Name: co-expression of multiple chimeric fluorescent fusion proteins in an efficient way in plants
Uploaded: 2018-07-01T12:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Co-expression of Multiple Chimeric Fluorescent Fusion Proteins in an Efficient Way in Plants at JoVE.com

We thank the members of the Wang laboratory for helpful discussions and comments. This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC, grant no. 31570001) and the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province and Guangzhou City (grant no. 2016A030313401 and 201707010024) to H.W.

1. Primer Design Strategy and DNA Amplification
<ol>
	<li>Design the primers for molecular cloning of DNA fragments. The primers comprise 20 bp gene specific binding sequences and 20 to 25 bp 5&#39;-end overhang sequences, which are the complementary overlapping sequence of adjacent DNA molecules (see Table 1 for example). 
	NOTE: The subsequent assembly of each DNA fragments, linkage of different protein expression cassettes, and integration with the final expression vector all depend on recognit...

<ol>
	<li>Tsien, R. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+green+fluorescent+protein.">The green fluorescent protein.</a> Annu Rev Biochem. 67, 509-544 (1998).</li><li>Tsien, R. Y., Miyawaki, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Seeing+the+machinery+of+live+cells.">Seeing the machinery of live cells.</a> Science. 280 (5371), 1954-1955 (1998).</li><li>Wang, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Visualizing+Plant+Cells+in+a+Brand+New+Way.">Visualizing Plant Cells in a Brand New Way.</a> Mol Plant. 9 (5), 633-635 (2016).</li><li>Zhang, J., Campbell, R. E., Ting, A. Y., Tsien, R. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Creating+new+fluorescent+probes+for+cell+biology.">Creating new fluorescent probes for cell biology.</a> Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 3 (12), 906-918 (2002).</li><li>Lippincott-Schwartz, J., Snapp, E., Kenworthy, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Studying+protein+dynamics+in+living+cells.">Studying protein dynamics in living cells.</a> Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2 (6), 444-456 (2001).</li><li>Tse, Y. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+multivesicular+bodies+as+prevacuolar+compartments+in+Nicotiana+tabacum+BY-2+cells.">Identification of multivesicular bodies as prevacuolar compartments in Nicotiana tabacum BY-2 cells.</a> Plant Cell. 16 (3), 672-693 (2004).</li><li>Wang, H., Zhuang, X., Cai, Y., Cheung, A. Y., Jiang, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Apical+F-actin-regulated+exocytic+targeting+of+NtPPME1+is+essential+for+construction+and+rigidity+of+the+pollen+tube+cell+wall.">Apical F-actin-regulated exocytic targeting of NtPPME1 is essential for construction and rigidity of the pollen tube cell wall.</a> Plant J. 76 (3), 367-379 (2013).</li><li>Wang, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Distinct+Pathway+for+Polar+Exocytosis+in+Plant+Cell+Wall+Formation.">A Distinct Pathway for Polar Exocytosis in Plant Cell Wall Formation.</a> Plant Physiol. 172 (2), 1003-1018 (2016).</li><li>Canto, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transient+Expression+Systems+in+Plants:+Potentialities+and+Constraints.">Transient Expression Systems in Plants: Potentialities and Constraints.</a> Adv Exp Med Biol. 896, 287-301 (2016).</li><li>Ishida, Y., Hiei, Y., Komari, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Agrobacterium-mediated+transformation+of+maize.">Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of maize.</a> Nat Protoc. 2 (7), 1614-1621 (2007).</li><li>Li, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optimization+of+agrobacterium-mediated+transformation+in+soybean.">Optimization of agrobacterium-mediated transformation in soybean.</a> Front Plant Sci. 8, 246 (2017).</li><li>Manavella, P. A., Chan, R. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transient+transformation+of+sunflower+leaf+discs+via+an+Agrobacterium-mediated+method:+applications+for+gene+expression+and+silencing+studies.">Transient transformation of sunflower leaf discs via an Agrobacterium-mediated method: applications for gene expression and silencing studies.</a> Nat Protoc. 4 (11), 1699-1707 (2009).</li><li>Martin, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transient+expression+in+Nicotiana+benthamiana+fluorescent+marker+lines+provides+enhanced+definition+of+protein+localization,+movement+and+interactions+in+planta.">Transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana fluorescent marker lines provides enhanced definition of protein localization, movement and interactions in planta.</a> Plant J. 59 (1), 150-162 (2009).</li><li>Miao, Y., Jiang, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transient+expression+of+fluorescent+fusion+proteins+in+protoplasts+of+suspension+cultured+cells.">Transient expression of fluorescent fusion proteins in protoplasts of suspension cultured cells.</a> Nat Protoc. 2 (10), 2348-2353 (2007).</li><li>Wang, H., Jiang, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transient+expression+and+analysis+of+fluorescent+reporter+proteins+in+plant+pollen+tubes.">Transient expression and analysis of fluorescent reporter proteins in plant pollen tubes.</a> Nat Protoc. 6 (4), 419-426 (2011).</li><li>Yoo, S. D., Cho, Y. H., Sheen, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Arabidopsis+mesophyll+protoplasts:+A+versatile+cell+system+for+transient+gene+expression+analysis.">Arabidopsis mesophyll protoplasts: A versatile cell system for transient gene expression analysis.</a> Nat Protoc. 2 (7), 1565-1572 (2007).</li><li>Candat, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+determination+of+organelle+targeting-peptide+cleavage+sites+using+transient+expression+of+green+fluorescent+protein+translational+fusions.">Experimental determination of organelle targeting-peptide cleavage sites using transient expression of green fluorescent protein translational fusions.</a> Anal Biochem. 434 (1), 44-51 (2013).</li><li>Giepmans, B. N., Adams, S. R., Ellisman, M. H., Tsien, R. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+fluorescent+toolbox+for+assessing+protein+location+and+function.">The fluorescent toolbox for assessing protein location and function.</a> Science. 312 (5771), 217-224 (2006).</li><li>Binder, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+modular+plasmid+assembly+kit+for+multigene+expression,+gene+silencing+and+silencing+rescue+in+plants.">A modular plasmid assembly kit for multigene expression, gene silencing and silencing rescue in plants.</a> PLoS One. 9 (2), e88218 (2014).</li><li>Engler, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+golden+gate+modular+cloning+toolbox+for+plants.">A golden gate modular cloning toolbox for plants.</a> ACS Synth Biol. 3 (11), 839-843 (2014).</li><li>Forner, J., Binder, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+red+fluorescent+protein+eqFP611:+Application+in+subcellular+localization+studies+in+higher+plants.">The red fluorescent protein eqFP611: Application in subcellular localization studies in higher plants.</a> BMC Plant Biol. 7, 28 (2007).</li><li>Wang, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vacuolar+sorting+receptors+(VSRs)+and+secretory+carrier+membrane+proteins+(SCAMPs)+are+essential+for+pollen+tube+growth.">Vacuolar sorting receptors (VSRs) and secretory carrier membrane proteins (SCAMPs) are essential for pollen tube growth.</a> Plant J. 61 (5), 826-838 (2010).</li><li>Wang, H., Zhuang, X. H., Hillmer, S., Robinson, D. G., Jiang, L. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vacuolar+sorting+receptor+(VSR)+proteins+reach+the+plasma+membrane+in+germinating+pollen+tubes.">Vacuolar sorting receptor (VSR) proteins reach the plasma membrane in germinating pollen tubes.</a> Mol Plant. 4 (5), 845-853 (2011).</li><li>Chen, W. X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+in+vitro+splicing+of+coding+sequences+from+genomic+DNA+by+isothermal+recombination+reaction-based+PCR.">Rapid in vitro splicing of coding sequences from genomic DNA by isothermal recombination reaction-based PCR.</a> Biotechnology &amp; Biotechnological Equipment. 30 (5), 864-868 (2016).</li><li>Zhu, Q. L., Yang, Z. F., Zhang, Q. Y., Chen, L. T., Liu, Y. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Robust+multi-type+plasmid+modifications+based+on+isothermal+in+vitro+recombination.">Robust multi-type plasmid modifications based on isothermal in vitro recombination.</a> Gene. 548 (1), 39-42 (2014).</li><li>Torella, J. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+construction+of+insulated+genetic+circuits+via+synthetic+sequence-guided+isothermal+assembly.">Rapid construction of insulated genetic circuits via synthetic sequence-guided isothermal assembly.</a> Nucleic Acids Res. 42 (1), 681-689 (2014).</li><li>Siguret, V., Ribba, A. S., Cherel, G., Meyer, D., Pietu, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+plasmid+size+on+transformation+efficiency+by+electroporation+of+Escherichia+coli+DH5+alpha.">Effect of plasmid size on transformation efficiency by electroporation of Escherichia coli DH5 alpha.</a> Biotechniques. 16 (3), 422-426 (1994).</li><li>Zhang, X., Henriques, R., Lin, S. S., Niu, Q. W., Chua, N. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Agrobacterium-mediated+transformation+of+Arabidopsis+thaliana+using+the+floral+dip+method.">Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Arabidopsis thaliana using the floral dip method.</a> Nat Protoc. 1 (2), 641-646 (2006).</li><li>Lam, S. K., Cai, Y., Hillmer, S., Robinson, D. G., Jiang, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=SCAMPs+highlight+the+developing+cell+plate+during+cytokinesis+in+tobacco+BY-2+cells.">SCAMPs highlight the developing cell plate during cytokinesis in tobacco BY-2 cells.</a> Plant Physiol. 147 (4), 1637-1645 (2008).</li><li>Lam, S. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rice+SCAMP1+defines+clathrin-coated,+trans-golgi-located+tubular-vesicular+structures+as+an+early+endosome+in+tobacco+BY-2+cells.">Rice SCAMP1 defines clathrin-coated, trans-golgi-located tubular-vesicular structures as an early endosome in tobacco BY-2 cells.</a> Plant Cell. 19 (1), 296-319 (2007).</li><li>Jiang, L., Rogers, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Integral+membrane+protein+sorting+to+vacuoles+in+plant+cells:+evidence+for+two+pathways.">Integral membrane protein sorting to vacuoles in plant cells: evidence for two pathways.</a> J Cell Biol. 143 (5), 1183-1199 (1998).</li><li>Fernandez-Abalos, J. M., Fox, H., Pitt, C., Wells, B., Doonan, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Plant-adapted+green+fluorescent+protein+is+a+versatile+vital+reporter+for+gene+expression,+protein+localization+and+mitosis+in+the+filamentous+fungus,+Aspergillus+nidulans.">Plant-adapted green fluorescent protein is a versatile vital reporter for gene expression, protein localization and mitosis in the filamentous fungus, Aspergillus nidulans.</a> Mol Microbiol. 27 (1), 121-130 (1998).</li><li>Bruening, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Plant+gene+silencing+regularized.">Plant gene silencing regularized.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 95 (23), 13349-13351 (1998).</li><li>Wassenegger, M., Pelissier, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+model+for+RNA-mediated+gene+silencing+in+higher+plants.">A model for RNA-mediated gene silencing in higher plants.</a> Plant Mol Biol. 37 (2), 349-362 (1998).</li><li>Dehio, C., Schell, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+plant+genetic+loci+involved+in+a+posttranscriptional+mechanism+for+meiotically+reversible+transgene+silencing.">Identification of plant genetic loci involved in a posttranscriptional mechanism for meiotically reversible transgene silencing.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 91 (12), 5538-5542 (1994).</li><li>Zhong, G., Zhu, Q., Li, Y., Liu, Y., Wang, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Once+for+all:+A+novel+robust+system+for+co-expression+of+multiple+chimeric+fluorescent+fusion+proteins+in+plants.">Once for all: A novel robust system for co-expression of multiple chimeric fluorescent fusion proteins in plants.</a> Front Plant Sci. 8, 1071 (2017).</li><li>Li, X. T., Xie, Y. Y., Zhu, Q. L., Liu, Y. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Targeted+genome+editing+in+genes+and+cis-regulatory+regions+improves+qualitative+and+quantitative+traits+in+crops.">Targeted genome editing in genes and cis-regulatory regions improves qualitative and quantitative traits in crops.</a> Molecular Plant. 10 (11), 1368-1370 (2017).</li><li>Zhu, Q. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+&amp;#34;purple+endosperm+rice''+by+engineering+anthocyanin+biosynthesis+in+the+endosperm+with+a+high-efficiency+transgene+stacking+system.">Development of &amp;#34;purple endosperm rice'' by engineering anthocyanin biosynthesis in the endosperm with a high-efficiency transgene stacking system.</a> Molecular Plant. 10 (7), 918-929 (2017).</li><li>Tang, H. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multi-step+formation,+evolution,+and+functionalization+of+new+cytoplasmic+male+sterility+genes+in+the+plant+mitochondrial+genomes.">Multi-step formation, evolution, and functionalization of new cytoplasmic male sterility genes in the plant mitochondrial genomes.</a> Cell Research. 27 (1), 130-146 (2017).</li></ol>

Here we have demonstrated a novel method to robustly co-express chimeric fluorescent fusion proteins in plants. It can be used for both transient expression and genetic transformation and is compatible with current fluorescent protein-based bio-imaging, molecular, and biochemical applications and technologies9,10,13. In addition, it overcomes the difficulties of the conventional methods that use several individual expression pla...

Chimeric fluorescent fusion proteins have been regarded as useful tools to study intracellular dynamics and subcellular localization and further understand their physiological functions and working mechanisms1,2,3,4. It is especially beneficial to co-express well-known organelle reporter proteins with the protein in question to better illustrate its spatiotemporal rationale, distribution, and function(s) within the endomembrane system in cells4,5,6,7,8.
A chimeric fluorescent fusion protein can be expressed in plants via transient expression and stable genetic transformation, which have their respective advantages and limitations9,10,11. Transient expression of a protein is a convenient approach that includes biolistic bombardment-, polyethylene glycol (PEG)-, or electroporation-mediated DNA transient expression in protoplasts and Agrobacterium-mediated leaf infiltration in intact plant cells, as shown in Figure 1A,B12,13,14,15,16. However, co-expression of multiple chimeric fluorescent fusion proteins in a single plant cell requires a mixture of several independent expression plasmids. Thus, the drawbacks of employing multiple plasmids for protein co-expression in plants are lower co-expression levels due to the dramatically reduced chance of several plasmids simultaneously entering the same cells when compared to a single plasmid, and the variations of protein expression levels caused by the uncontrollably random amount of each types of plasmid being transferred into the cell17,18. In addition, it is technically challenging to introduce several independent expression plasmids into a single Agrobacterium for protein co-expression9,10,11. Therefore, Agrobacterium-mediated protein transient expression by infiltration of tobacco leaves is only capable of expressing one plasmid at a time, as shown in Figure 1B. In contrast, generation of transgenic plants expressing fluorescent fusion proteins is usually achieved by Agrobacterium that carries a binary transformation vector. However, the binary vector that mediates the gene transfer and insertion into the plant genomes is only capable of expressing a single fluorescent fusion protein (Figure 1B)9,10,12. Generating a transgenic plant which expresses several chimeric fluorescent proteins simultaneously requires multiple rounds of genetic crossing and screening, which can take from months to years depending on the numbers of the genes to be co-expressed.
The employment a single expression vector for co-expression of multiple proteins in plant has been reported by several previous studies19,20,21. However, multiple rounds of enzymatic digestion and DNA ligation of DNA molecules and backbone vectors are usually required for generation of the final plasmid for protein co-expression or over-expression. Here, we have developed a new and robust method for co-expressing multiple chimeric fluorescent proteins in plants. It is a highly efficient and convenient method that achieves multiple protein co-expression in plants for both transient expression and stable transformation in a time-honored fashion. It employs a single vector that contains multiple functionally independent protein expression cassettes for protein co-expression and thereby overcomes the drawbacks of the conventional methods. Moreover, it is a highly versatile system in which DNA manipulations and assembly are achieved by a simple one-step optimized reaction without extra steps of DNA digestion and ligation. The working principle is illustrated in Figure 2. Furthermore, it is fully compatible with current cellular, molecular, and biochemical approaches that are based on chimeric fluorescent fusion proteins.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>KOD-FX Polymerase</td>
			<td>TOYOBO</td>
			<td>KFX-101</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sma I</td>
			<td>NEB</td>
			<td>R0141L/S/V</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tris-HCl</td>
			<td>BBI</td>
			<td>A600194-0500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MgCl2</td>
			<td>BBI</td>
			<td>A601336-0500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>dNTP</td>
			<td>NEB</td>
			<td>#N0447V</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DTT</td>
			<td>BBI</td>
			<td>C4H10O2S2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PEG 8000</td>
			<td>BBI</td>
			<td>A100159-0500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NAD</td>
			<td>BBI</td>
			<td>A600641-0001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>T5 exonuclease</td>
			<td>Epicentre</td>
			<td>T5E4111K</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phusion High-Fidelity DNA polymerase</td>
			<td>NEB</td>
			<td>M0530S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Taq DNA polymerase</td>
			<td>NEB</td>
			<td>B9022S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Murashige and Skoog Basal Salt Mixture(MS)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>M5524</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol</td>
			<td>BBI</td>
			<td>A500737-0500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tween 20</td>
			<td>BBI</td>
			<td>A600560-0500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agar</td>
			<td>BBI</td>
			<td>A505255-0250</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spermidine</td>
			<td>BBI</td>
			<td>A614270-0001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gold microcarrier particles</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>165-2263</td>
			<td>1.0 &#181;m</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CaCl2</td>
			<td>BBI</td>
			<td>CD0050-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Macrocarriers</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>165-2335</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rupture disk</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>165-2329</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stopping screen</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>165-2336</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tryptone</td>
			<td>OXOID</td>
			<td>LP0042</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Yeast Extract</td>
			<td>OXOID</td>
			<td>LP0021</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl</td>
			<td>BBI</td>
			<td>A610476-0001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KCl</td>
			<td>BBI</td>
			<td>A610440-0500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glucose</td>
			<td>BBI</td>
			<td>A600219-0001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hygromycin B</td>
			<td>Genview</td>
			<td>AH169-1G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Wortmannin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>F9128</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Brefeldin A</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>SML0975-5MG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO)</td>
			<td>BBI</td>
			<td>A600163-0500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>T100 Thermal Cycler</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>1861096</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Growth chamber</td>
			<td>Panasonic</td>
			<td>MLR-352H-PC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PSD-1000/He particle delivery system</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>165-2257</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gene Pulser</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>1652660</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cuvette</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>1652083</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Benchtop centrifuge</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>5427000097</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Confocal microscope</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>LSM 7 DUO (780&#38;7Live)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NanoDrop 2000/2000c Spectrophotometers</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>ND-2000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EPS-300 Power Supply</td>
			<td>Tanon</td>
			<td>EPS 300</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluorescent microscope</td>
			<td>Mshot</td>
			<td>MF30</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agrose</td>
			<td>BBI</td>
			<td>A600234</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ampicillin</td>
			<td>BBI</td>
			<td>A100339</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethylene Diamine Tetraacetie Acid</td>
			<td>BBI</td>
			<td>B300599</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

co-expression of multiple chimeric fluorescent fusion proteins in an efficient way in plants

Information about the spatiotemporal subcellular localization(s) of a protein is critical to understand its physiological functions in cells. Fluorescent proteins and generation of fluorescent fusion proteins have been wildly used as an effective tool to directly visualize the protein localization and dynamics in cells. It is especially useful to compare them with well-known organelle markers after co-expression with the protein of interest. Nevertheless, classical approaches for protein co-expression in plants usually involve multiple independent expression plasmids, and therefore have drawbacks that include low co-expression efficiency, expression-level variation, and high time expenditure in genetic crossing and screening. In this study, we describe a robust and novel method for co-expression of multiple chimeric fluorescent proteins in plants. It overcomes the limitations of the conventional methods by using a single expression vector that is composed of multiple semi-independent expressing cassettes. Each protein expression cassette contains its own functional protein expression elements, and therefore it can be flexibly adjusted to meet diverse expression demand. Also, it is easy and convenient to perform the assembly and manipulation of DNA fragments in the expression plasmid by using an optimized one-step reaction without additional digestion and ligation steps. Furthermore, it is fully compatible with current fluorescent protein derived bio-imaging technologies and applications, such as FRET and BiFC. As a validation of the method, we employed this new system to co-express fluorescently fused vacuolar sorting receptor and secretory carrier membrane proteins. The results show that their perspective subcellular localizations are the same as in previous studies by both transient expression and genetic transformation in plants.

We have developed a robust and highly efficient method for the co-expression of multiple chimeric fluorescent fusion proteins in plants. It breaks through the barriers of the conventional approaches use multiple separated plasmids for protein co-expression, as shown in Figure 1A,B, via either transient expression or stable genetic transformation. In this new method, we generate a single expression vector that is composed of multiple ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Co-expression of Multiple Chimeric Fluorescent Fusion Proteins in an Efficient Way in Plants at JoVE.com

Co-expression of Multiple Chimeric Fluorescent Fusion Proteins in an Efficient Way in Plants

We have developed a novel method for co-expressing multiple chimeric fluorescent fusion proteins in plants to overcome the difficulties of conventional methods. It takes advantage of using a single expression plasmid that contains multiple functionally independent protein expressing cassettes to achieve protein co-expression.

Information about the spatiotemporal subcellular localization(s) of a protein is critical to understand its physiological functions in cells. Fluorescent ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

Polymalic Acid-based Nano Biopolymers for Targeting of Multiple Tumor Markers: An Opportunity for Personalized Medicine?

Tumors with similar grade and morphology often respond differently to the same treatment because of variations in molecular profiling. To account for this ...

Facile and Efficient Preparation of Tri-component Fluorescent Glycopolymers via RAFT-controlled Polymerization

Synthetic glycopolymers are instrumental and versatile tools used in various biochemical and biomedical research fields. An example of a facile and ...

Radiolabeling and Quantification of Cellular Levels of Phosphoinositides by High Performance Liquid Chromatography-coupled Flow Scintillation

Phosphoinositides (PtdInsPs) are essential signaling lipids responsible for recruiting specific effectors and conferring organelles with molecular ...

In Situ Characterization of Hydrated Proteins in Water by SALVI and ToF-SIMS

In Situ Characterization of Hydrated Proteins in Water by SALVI and ToF-SIMS

This work demonstrates in situ characterization of protein biomolecules in the aqueous solution using the System for Analysis at the Liquid Vacuum ...

Sequencing of Plant Wall Heteroxylans Using Enzymic, Chemical (Methylation) and Physical (Mass Spectrometry, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) Techniques

Sequencing of Plant Wall Heteroxylans Using Enzymic, Chemical Methylation and Physical Mass Spectrometry, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Techniques

This protocol describes the specific techniques used for the characterization of reducing end (RE) and internal region glycosyl sequence(s) of ...

Synthesis of Protein Bioconjugates via Cysteine-maleimide Chemistry

Synthesis of Protein Bioconjugates via Cysteine-maleimide Chemistry

The chemical linking or bioconjugation of proteins to fluorescent dyes, drugs, polymers and other proteins has a broad range of applications, such as the ...

Visualizing Lignification Dynamics in Plants with Click Chemistry: Dual Labeling is BLISS!

Lignin is one of the most prevalent biopolymers on the planet and a major component of lignocellulosic biomass. This phenolic polymer plays a vital ...

An Efficient Sample Preparation Method to Enhance Carbohydrate Ion Signals in Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Sample preparation is a critical process in mass spectrometry (MS) analysis of carbohydrates. Although matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) ...

Photoelectron Imaging of Anions Illustrated by 310 Nm Detachment of F&#8722;

Photoelectron Imaging of Anions Illustrated by 310 Nm Detachment of FÃƒÆ’Ã‚Â¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬Â '

Anion photoelectron imaging is a very efficient method for the study of energy states of bound negative ions, neutral species and interactions of unbound ...

Bio-inspired Polydopamine Surface Modification of Nanodiamonds and Its Reduction of Silver Nanoparticles

Surface functionalization of nanodiamonds (NDs) is still challenging due to the diversity of functional groups on the ND surfaces. Here, we demonstrate a ...