaterials In Vivo

A Full Skin Defect Model to Evaluate Vascularization of Biomaterials In Vivo

Insufficient vascularization is considered to be one of the main factors limiting the clinical success of tissue-engineered constructs. In order to ...

Analysis of Cell Migration within a Three-dimensional Collagen Matrix

The ability to migrate is a hallmark of various cell types and plays a crucial role in several physiological processes, including&#160;embryonic ...

Engineering Three-dimensional Epithelial Tissues Embedded within Extracellular Matrix

The architecture of branched organs such as the lungs, kidneys, and mammary glands arises through the developmental process of branching morphogenesis, ...

Three-dimensional Printing of Thermoplastic Materials to Create Automated Syringe Pumps with Feedback Control for Microfluidic Applications

Microfluidics has become a critical tool in research across the biological, chemical, and physical sciences. One important component of microfluidic ...

Cultivating a Three-dimensional Reconstructed Human Epidermis at a Large Scale

A three-dimensional human epidermis model reconstructed from neonatal primary keratinocytes is presented. Herein, a protocol for the cultivation process ...

Generation of Self-assembled Vascularized Human Skin Equivalents

Human skin equivalents (HSEs) are tissue engineered constructs that model epidermal and dermal components of human skin. These models have been used to ...