Name: methods for analyzing the impacts of natural uranium on in vitro osteoclastogenesis
Uploaded: 2018-01-30T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Methods for Analyzing the Impacts of Natural Uranium on In Vitro Osteoclastogenesis at JoVE.com

The authors would like to thank Chantal Cros for helpful technical assistance. 
This research was funded by grants from the &#34;Commissariat &#224; l&#39;Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives&#34; (URANOs - Programme Transversal de Toxicologie du CEA and CPRR CEA-AREVA), and from ANR (Toxicity of URanium: Multi-level approach of biomineralization process in BOne, ANR-16-CE34-0003). This work was also supported by the University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis and the CNRS.

1. Preparation of Uranyl Acetate Solution
<ol>
	<li>To prepare 2 mL of a 100 mM uranyl acetate solution, add 85 mg of uranyl acetate (UO2(OCOCH3)2, 2H2O; M = 424 g.mol-1) in solid state to a 5 mL plastic tube.</li>
	<li>Add 2 mL of distilled water to the plastic tube and fit it with a plastic stopper.</li>
	<li>Shake the tube vigorously until the total dissolution of the solid. Put the solution into the fridge for 24 h. 
	CAUTION: The manipulation of uranyl [U...

<ol>
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K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Removal+of+osteoclast+bone+resorption+products+by+transcytosis.">Removal of osteoclast bone resorption products by transcytosis.</a> Science. 276 (5310), 270-273 (1997).</li><li>Pierrefite-Carle, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+natural+uranium+on+the+UMR-106+osteoblastic+cell+line:+impairment+of+the+autophagic+process+as+an+underlying+mechanism+of+uranium+toxicity.">Effect of natural uranium on the UMR-106 osteoblastic cell line: impairment of the autophagic process as an underlying mechanism of uranium toxicity.</a> Arch. Toxicol. 91 (4), 1903-1914 (2017).</li><li>Ubios, A. M., Guglielmotti, M. B., Steimetz, T., Cabrini, R. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Uranium+inhibits+bone+formation+in+physiologic+alveolar+bone+modeling+and+remodeling.">Uranium inhibits bone formation in physiologic alveolar bone modeling and remodeling.</a> Environ. Res. 54 (1), 17-23 (1991).</li><li>Bozal, C. B., Martinez, A. B., Cabrini, R. L., Ubios, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+ethane-1-+hydroxy-1,1-bisphosphonate+(EHBP)+on+endochondral+ossification+lesions+induced+by+a+lethal+oral+dose+of+uranyl+nitrate.">Effect of ethane-1- hydroxy-1,1-bisphosphonate (EHBP) on endochondral ossification lesions induced by a lethal oral dose of uranyl nitrate.</a> Arch. Toxicol. 79 (8), 475-481 (2005).</li><li>Kurttio, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bone+as+a+possible+target+of+chemical+toxicity+of+natural+uranium+in+drinking+water.">Bone as a possible target of chemical toxicity of natural uranium in drinking water.</a> Environ. Health Perspect. 113 (1), 68-72 (2005).</li><li>Collin-Osdoby, P., Osdoby, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=RANKL-mediated+osteoclast+formation+from+murine+RAW+264.7+cells.">RANKL-mediated osteoclast formation from murine RAW 264.7 cells.</a> Methods Mol. Biol. 816, 187-202 (2012).</li><li>Beranger, G. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+binding+of+poly(ADP-Ribose)+polymerase-1+and+JunD/Fra2+accounts+for+RANKL-induced+Tcirg1+gene+expression+during+osteoclastogenesis.">Differential binding of poly(ADP-Ribose) polymerase-1 and JunD/Fra2 accounts for RANKL-induced Tcirg1 gene expression during osteoclastogenesis.</a> J. Bone Miner. Res. 22 (7), 975-983 (2007).</li><li>Mirto, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+uranium(VI)+speciation+for+the+evaluation+of+in+vitro+uranium+cytotoxicity+on+LLC-PK1+cells.">Influence of uranium(VI) speciation for the evaluation of in vitro uranium cytotoxicity on LLC-PK1 cells.</a> Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 18 (3), 180-187 (1999).</li><li>Carri&#232;re, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+uranium+speciation+on+normal+rat+kidney+(NRK-52E)+proximal+cell+cytotoxicity.">Influence of uranium speciation on normal rat kidney (NRK-52E) proximal cell cytotoxicity.</a> Chem. Res. Toxicol. 17 (3), 446-452 (2004).</li><li>Milgram, S., Carri&#232;re, M., Malaval, L., Gouget, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cellular+accumulation+and+distribution+of+uranium+and+lead+in+osteoblastic+cells+as+a+function+of+their+speciation.">Cellular accumulation and distribution of uranium and lead in osteoblastic cells as a function of their speciation.</a> Toxicology. 252 (1-3), 26-32 (2008).</li><li>Milgram, S., Carri&#232;re, M., Thiebault, C., Malaval, L., Gouget, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cytotoxic+and+phenotypic+effects+of+uranium+and+lead+on+osteoblastic+cells+are+highly+dependent+on+metal+speciation.">Cytotoxic and phenotypic effects of uranium and lead on osteoblastic cells are highly dependent on metal speciation.</a> Toxicology. 250 (1), 62-69 (2008).</li><li>Studzinski, G. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Cell Growth, Differentiation and Senescence A Practical Approach. , (1999).</li><li>Gritsaenko, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Natural+uranium+impairs+the+differentiation+and+the+resorbing+function+of+osteoclasts.">Natural uranium impairs the differentiation and the resorbing function of osteoclasts.</a> Biochim Biophys Acta. 1861 (4), 715-726 (2017).</li><li>Motiur Rahman, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Proliferation-coupled+osteoclast+differentiation+by+RANKL:+Cell+density+as+a+determinant+of+osteoclast+formation.">Proliferation-coupled osteoclast differentiation by RANKL: Cell density as a determinant of osteoclast formation.</a> Bone. 81, 392-399 (2015).</li></ol>

As far as we know, this is the first time that a detailed procedure aiming to study the effect of natural uranium on bone resorbing cells is described. This approach will be useful to achieve a better understanding of uranium impact on bone physiology and may provide an interesting new tool for the screening of uranium chelators. Furthermore, we believe that the protocol described here could be applied to study the impact of other heavy metals on osteoclatogenesis.
It is known that uranyl is c...

Uranium is a naturally occurring radioactive element present in soils, air and water; as such, animals and humans are exposed to natural uranium in their diets. In addition to natural sources, uranium originates from anthropogenic activities, which increases its abundance in the environment. Uranium poses both chemical and radiological hazards. However, because natural uranium (which is an isotopic mixture containing 99.27% 238U, 0.72% 235U, and 0.006% 234U) has a low specific activity (25.103 Bq.g-1), its impacts on health are attributed to its chemical toxicity.
Whatever its entry route (inhalation, ingestion, or dermal exposure), most of uranium entering the body is eliminated with feces and only a small portion reaches the systemic circulation. Approximately 67% of uranium in the blood is in turn filtered by kidneys and leaves the body in urine within 24 h1. The remainder is mostly deposited in kidneys and bones, the two main target organs of uranium toxicity2,3,4. Because the skeleton has been identified as the primary site of uranium long-term retention2,3,4,5,6, several studies have been conducted to explore the effect of uranium on bone physiology7.
Bone is a mineralized tissue that is continuously remodeled throughout its lifetime. Bone remodeling is a complex process that depends on specialized cell types and consists mostly of two phases: resorption of the pre-existing old matrix by osteoclasts followed by de novo bone construction by osteoblasts. Osteoclasts are large multinuclear cells resulting from the fusion of precursor cells of hematopoietic origin that migrate to resorption sites where they attach to bone8. Their attachment occurs simultaneously with an extensive reorganization of their cytoskeleton9. This reorganization is required for the establishment of an isolated compartment between the cell and the bone surface into which the osteoclast secretes protons, leading to the dissolution of hydroxyapatite, and proteases involved in the degradation of the organic matrix. The resulting degradation products are endocytosed, transported through the cell to the membrane area opposite to the bone surface and secreted, a process called transcytosis10,11.
Results from in vivo and in vitro studies indicate that uranium inhibits bone formation and alters the number and the activity of osteoblasts7,12. In contrast, the effects of uranium on bone resorption and osteoclasts have been poorly explored. Several in vivo studies have reported an enhancement of bone resorption after administration of uranyl nitrate to mice or rats13,14. Furthermore, an epidemiological investigation suggested that the increase in uranium intake via drinking water tended to be associated with an increase in the serum level of a bone resorption marker in men15. Taken together, these findings led to the conclusion that uranium, which accumulates in bone could promote bone resorption. However, the cellular mechanisms involved in this potential effect of uranium remain an open question. For this reason, we decided to examine the impact of uranium on behavior of resorbing bone cells.
Here, we describe the protocol we have established to characterize and quantify the effects of natural uranium on pre-osteoclasts viability and on osteoclasts differentiation and resorptive activity. The experiments described herein have been done with the RAW 264.7 murine transformed macrophage cell line, which can readily differentiate into osteoclasts when cultured in the presence of the cytokine RANKL for 4 or 5 days, and which is classically used to study osteoclast differentiation and function16. The procedures developed are reliable, give highly reproducible results and are fully applicable to primary osteoclasts. For all these reasons, we believe that this methodology is useful for getting a better understanding of molecular mechanisms involved in uranium toxicity in bone. Moreover, we think that this approach could be adapted as a screening tool for identifying new uranium chelating agents.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>BE12-604F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#945;-MEM</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>BE12-169F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EMEM without phenol red</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>12-668E</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Water for cell culture</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>BE17-724F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D8537</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin-Streptomycin solution</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P4333</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#160;L-Glutamine solution</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>G7513</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypan Blue Solution 0.4%</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T8154</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HyClone fetal bovine serum</td>
			<td>GE Life Sciences</td>
			<td>SH30071.03</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>7.5% sodium bicarbonate aqueous solution</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S8761</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acid Phosphatase, Lekocyte (TRAP) kit</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>387A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thiazolyl Blue Tetrazolium Bromide (MTT) powder</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>M5655</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dimethyl sulfoxide</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D5879</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alizarin Red S sodium salt, 1% w/v aq. sol.</td>
			<td>Alfa Aeros</td>
			<td>42746</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Osteoassay bone resorption plates, 24 well plates</td>
			<td>Corning Life Sciences</td>
			<td>3987</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Multiwell 24 well plates</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>353504</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Flask 75 cm2</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>353133</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polypropylene Conical Tubes 50 ml</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>352070</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell scrapers 30 cm</td>
			<td>TPP</td>
			<td>90003</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

methods for analyzing the impacts of natural uranium on in vitro osteoclastogenesis

Uranium has been shown to interfere with bone physiology and it is well established that this metal accumulates in bone. However, little is known about the effect of natural uranium on the behavior of bone cells. In particular, the impact of uranium on osteoclasts, the cells responsible for the resorption of the bone matrix, is not documented. To investigate this issue, we have established a new protocol using uranyl acetate as a source of natural uranium and the murine RAW 264.7 cell line as a model of osteoclast precursors. Herein, we detailed all the assays required to test uranium cytotoxicity on osteoclast precursors and to evaluate its impact on the osteoclastogenesis and on the resorbing function of mature osteoclasts. The conditions we have developed, in particular for the preparation of uranyl-containing culture media and for the seeding of RAW 264.7 cells allow to obtain reliable and highly reproductive results. Moreover, we have optimized the use of software tools to facilitate the analysis of various parameters such as the size of osteoclasts or the percentage of resorbed matrix.

Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining was used to visualize osteoclasts as large purple cells having 3 or more nuclei. Representative images of osteoclasts obtained from RAW 264.7 cells cultured in the presence of RANKL and uranyl ions are shown in Figure 1. Changes in number and size of osteoclasts in response to uranium are easily visible in composite images of whole wells and in enlarged pictures.
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Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Methods for Analyzing the Impacts of Natural Uranium on In Vitro Osteoclastogenesis at JoVE.com

Methods for Analyzing the Impacts of Natural Uranium on In Vitro Osteoclastogenesis

Uranium is known to affect bone metabolism. Here, we present a protocol aimed at investigating the effect of natural uranium exposure on the viability, the differentiation, and the function of osteoclasts, the cells in charge of bone resorption.

Methods for Analyzing the Impacts of Natural Uranium on In Vitro Osteoclastogenesis

Uranium has been shown to interfere with bone physiology and it is well established that this metal accumulates in bone. However, little is known about ...

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