Name: uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock modeled via liver laceration in mice with real time hemodynamic monitoring
Uploaded: 2017-05-21T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Uncontrolled Hemorrhagic Shock Modeled via Liver Laceration in Mice with Real Time Hemodynamic Monitoring at JoVE.com

The work of this manuscript was supported by funding to Dr. Neal by the Vascular Medicine Institute Pilot Project Program in Hemostasis and Vascular Biology (P3HVB) and the AAST Research Fellowship. This work is supported by U.S. National Institutes of Health grants 1 R35 GM119526-01 and UM1HL120877-01.

Mice were housed in accordance with University of Pittsburgh (Pittsburgh, PA, USA) and National Institutes of Health (NIH; Bethesda, MD, USA) animal care guidelines in specific pathogen-free conditions with 12 h light-dark cycles and free access to standard feed and water. All animal experiments were approved and conducted in accordance with the guidelines set forth by the Animal Research and Care Committee at the University of Pittsburgh.
1. Surgical Field and Instrument Setup
<ol>
	<li><st...

<ol>
	<li>Chang, R., Cardenas, J. C., Wade, C. E., Holcomb, J. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Advances+in+the+understanding+of+trauma-induced+coagulopathy.">Advances in the understanding of trauma-induced coagulopathy.</a> Blood. 128 (8), 1043-1049 (2016).</li><li>Kutcher, M. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+paradigm+shift+in+trauma+resuscitation:+evaluation+of+evolving+massive+transfusion+practices.">A paradigm shift in trauma resuscitation: evaluation of evolving massive transfusion practices.</a> JAMA surgery. 148 (9), 834-840 (2013).</li><li>Tsukamoto, T., Pape, H. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Animal+Models+for+Trauma+Research.">Animal Models for Trauma Research.</a> Shock. 31 (1), 3-10 (2009).</li><li>Darwiche, S. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pseudofracture:+an+acute+peripheral+tissue+trauma+model.">Pseudofracture: an acute peripheral tissue trauma model.</a> J Vis Exp. (50), (2011).</li><li>Lomas-Niera, J. L., Perl, M., Chung, C. -. S., Ayala, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Shock+and+Hemorrhage:+an+Overview+of+Animal+Models.">Shock and Hemorrhage: an Overview of Animal Models.</a> Shock. 24, 33-39 (2005).</li><li>Kohut, L. K., Darwiche, S. S., Brumfield, J. M., Frank, A. M., Billiar, T. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fixed+volume+or+fixed+pressure:+a+murine+model+of+hemorrhagic+shock.">Fixed volume or fixed pressure: a murine model of hemorrhagic shock.</a> J Vis Exp. (52), (2011).</li><li>Matsuoka, T., Hildreth, J., Wisner, D. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Liver+injury+as+a+model+of+uncontrolled+hemorrhagic+shock:+resuscitation+with+different+hypertonic+regimens.">Liver injury as a model of uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock: resuscitation with different hypertonic regimens.</a> J Trauma. 39 (4), 674-680 (1995).</li><li>Komachi, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adhesive+and+Robust+Multilayered+Poly(lactic+acid)+Nanosheets+for+Hemostatic+Dressing+in+Liver+Injury+Model.">Adhesive and Robust Multilayered Poly(lactic acid) Nanosheets for Hemostatic Dressing in Liver Injury Model.</a> J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part B Appl. Biomater. , (2016).</li><li>Orfanos, N. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effects+of+antioxidants+on+a+porcine+model+of+liver+hemorrhage.">The effects of antioxidants on a porcine model of liver hemorrhage.</a> J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 80 (6), 964-971 (2016).</li><li>Morgan, C. E., Prakash, V. S., Vercammen, J. M., Pritts, T., Kibbe, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+and+validation+of+4+different+rat+models+of+uncontrolled+hemorrhage.">Development and validation of 4 different rat models of uncontrolled hemorrhage.</a> JAMA Surgery. 150 (4), 316-324 (2015).</li><li>Rosselli, D. D., Brainard, B. M., Schmiedt, C. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficacy+of+a+topical+bovine-derived+thrombin+solution+as+a+hemostatic+agent+in+a+rodent+model+of+hepatic+injury.">Efficacy of a topical bovine-derived thrombin solution as a hemostatic agent in a rodent model of hepatic injury.</a> Can J Vet Res. 14 (14), 303-308 (2015).</li><li>Sheppard, F. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+a+Nonhuman+Primate+(Rhesus+Macaque)+Model+of+Uncontrolled+Traumatic+Liver+Hemorrhage.">Development of a Nonhuman Primate (Rhesus Macaque) Model of Uncontrolled Traumatic Liver Hemorrhage.</a> Shock. 44, 114-122 (2015).</li><li>Nemzek-Hamlin, J. A., Hwang, H., Hampel, J. A., Yu, B., Raghavendran, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+a+murine+model+of+blunt+hepatic+trauma.">Development of a murine model of blunt hepatic trauma.</a> Comp Med. 63 (5), 398-408 (2013).</li><li>Vogel, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Platelet-derived+HMGB1+is+a+critical+mediator+of+thrombosis.">Platelet-derived HMGB1 is a critical mediator of thrombosis.</a> J Clin Invest. 125 (12), (2015).</li><li>Modery-Pawlowski, C. L., Tian, L. L., Ravikumar, M., Wong, T. L., Sen Gupta, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vitro+and+in+vivo+hemostatic+capabilities+of+a+functionally+integrated+platelet-mimetic+liposomal+nanoconstruct.">In vitro and in vivo hemostatic capabilities of a functionally integrated platelet-mimetic liposomal nanoconstruct.</a> Biomaterials. 34 (12), 3031-3041 (2013).</li></ol>

The murine liver laceration model described here provides a reliable, consistent model of uncontrolled hemorrhage. This model is straightforward to perform but there are important steps that require meticulous consideration. The most technically challenging part of the model is cannulation of the femoral vessels for hemodynamic monitoring and fluid/drug administration. Care must be taken during the dissection of the nerve and the arteriotomy/venotomy. It is important to not touch the nerve during the dissection of the ve...

Trauma is the leading cause of death and disability among young people worldwide.1 Uncontrolled hemorrhage remains a leading cause of mortality among severely injured trauma patients.2 Management of the hemorrhaging trauma patient is two-fold: control of surgical bleeding, and resuscitation and replacement of lost blood.
Animal models of hemorrhagic shock have been the cornerstone in trauma research and can be used in the evaluation of the pathophysiology and treatment of traumatic/hemorrhagic shock.3,4 Shock in animal models can be achieved broadly by two methods: controlled-hemorrhage and uncontrolled-hemorrhage.5,6 Controlled-hemorrhage is performed by removal of a fixed volume of blood or by blood removal to achieve a certain blood pressure (fixed-pressure). While these models are useful in the evaluation in the mechanisms and immune alterations in hemorrhagic shock, they are not applicable to the testing of hemostatic agents and do not mimic the clinical scenario of hemorrhage following trauma. To this degree, we sought to develop a model of uncontrolled hemorrhage that would allow us to test hemostatic changes and pro-coagulant agents in a murine model. The liver is an attractive option for uncontrolled hemorrhage in part because of the dual blood supply to the liver and it is one of the most commonly injured intrabdominal organs in both blunt and penetrating trauma. Given the high clinical relevance, the liver has been utilized as a model of uncontrolled hemorrhage, most commonly in rat and porcine models but recently in primates as well.7,8,9,10,11,12 Murine models have also incorporated liver injury, such as a crush model or blunt trauma; however, these models do not result in hemorrhagic shock secondary to the liver injury.13,14
The rat and porcine models of uncontrolled liver hemorrhage, while valuable in looking at resuscitation practices and hemodynamic monitoring, are less advantageous than a murine model for various reasons such as cost, number of animals utilized, and importantly the relative lack transgenic lines available for analysis of specific cellular and molecular signaling. The present murine model shares important similarities to existing liver hemorrhage models including standardized liver laceration, blood loss quantification, hemodynamic monitoring, and the ability to perform survival analysis. Many existing models only incorporate some of these aspects whereas our model was developed to measure many of the physiologic variables simultaneously and in multiple mice. As well, development of a murine model opens the door to investigations beyond resuscitation and into greater pathophysiology mechanisms in uncontrolled hemorrhage with the potential of a cost efficient, high-throughput model using advanced molecular techniques.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>SS/45 dumonts</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>11203-25</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>surgical scissors</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>14068-12</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>hemostats</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>13009-12</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>microscissors</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>15000-08</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.8mm curved forceps</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>11009-13</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>suture reel 6-0</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>18020-60</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>suture 4-0 silk w/ needle</td>
			<td>Owens Minor</td>
			<td>K188H</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>gauze 4x4</td>
			<td colspan="2">can be purchased through any global vendor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>cotton-tip applicator</td>
			<td colspan="2">can be purchased through any global vendor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>30G needle</td>
			<td colspan="2">can be purchased through any global vendor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>23G needle</td>
			<td colspan="2">can be purchased through any global vendor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10cc syringe</td>
			<td colspan="2">can be purchased through any global vendor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50cc conical tube</td>
			<td colspan="2">can be purchased through any global vendor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1cc syringe w/ 25G needle</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>14-826-88</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polyethylene 10 tubing 100`(PE-10)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>14-170-12P</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polyethylene 50 tubing 100`(PE-50)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>14-170-12B</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3-way stopcock</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>NC9779127</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>surgical blue pad</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>50-7105</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterile Field dressings</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>NC9517505</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>tape rolls 1&#34;</td>
			<td>Corporate Express</td>
			<td>MMM26001</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>straight side wide mouth jars</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>159000-058</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>stainless steel tray 8&#34; x 11&#34;</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>62687-049</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>male-male leur lock 3-way</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>20068-909</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>sterilization pouch 3&#34;x8&#34;</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>24008</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>sterilization pouch 5&#34;x10&#34;</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>24010</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>absorption triangles</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>18105-03</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>7mm wound clip applier</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>E0522687</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1000 7mm wound clips</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>E0522687</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>betadine (4oz)</td>
			<td colspan="2">can be purchased through any global vendor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>sterile gloves</td>
			<td colspan="2">can be purchased through any global vendor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>eppendorfs&#160;</td>
			<td colspan="2">can be purchased through any global vendor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1/2cc Lo-Dose insulin syringe</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>12-826-79</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>small weigh boat</td>
			<td colspan="2">can be purchased through any global vendor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>lactated ringers</td>
			<td colspan="2">can be purchased through any global vendor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>hepranized saline solution (.1&#181; hep + 9.9&#181;NaCl)</td>
			<td colspan="2">can be purchased through any global vendor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>phosphate buffered saline&#160;</td>
			<td colspan="2">can be purchased through any global vendor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pentobarbital&#160;</td>
			<td colspan="2">can be purchased through any global vendor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Wild M650 microscope w/ boom stand</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Digi-Med BPA-400 analyzer &#38; systems integrator</td>
			<td>Micro-Med</td>
			<td>SYS-400</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TXD-310 (Digi-Med Transducer)&#160;</td>
			<td>Micro-Med</td>
			<td>TXD-300</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Computer</td>
			<td>Dell</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>microbead instrument sterilizer</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>11156-002</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oster A5 clippers w. size 40 blade</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>10749-020</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>circulating heating pad 18x26</td>
			<td>Harvard</td>
			<td>py872-5272</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>rectal thermometer</td>
			<td>Kent Scientific</td>
			<td>RET-3</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock modeled via liver laceration in mice with real time hemodynamic monitoring

Uncontrolled hemorrhage is an important cause of preventable deaths among trauma patients. We have developed a murine model of uncontrolled hemorrhage via a liver laceration that results in consistent blood loss, hemodynamic alterations, and survival.
Mice undergo a standardized resection of the left-middle lobe of the liver. They are allowed to bleed without mechanical intervention. Hemostatic agents can be administered as pre-treatment or rescue therapy depending on the interest of the investigator. During the time of hemorrhage, real-time hemodynamic monitoring via a left femoral arterial line is performed. Mice are then sacrificed, blood loss is quantified, blood is collected for further analysis, and organs are harvested for analysis of injury. Experimental design is described to allow for simultaneous testing of multiple animals.
Liver hemorrhage as a model of uncontrolled hemorrhage exists in the literature, primarily in rat and porcine models. Some of these models utilize hemodynamic monitoring or quantify blood loss but lack consistency. The present model incorporates quantification of blood loss, real-time hemodynamic monitoring in a murine model that offers the advantage of using transgenic lines and a high-throughput mechanism to further investigate the pathophysiologic mechanisms in uncontrolled hemorrhage.

The liver laceration model results in reproducible and consistent blood loss in mice. Figure 1A demonstrates the consistent weight of lacerated liver that can be obtained with a standard deviation of only 0.02 g. This consistency in lacerated liver weight allows the ability to reproduce the model between mice and in different experimental set-ups such as different resuscitative protocols. As well, the reproducible weight of the lacerated liver, with a standard error of on...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Uncontrolled Hemorrhagic Shock Modeled via Liver Laceration in Mice with Real Time Hemodynamic Monitoring at JoVE.com

Uncontrolled Hemorrhagic Shock Modeled via Liver Laceration in Mice with Real Time Hemodynamic Monitoring

Uncontrolled hemorrhage, an important cause of mortality among trauma patients, can be modeled using a standard liver laceration in a murine model. This model results in consistent blood loss, survival, and allows for testing hemostatic agents. This article provides the step-by-step process to perform this valuable model.

Uncontrolled hemorrhage is an important cause of preventable deaths among trauma patients. We have developed a murine model of uncontrolled hemorrhage via ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Fixed Volume or Fixed Pressure: A Murine Model of Hemorrhagic Shock

It is common knowledge that severe blood loss and traumatic injury can lead to a cascade of detrimental signaling events often resulting in mortality. 1, ...

Controlled Cervical Laceration Injury in Mice

Use of genetically modified mice enhances our  understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying several neurological disorders  such as a spinal cord ...

Monitoring of Systemic and Hepatic Hemodynamic Parameters in Mice

The use of mouse models in experimental research is of enormous importance for the study of hepatic physiology and pathophysiological disturbances. ...

Real-time Pressure-volume Analysis of Acute Myocardial Infarction in Mice

Acute myocardial infarction can lead to acute heart failure and cardiogenic shock. The evaluation of hemodynamics is critical for the evaluation of any ...

Complete and Partial Aortic Occlusion for the Treatment of Hemorrhagic Shock in Swine

Hemorrhage remains the leading cause of preventable deaths in trauma. Endovascular management of non-compressible torso hemorrhage has been at the ...

Measurement of the Hepatic Venous Pressure Gradient and Transjugular Liver Biopsy

Here we provide a detailed protocol describing the clinical procedure of hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG) measurement in patients with advanced ...

Standardized Hemorrhagic Shock Induction Guided by Cerebral Oximetry and Extended Hemodynamic Monitoring in Pigs

Hemorrhagic shock ranks among the main reasons for severe injury-related death. The loss of circulatory volume and oxygen carriers can lead to an ...

Real-Time Monitoring of Neurocritical Patients with Diffuse Optical Spectroscopies

Neurophysiological monitoring is an important goal in the treatment of neurocritical patients, as it may prevent secondary damage and directly impact ...

Organ Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury by Simulating Hemodynamic Changes in Rat Liver Transplant Model

Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) in rats is a tried and proven animal model used for preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative studies, ...

Complete and Partial Resuscitative Endovascular Balloon Occlusion of the Aorta for Hemorrhagic Shock

Resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA) devices grew out of a military-civilian partnership to develop new capabilities for ...