Name: live-imaging of breast epithelial cell migration after the transient depletion of tip60
Uploaded: 2017-12-07T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Live-imaging of Breast Epithelial Cell Migration After the Transient Depletion of TIP60 at JoVE.com

We thank the members of the Jha laboratory for their helpful discussion and comments. S.J. was supported by grants from the National Research Foundation Singapore and the Singapore Ministry of Education under its Research Centers of Excellence initiative to the Cancer Science Institute of Singapore (R-713-006-014-271), the National Medical Research Council (CBRG-NIG; BNIG11nov001 and CS-IRG; R-713-000-162-511), the Ministry of Education Academic Research Fund (MOE AcRF Tier 1 T1-2012 Oct -04). Y.Z., G.S.C., and C.Y.T. were supported by a post-graduate fellowship awarded by the Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore.

1. Preparation
<ol>
	<li>Prepare MCF10A culture medium: Dulbecco&#39;s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM)/F12 (1:1) with 5% horse serum, 20 ng/mL epithelial growth factor, 0.5 mg/mL hydrocortisone, 100 ng/mL cholera toxin, and 10 &#181;g/mL insulin.</li>
	<li>Prepare serum-free medium: DMEM/F12 (1:1) with 20 ng/mL epithelial growth factor, 0.5 mg/mL hydrocortisone, 100 ng/mL cholera toxin, and 10 &#181;g/mL insulin.</li>
	<li>Use the following siRNA sequence: 
	siControl: 
	Forward: 5&#39;-CGUACGCGGAAUACUUCGAdTdT-3...

<ol>
	<li>Sun, Y., Jiang, X., Chen, S., Fernandes, N., Price, B. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+role+for+the+Tip60+histone+acetyltransferase+in+the+acetylation+and+activation+of+ATM.">A role for the Tip60 histone acetyltransferase in the acetylation and activation of ATM.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 102 (37), 13182-13187 (2005).</li><li>Sykes, S. M., Stanek, T. J., Frank, A., Murphy, M. E., McMahon, S. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Acetylation+of+the+DNA+binding+domain+regulates+transcription-independent+apoptosis+by+p53.">Acetylation of the DNA binding domain regulates transcription-independent apoptosis by p53.</a> J Biol Chem. 284 (30), 20197-20205 (2009).</li><li>Jha, S., Shibata, E., Dutta, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+Rvb1/Tip49+is+required+for+the+histone+acetyltransferase+activity+of+Tip60/NuA4+and+for+the+downregulation+of+phosphorylation+on+H2AX+after+DNA+damage.">Human Rvb1/Tip49 is required for the histone acetyltransferase activity of Tip60/NuA4 and for the downregulation of phosphorylation on H2AX after DNA damage.</a> Mol Cell Biol. 28 (8), 2690-2700 (2008).</li><li>Sapountzi, V., Logan, I. R., Robson, C. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cellular+functions+of+TIP60.">Cellular functions of TIP60.</a> Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 38 (9), 1496-1509 (2006).</li><li>Squatrito, M., Gorrini, C., Amati, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tip60+in+DNA+damage+response+and+growth+control:+many+tricks+in+one+HAT.">Tip60 in DNA damage response and growth control: many tricks in one HAT.</a> Trends Cell Biol. 16 (9), 433-442 (2006).</li><li>Sun, Y., Xu, Y., Roy, K., Price, B. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=DNA+damage-induced+acetylation+of+lysine+3016+of+ATM+activates+ATM+kinase+activity.">DNA damage-induced acetylation of lysine 3016 of ATM activates ATM kinase activity.</a> Mol Cell Biol. 27 (24), 8502-8509 (2007).</li><li>Sykes, S. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Acetylation+of+the+p53+DNA-binding+domain+regulates+apoptosis+induction.">Acetylation of the p53 DNA-binding domain regulates apoptosis induction.</a> Mol Cell. 24 (6), 841-851 (2006).</li><li>Tang, Y., Luo, J., Zhang, W., Gu, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tip60-dependent+acetylation+of+p53+modulates+the+decision+between+cell-cycle+arrest+and+apoptosis.">Tip60-dependent acetylation of p53 modulates the decision between cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis.</a> Mol Cell. 24 (6), 827-839 (2006).</li><li>Chen, G., Cheng, Y., Tang, Y., Martinka, M., Li, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+of+Tip60+in+human+melanoma+cell+migration,+metastasis,+and+patient+survival.">Role of Tip60 in human melanoma cell migration, metastasis, and patient survival.</a> J Invest Dermatol. 132 (11), 2632-2641 (2012).</li><li>Gorrini, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tip60+is+a+haplo-insufficient+tumour+suppressor+required+for+an+oncogene-induced+DNA+damage+response.">Tip60 is a haplo-insufficient tumour suppressor required for an oncogene-induced DNA damage response.</a> Nature. 448 (7157), 1063-1067 (2007).</li><li>Jha, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Destabilization+of+TIP60+by+human+papillomavirus+E6+results+in+attenuation+of+TIP60-dependent+transcriptional+regulation+and+apoptotic+pathway.">Destabilization of TIP60 by human papillomavirus E6 results in attenuation of TIP60-dependent transcriptional regulation and apoptotic pathway.</a> Mol Cell. 38 (5), 700-711 (2010).</li><li>Kim, J. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcriptional+regulation+of+a+metastasis+suppressor+gene+by+Tip60+and+beta-catenin+complexes.">Transcriptional regulation of a metastasis suppressor gene by Tip60 and beta-catenin complexes.</a> Nature. 434 (7035), 921-926 (2005).</li><li>Sakuraba, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Down-regulation+of+Tip60+gene+as+a+potential+marker+for+the+malignancy+of+colorectal+cancer.">Down-regulation of Tip60 gene as a potential marker for the malignancy of colorectal cancer.</a> Anticancer Res. 29 (10), 3953-3955 (2009).</li><li>Subbaiah, V. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=E3+ligase+EDD1/UBR5+is+utilized+by+the+HPV+E6+oncogene+to+destabilize+tumor+suppressor+TIP60.">E3 ligase EDD1/UBR5 is utilized by the HPV E6 oncogene to destabilize tumor suppressor TIP60.</a> Oncogene. , (2015).</li><li>Friedl, P., Wolf, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tumour-cell+invasion+and+migration:+diversity+and+escape+mechanisms.">Tumour-cell invasion and migration: diversity and escape mechanisms.</a> Nat Rev Cancer. 3 (5), 362-374 (2003).</li><li>Nguyen, D. X., Bos, P. D., Massague, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Metastasis:+from+dissemination+to+organ-specific+colonization.">Metastasis: from dissemination to organ-specific colonization.</a> Nat Rev Cancer. 9 (4), 274-284 (2009).</li><li>Zijl, F., Krupitza, G., Mikulits, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Initial+steps+of+metastasis:+cell+invasion+and+endothelial+transmigration.">Initial steps of metastasis: cell invasion and endothelial transmigration.</a> Mutat Res. 728 (1-2), 23-34 (2011).</li><li>Lamouille, S., Xu, J., Derynck, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+mechanisms+of+epithelial-mesenchymal+transition.">Molecular mechanisms of epithelial-mesenchymal transition.</a> Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 15 (3), 178-196 (2014).</li><li>Liang, C. C., Park, A. Y., Guan, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vitro+scratch+assay:+a+convenient+and+inexpensive+method+for+analysis+of+cell+migration+in+vitro.">In vitro scratch assay: a convenient and inexpensive method for analysis of cell migration in vitro.</a> Nat Protoc. 2 (2), 329-333 (2007).</li><li>Zhang, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=TIP60+inhibits+metastasis+by+ablating+DNMT1-SNAIL2-driven+epithelial-mesenchymal+transition+program.">TIP60 inhibits metastasis by ablating DNMT1-SNAIL2-driven epithelial-mesenchymal transition program.</a> J Mol Cell Biol. , (2016).</li><li>Riahi, R., Yang, Y., Zhang, D. D., Wong, P. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Advances+in+wound-healing+assays+for+probing+collective+cell+migration.">Advances in wound-healing assays for probing collective cell migration.</a> J Lab Autom. 17 (1), 59-65 (2012).</li><li>Jonkman, J. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+introduction+to+the+wound+healing+assay+using+live-cell+microscopy.">An introduction to the wound healing assay using live-cell microscopy.</a> Cell Adh Migr. 8 (5), 440-451 (2014).</li></ol>

It is known that in the process of cell migration, cells can either move in the form of adherent sheets; loose clusters; or single, isolated cells. The mode and dynamic of cell invasion can vary from one condition to another, and the phenotype can change within hours. The traditional wound-healing assay is based on snapshot pictures taken from a microscope with a long time interval, such as 12 or 24 h. This makes it difficult to capture the dynamic of wound closure and the pattern of cell movements.
<p class="jove_co...

HIV-Tat-interactive protein 60 kDa (TIP60) is a lysine acetyltransferase that can acetylate both histone and non-histone proteins1,2. Its functions are found to have implications in multiple signaling pathways, including transcription, DNA-damage repair, and apoptosis1,3,4,5,6,7,8. Furthermore, TIP60 is often downregulated in cancers, and its downregulation is correlated with cancer metastasis and poor survival rates9,10,11,12,13,14. Tumor metastasis is the major cause of cancer-related death. It is a multi-step process, and the initial step of metastasis involves the migration and invasion of tumor cells into adjacent tissues15,16. In order to do so, tumor cells first must detach from the primary tumor mass, either in the form of a collectively invading cell sheet or as detached single cells17. During this process, tumor cells often undergo epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), resulting in changes in morphology and cell adhesion capability17,18.
A few techniques have been developed to study the migration and invasion ability of tumor cells in vitro. Among them, the wound-healing assay is the most efficient and economical19. First, this method involves the creation of an artificial gap on a confluent monolayer of cells, thus allowing cells to migrate and close the gap. Second, images of the gaps can be captured at the beginning and end of the experiment. Finally, a comparison of gap closure is used to determine the rate of cell migration. A phase-contrast microscope is usually used to capture images for conventional wound-healing assays. Another advantage of the wound-healing assay is that it partly resembles in vivo tumor cell migration. Similarly to in vivo tumor metastasis, cell migration in wound-healing assays shows both the collective migration of epithelial sheets and the migration of detached single cells.
However, cell migration is known to be dynamic, and there is a need to document the movement of cells in real time. For instance, a conventional wound-healing assay does not allow a researcher to analyze single-cell movement. On the other hand, cells cultured for wound-healing assays are often serum-starved to inhibit cell proliferation. This is done to rule out the possibility of gap closure due to cell proliferation. Nonetheless, there will still be some proliferation and cell death, and phase-contrast images taken before and after the experiment are unable to differentiate between them.
The live-cell imaging technique addresses this limitation of conventional wound-healing assays. Using a live-imaging microscope combined with a CO2 incubator and appropriate temperature control, researchers can measure the gap size and its rate of closure over time while tracing the movement of actively migrating cells located at the tips of the invasive front. Hence, the implementation of live-cell imaging to monitor cell migration will not only provide better visualization of cell migration, but will also allow for the possibility to differentiate between cell migration and cell proliferation, thus providing a more reliable analysis of cell migration.
In this study, MCF10A breast epithelial cells were used to demonstrate the combination of the wound-healing assay and live-cell imaging to study the role of TIP60 in cell migration. The depletion of TIP60 results in increased migration abilities in MCF10A cells.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="874">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:287px;">MCF10A cell</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">ATCC</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">CRL-10317TM</td>
			<td style="width:257px;">Breast epithelial cell</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:287px;">DMEM/F12 media (1:1)</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11330-032</td>
			<td>MCF10A culture media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:287px;">Epithelial growth factor (EGF)</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Peprotech</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">AF-100-15</td>
			<td>Supplements for MCF10A culture media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:287px;">Cholera Toxin</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C-8052</td>
			<td>Supplements for MCF10A culture media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:287px;">Hydrocortisone</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">H-0888</td>
			<td>Supplements for MCF10A culture media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:287px;">Insulin</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">I-1882</td>
			<td>Supplements for MCF10A culture media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:287px;">House serum</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">16050-122</td>
			<td>Supplements for MCF10A culture media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:287px;">Trypsin</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">25200-056</td>
			<td>For MCF10A detach from plate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:287px;">Hemacytometer</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">267110</td>
			<td>For counting cell</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:287px;">Opti-MEM reduced serum media</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">31985-070</td>
			<td>For siRNA mixture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:287px;">Lipofectamine RNAiMAX</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Invitrogen/Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">56532</td>
			<td>Transfect reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:287px;">Trizol reagent</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Invitrogen/Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15596-026</td>
			<td>For mRNA extraction</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:287px;">iScript cDNA Synthesis Kit</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Bio-Rad</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">170-8891</td>
			<td>For cDNA generation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:287px;">iTaq Universal SYBR Green Supermix</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Bio-Rad</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">172-5125</td>
			<td>For real time qPCR</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:287px;">7500 Fast Real Time PCR system</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Biosystems</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Real time qPCR mechine</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:287px;">10-cm dish</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Greiner bio-one</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">664160</td>
			<td>For Knockdown experiment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:287px;">24-well plate</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Cellstar</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">662160</td>
			<td>For wound healing assay</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:287px;">siControl siRNA</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Self designed</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Self designed</td>
			<td>CGUACGCGGAAUACUUCGAdTdT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:287px;">siTIP60 siRNA</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Self designed</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Self designed</td>
			<td>UGAUCGAGUUCAGCUAUGAdTdT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:287px;">Live cell observer</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Zeiss</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Zeiss inverted Cell Observer for live cell experiments</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

live-imaging of breast epithelial cell migration after the transient depletion of tip60

The wound-healing assay is efficient and one of the most economical ways to study cell migration in vitro. Conventionally, images are taken at the beginning and end of an experiment using a phase-contrast microscope, and the migration abilities of cells are evaluated by the closure of wounds. However, cell movement is a dynamic phenomenon, and a conventional method does not allow for tracking single-cell movement. To improve current wound-healing assays, we use live-cell imaging techniques to monitor cell migration in real time. This method allows us to determine the cell migration rate based on a cell tracking system and provides a clearer distinction between cell migration and cell proliferation. Here, we demonstrate the use of live-cell imaging in wound-healing assays to study the different migration abilities of breast epithelial cells influenced by the presence of TIP60. As cell motility is highly dynamic, our method provides more insights into the processes of wound healing than a snapshot of wound closure taken with the traditional imaging techniques used for wound-healing assays.

General Schema of Live-cell Imaging-based Cell Migration Assay 
Figure 1A is a schema of this protocol. MCF10A cells transfected with siControl showed typical epithelial morphology. After the depletion of TIP60, MCF10A cells were more mesenchymal compared to control cells (Figure 1B).
Examination of TIP60 Knockdown Efficiency ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Live-imaging of Breast Epithelial Cell Migration After the Transient Depletion of TIP60 at JoVE.com

Live-imaging of Breast Epithelial Cell Migration After the Transient Depletion of TIP60

Here, we present the real-time monitoring of cell migration in a wound-healing assay using TIP60-depleted MCF10A breast epithelial cells. The implementation of live-cell imaging techniques in our protocol allows us to analyze and visualize single-cell movement in real time and across time.

The wound-healing assay is efficient and one of the most economical ways to study cell migration in vitro. Conventionally, images are taken at the ...

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