Name: the synthesis of [sn10(si(sime3)3)4]2- using a metastable sn(i) halide solution synthesized via a co-condensation technique
Uploaded: 2016-11-28T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Synthesis of [Sn10SiSiMe334]2- Using a Metastable SnI Halide Solution Synthesized via a Co-condensation Technique at JoVE.com

We are grateful to the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) for financial support, and we thank Dr. Daniel Werner for helpful discussions.

CAUTION! Please consult all relevant material safety data sheets (MSDS) before use. Several of the chemicals used in these syntheses are acutely toxic, pyrophoric, and carcinogenic. Nanomaterials may have additional hazards compared to their bulk counterpart. Please use all appropriate safety practices when performing a reaction, including the use of engineering controls (fume hood and glovebox) and personal protective equipment (safety glasses, gloves, lab coat, full length pants, and closed-toe shoes)....

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Ed. 41, 3532-3554 (2002).</li><li>Ecker, A., Weckert, E., Schn&#246;ckel, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synthesis+and+structural+characterization+of+an+Al77+cluster.">Synthesis and structural characterization of an Al77 cluster.</a> Nature. 387, 379-381 (1997).</li><li>Schnepf, A., Schn&#246;ckel, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synthesis+and+structure+of+a+Ga84R204-+cluster-a+link+between+metalloid+clusters+and+fullerenes?.">Synthesis and structure of a Ga84R204- cluster-a link between metalloid clusters and fullerenes?.</a> Angew. Chem. Int. 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By applying the preparative co-condensation technique (Figure 1)25, novel materials based on molecules like SnBr are obtained. Due to the high flexibility in temperature, pressure, metal, and reactive gas, a large variety of metastable solutions of high reactive species can be synthesized. For example, subhalides of silicon and germanium are already obtained in this way. However, finding the right conditions to obtain a metastable solution for further synthesis is not trivial, and the solution...

Due to recent progress in the field of nanotechnology, the nanoscale size range between molecules and&#160;the solid state became more and more important and is the focus of various research efforts1. Research with nanoscaled compounds is especially of interest for metals or semimetals, as drastic changes take place during the transformation from small molecular species (e.g., oxides, halides: non-conducting; e.g., AlCl3, AuCl3, GeO2, etc.) to metalloid clusters2 of the general formulae MnRm (n&#62;m; M = metal such as Al, Au, Sn, etc.; R = ligand such as S-C6H4-COOH, N(SiMe3)2, etc.), to the final bulk elemental phase (metal: conducting; semimetal: semiconducting; e.g., elemental Al, Au, or Ge)3.
The synthesis of a definite molecular nanoscaled compound is challenging due to its metastable character. Many synthetic procedures give metal nanoparticles with a certain size distribution4, meaning a mixture of metalloid cluster compounds of different sizes. Consequently, to establish a basis for a structure-property relationship of nanoscaled materials, synthetic procedures must be developed to access definite nanoscaled molecular compounds. These definite molecular compounds (metalloid clusters in the case of metals5,6,7,8) will shed light on the complexity and the fundamental principles of deceptively simple chemistry, such as the dissolution and the formation of metals9.
One synthetic route to access metalloid clusters of various metals starts from the reduction of stable precursors that are reduced to form a metalloid cluster, mostly in low yield (e.g., metalloid group 14 clusters like Sn15(DippNSiMe3)6 (Dipp = 2,6-iPr2-C6H3)10, Pb10(Hyp)6 (Hyp = Si(SiMe3)3)11, or Ge5(CH(SiMe3)2)412). Additionally, an increasing number of metalloid clusters of coinage metals are synthesized via the reduction of precursors in the presence of a trapping ligand like [Ag44(p-MBA)30]4- (p-MBA = p-mercaptobenzoic acid)13 and Au102(p-MBA)4414. Beside the synthetic route of applying the reductive dehalogenation, Schn&#246;ckel et al. introduced a synthetic route to metalloid group 13 clusters by applying the disproportionation reaction of highly reactive metastable monohalides of the corresponding element (e.g., 3AlCl &#8594; 2Al + AlCl3).
The synthesis of the needed monohalides is thereby performed via a preparative co-condensation technique, where at high temperatures, gas-phase molecules of AlX and GaX (X = Cl, Br, I) are synthesized and afterwards trapped in a matrix of frozen solvents (Figure 1)15. This technique thus gives access to novel reagents, opening the way to novel areas of chemistry (e.g., starting from the metastable monohalides, metalloid clusters with diameters in the nanometer range like [Al77(N(SiMe3)2)20]2- or [Ga84(N(SiMe3)2)20]4- could be obtained)16,17.
The synthetic route via the disproportionation reaction is thus the most productive, leading to clusters with diameters in the nanometer range. However, this synthetic route is only possible if a metastable subhalide is at hand that disproportionates at low temperatures (normally far below 0 &#176;C). Again, in the case of group 14, monohalides are needed, as the subvalent dihalides MX2 (M = Ge, Sn, Pb) are too stable and disproportionate at temperatures well above 100 &#176;C. The synthesis of metastable group 14 monohalide solutions is possible via the preparative co-condensation technique. However, group 14 monohalides are obtained at much higher temperatures with respect to the group 13 monohalides, which are readily available as gas phase species at 1,000 &#176;C. Hence, SnBr is obtained in maximum yield at 1,250 &#176;C18, whereas GeBr19, as well as SiCl220, are obtained at even higher temperatures, up to 1,600 &#176;C. The monohalides are &#34;trapped&#34; via a preparative co-condensation technique (Figure 1), leading to metastable monohalide solutions. Starting from these metastable solutions, we were recently able to synthesize a variety of novel metalloid group 14 cluster compounds of germanium and tin, namely [Li(thf)2]3[Ge14(Hyp)5] (Hyp = Si(SiMe)3)21, Sn10(Hyp)622, and {[Li([12]crown-4)2]}2 [Sn10(Hyp)4]23. Here, we present the synthesis of a metastable Sn(I)Cl solution within a homemade co-condensation apparatus and describe its reactivity with LiHyp to give the metalloid cluster [Sn10(Hyp)4]2- 1 in high yield.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Tin 99.999%</td>
			<td>ABCR</td>
			<td>AB122397</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HydrogenchlorideN28&#160; 99.8%</td>
			<td>Air Liquide</td>
			<td>P0820S10R0A001</td>
			<td>Toxic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Toluene anhydrous 99.8%</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>244511</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tri-n-butylphosphine &#62;93.5%</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>90827</td>
			<td>Toxic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TMEDA, &#62;99.5%</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>411019</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>12-crown-4</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>194905</td>
			<td>Toxic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>THF anhydrous, &#62;99.9%</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>401757</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium, 99.95%</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>262715</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Benzophenone, &#62;99%</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>427551</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Differential pressure manometer&#160;</td>
			<td>MKS</td>
			<td>MKS Baratron 223B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mass flow controller&#160;</td>
			<td>Bronckhorst&#160;</td>
			<td>Low &#916;p flow mass flow controller</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>High frequency generator</td>
			<td>Trumpf H&#252;ttinger</td>
			<td>TruHeat MF 5020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NMR spectrometer</td>
			<td>Bruker</td>
			<td>Bruker DRX-250</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glovebox</td>
			<td>GS Systemtechnik</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Argon 5.0</td>
			<td>Westfalen</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nitrogen 4.8</td>
			<td>Westfalen</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Graphite</td>
			<td>SGL</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Quartz glass tube</td>
			<td>Gebr. Rettberg GmbH</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Steel transferring cannula</td>
			<td>Rohre Ketterer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Balance</td>
			<td>Kern</td>
			<td>Kern PFB200-3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oil diffusion pump</td>
			<td>Balzers</td>
			<td>Balzers Diff900</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rotary vane pump</td>
			<td>Balzers</td>
			<td>Balzers QK100L4D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pyrometer</td>
			<td>Sensotherm</td>
			<td>6285</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Schlenk tubes with glassy stopcocks</td>
			<td>Gebr. Rettberg GmbH</td>
			<td>J.-Young-type valve with glassy stopcock</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

the synthesis of [sn10(si(sime3)3)4]2- using a metastable sn(i) halide solution synthesized via a co-condensation technique

The number of well-characterized metalloid tin clusters, synthesized by applying the disproportionation of a metastable Sn(I) halide in the presence of a sterically demanding ligand, has increased in recent years. The metastable Sn(I) halide is synthesized at&#160;&#34;outer space conditions&#34; via the preparative co-condensation technique. Thereby, the subhalide is synthesized in an oven at high temperatures, around 1,300 &#176;C, and at reduced pressure by the reaction of elemental tin with hydrogen halide gas (e.g., HCl). The subhalide (e.g., SnCl) is trapped within a matrix of an inert solvent, like toluene at -196 &#176;C. Heating the solid matrix to -78 &#176;C gives a metastable solution of the subhalide. The metastable subhalide solution is highly reactive but can be stored at -78 &#176;C for several weeks. On heating the solution to room temperature, a disproportionation reaction occurs, leading to elemental tin and the corresponding dihalide. By applying bulky ligands like Si(SiMe3)3, the intermediate metalloid cluster compounds can be trapped before complete disproportionation to elemental tin. Hence, the reaction of a metastable Sn(I)Cl solution with Li-Si(SiMe3)3 gives [Sn10(Si(SiMe3)3)4]2- 1 as black crystals in high yield. 1 is formed via a complex reaction sequence including salt metathesis, disproportionation, and degradation of larger clusters. Further, 1 can be analyzed by various methods like NMR or single crystal X-ray structure analysis.

The principle of the matrix isolation technique in conjugation with the preparative co-condensation technique is shown (Figure 1), as well as the setup of the co-condensation apparatus (Figure 2) and the graphite reactor (Figure 3). Figures 4 and 5 show photos of the assembly of the co-condensation apparatus. In Figure 6, the gas supply components with the mass flow controller are shown. ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Synthesis of [Sn10SiSiMe334]2- Using a Metastable SnI Halide Solution Synthesized via a Co-condensation Technique at JoVE.com

The Synthesis of [Sn10SiSiMe334]2- Using a Metastable SnI Halide Solution Synthesized via a Co-condensation Technique

The disproportionation reaction of a metastable Sn(I) chloride solution, obtained via the preparative co-condensation technique, is used for the synthesis of a metalloid tin cluster compound.

The Synthesis of [Sn10(Si(SiMe3)3)4]2- Using a Metastable Sn(I) Halide Solution Synthesized via a Co-condensation Technique

The number of well-characterized metalloid tin clusters, synthesized by applying the disproportionation of a metastable Sn(I) halide in the presence of a ...

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Chemistry

Preparation and Use of Samarium Diiodide (SmI2) in Organic Synthesis: The Mechanistic Role of HMPA and Ni(II) Salts in the Samarium Barbier Reaction

Preparation and Use of Samarium Diiodide SmI2 in Organic Synthesis: The Mechanistic Role of HMPA and NiII Salts in the Samarium Barbier Reaction

Although initially considered an esoteric reagent, SmI2 has become a common tool for synthetic organic chemists. SmI2 is generated through the addition of ...

Synthesis and Purification of Iodoaziridines Involving Quantitative Selection of the Optimal Stationary Phase for Chromatography

The highly diastereoselective preparation of cis-N-Ts-iodoaziridines through reaction of diiodomethyllithium with N-Ts aldimines is described. ...

Synthesis and Exfoliation of Discotic Zirconium Phosphates to Obtain Colloidal Liquid Crystals

Due to their abundance in natural clay and potential applications in advanced materials, discotic nanoparticles are of interest to scientists and ...

Synthesis of Protein Bioconjugates via Cysteine-maleimide Chemistry

Synthesis of Protein Bioconjugates via Cysteine-maleimide Chemistry

The chemical linking or bioconjugation of proteins to fluorescent dyes, drugs, polymers and other proteins has a broad range of applications, such as the ...

Low Pressure Vapor-assisted Solution Process for Tunable Band Gap Pinhole-free Methylammonium Lead Halide Perovskite Films

Organo-lead halide perovskites have recently attracted great interest for potential applications in thin-film photovoltaics and optoelectronics. Herein, ...

Protocol for the Solid-phase Synthesis of Oligomers of RNA Containing a 2'-O-thiophenylmethyl Modification and Characterization via Circular Dichroism

Protocol for the Solid-phase Synthesis of Oligomers of RNA Containing a 2'-O-thiophenylmethyl Modification and Characterization via Circular Dichroism

Solid-phase synthesis has been used to obtain canonical and modified polymers of nucleic acids, specifically of DNA or RNA, which has made it a popular ...

Fabrication and Testing of Catalytic Aerogels Prepared Via Rapid Supercritical Extraction

Protocols for preparing and testing catalytic aerogels by incorporating metal species into silica and alumina aerogel platforms are presented. Three ...

Synthesis of Substrate-Bound Au Nanowires Via an Active Surface Growth Mechanism

Advancing synthetic capabilities is important for the development of nanoscience and nanotechnology. The synthesis of nanowires has always been a ...

A Rapid Synthesis Method for Au, Pd, and Pt Aerogels Via Direct Solution-Based Reduction

Here, a method to synthesize gold, palladium, and platinum aerogels via a rapid, direct solution-based reduction is presented. The combination of various ...

Regioselective O-Glycosylation of Nucleosides via the Temporary 2',3'-Diol Protection by a Boronic Ester for the Synthesis of Disaccharide Nucleosides