Name: vegetated treatment systems for removing contaminants associated with surface water toxicity in agriculture and urban runoff
Uploaded: 2017-05-15T12:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Vegetated Treatment Systems for Removing Contaminants Associated with Surface Water Toxicity in Agriculture and Urban Runoff at JoVE.com

Funding for the work described here came from the California Department of Pesticide Regulation and the California Department of Water Resources.

1. Urban Bioswale Efficacy Monitoring
<ol>
	<li>Storm Water Sampling
	<ol>
		<li>Sample 4 L of pre-treatment stormwater leaving the parking lot as it enters the bioswale inlet, and then 4 L of post-treatment stormwater as it leaves the bioswale through the 4&#34; outlet drain.</li>
		<li>Using local weather predictions, collect samples at the beginning, middle, and end of the storm&#39;s hydrograph. Composite the samples to characterize runoff variability during the storm event.</li>
		<li>Collect 1.3 ...

<ol>
	<li>Anderson, B. S., Hunt, J. W., Markewicz, D., Larsen, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Toxicity in California Waters, Surface Water Ambient Monitoring Program. , (2011).</li><li>Anderson, B. S., Phillips, B. M., Voorhees, J. P., Siegler, K., Tjeerdema, R. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bioswales+reduce+contaminants+associated+with+toxicity+in+urban+stormwater.">Bioswales reduce contaminants associated with toxicity in urban stormwater.</a> Environ Toxicol Chem. 35 (12), 3124-3134 (2016).</li><li>Anderson, B. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pesticide+and+toxicity+reduction+using+an+integrated+vegetated+treatment+system.">Pesticide and toxicity reduction using an integrated vegetated treatment system.</a> Environ Toxicol Chem. (30), 1036-1043 (2011).</li><li>Phillips, B. 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The practices described in this protocol are intended as final steps in an overall strategy to remove pollutants in agriculture irrigation and stormwater runoff. Use of bioswales and other urban green-infrastructure LID practices are intended as a final piece of the puzzle to remove contaminants in runoff before they reach adjacent receiving waters. This protocol emphasizes methods to monitor urban bioswales to determine treatment efficacy for removing toxicity associated with urban contaminants, with emphasis on current...

Surface water toxicity is prevalent in California watersheds and decades of monitoring have shown that toxicity is often due to pesticides and other contaminants1. The primary sources of surface water contamination are stormwater and irrigation runoff from urban and agriculture sources. As waterbodies are listed as degraded due to contaminants and the toxicity is identified from urban and agricultural sources, water quality regulators partner with state and federal funding sources to implement practices to reduce contaminant loading. Green infrastructure is being promoted in California urban watersheds to reduce flooding and increase the recovery of stormwater through infiltration and storage. While Low Impact Development (LID) designs are being mandated for new construction in many regions, few studies have monitored the efficacy of these systems beyond measurements of conventional contaminants like dissolved solids, metals, and hydrocarbons. More intensive monitoring has recently evaluated reductions in chemical concentrations and chemical loading responsible for surface water toxicity, and to directly determine whether bioswales reduce toxicity of runoff. This has shown that bioswales are effective at removing toxicity associated with some contaminant classes2, but additional research is required for emerging chemicals of concern.
Vegetated treatment systems are also being implemented in agriculture watersheds in California, and these have been shown to be effective at reducing pesticides and other contaminants in agriculture irrigation runoff3,4. These systems represent components of a suite of approaches to reduce contaminant loading to surface waters. Because they are intended to mitigate contaminants responsible for surface water toxicity, a key component of the implementation process is monitoring to ensure their long-term effectiveness. Monitoring includes both chemical analyses of chemicals of concern, as well as toxicity testing with sensitive indicator species. This article describes protocols and monitoring results for an urban parking lot bioswale and an agricultural vegetated drainage ditch system.
The design attributes of a typical parking lot bioswale, such as may be used to treat storm runoff in a typical mixed-use urban shopping parking area depend on the area being treated. In the example described here, 53,286 square feet of asphalt create an impervious surface area that drains to a swale, which consists of 4,683 square feet of landscaping. To accommodate runoff from this surface area, a 215 feet long flat-bottom, semi-V shape channel comprises the swale with a side slope less than 50% and a longitudinal slope of 1% (Figure 1). This swale comprises three layers including native bunch grass planted in 6 inches of topsoil, layered over 2.5 feet of compacted subgrade. Stormwater flows from parking areas to multiple entry points along the swale. The water infiltrates the vegetated area, then permeates the subgrade and drains into a 4-inch perforated drain. This system drains water through a system plumbed to an adjacent wetland that eventually drains into a local creek.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="679">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">HOBO tipping-bucket digital logger rain gauge&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Onset Computer Co., Bourne MA, USA)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Onset RG3</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Rain gauge</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Mechanical geared pulse flow meter&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Seametrics Inc., Kent WA</td>
			<td>Seametrics MJ-R</td>
			<td>Flow meter for measuring bioswale outlet flow</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">Filtrexx SafteySoxx</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Filtrexx Co. - info@filtrexx.com</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SafetySoxx</td>
			<td>perforated synthetic cloth for granulated activated carbon and compost</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">Granulated activated carbon&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Evoqua - Siemens Corp., Oakland CA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">AC380</td>
			<td>GAC for agriculture irrigation water treatment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">Digital flow meters&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Seametrics Inc. Kent WA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Ag2000; WMP101</td>
			<td>Flow meters for agriculture irrigation treatment system monitoring</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Data Loggers</td>
			<td>Campbell Scientific Inc., Logan, UT</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">CR1000</td>
			<td>Data loggers for recording flow data</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">Peristaltic pumps for composite sampling</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Omega Engineering Inc. Stamford CT</td>
			<td>Omegaflex FPU-122-12VDC&#160;</td>
			<td>Pumps for composite sampling</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

vegetated treatment systems for removing contaminants associated with surface water toxicity in agriculture and urban runoff

Urban stormwater and agriculture irrigation runoff contain a complex mixture of contaminants that are often toxic to adjacent receiving waters. Runoff may be treated with simple systems designed to promote sorption of contaminants to vegetation and soils and promote infiltration. Two example systems are described: a bioswale treatment system for urban stormwater treatment, and a vegetated drainage ditch for treating agriculture irrigation runoff. Both have similar attributes that reduce contaminant loading in runoff: vegetation that results in sorption of the contaminants to the soil and plant surfaces, and water infiltration. These systems may also include the integration of granulated activated carbon as a polishing step to remove residual contaminants. Implementation of these systems in agriculture and urban watersheds requires system monitoring to verify treatment efficacy. This includes chemical monitoring for specific contaminants responsible for toxicity. The current paper emphasizes monitoring of current use pesticides since these are responsible for surface water toxicity to aquatic invertebrates.

Urban Bioswale Efficacy
During the 18.5 h of the storm, 1.52&#34; of rain was recorded by the rain gauge, and this resulted in 50,490 gallons of water flowing from the parking lots into the bioswale. Of this total volume, 5,248 gallons were recorded by the outlet flow meter, resulting in a total infiltration of 90% of the stormwater that flowed into the bioswale. The bioswale reduced all of the chemicals monitored. Total suspended ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Vegetated Treatment Systems for Removing Contaminants Associated with Surface Water Toxicity in Agriculture and Urban Runoff at JoVE.com

Vegetated Treatment Systems for Removing Contaminants Associated with Surface Water Toxicity in Agriculture and Urban Runoff

This article summarizes the design attributes and the effectiveness of treatment systems that treat urban stormwater and agriculture irrigation runoff to remove pesticides and other contaminants associated with aquatic toxicity.

Urban stormwater and agriculture irrigation runoff contain a complex mixture of contaminants that are often toxic to adjacent receiving waters. Runoff may ...

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