Name: detecting protein subcellular localization by green fluorescence protein tagging and 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole staining in caenorhabditis elegans
Uploaded: 2018-07-30T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Detecting Protein Subcellular Localization by Green Fluorescence Protein Tagging and 4',6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole Staining in Caenorhabditis elegans at JoVE.

The C. elegans strains used in this study were obtained from the Caenorhabditis Genetics Center, which is supported by the National Institutes of Health - Office of Research Infrastructure Programs (P40 OD010440). This work was supported by NIH: 1R03AG048578-01 to Jun Liang, CUNY-CCRG 1501 to Jun Liang, and PSC-CUNY 66184-00 44 and 67248-00 45 to Jun Liang. We thank Cathy Savage-Dunn for kindly sharing her laboratory space. All fluorescence images were collected at Queens College Core Facility. We thank William J. Rice for his comments on the manuscript.

1. Solutions
<ol>
	<li>NGM plates
	<ol>
		<li>In a 2 L Erlenmeyer flask, add 3 g of NaCl, 17 g of agar, 2.5 g of Peptone, and 975 mL of dH2O. Cover the mouth of the flask with aluminum foil. Autoclave the flask for 50 min. Cool it for 20&#8211;30 min.</li>
		<li>Then add sterilized solutions: 1 mL of 1 M CaCl2, 1 mL of 5 mg/mL cholesterol in ethanol, 1 mL of 1 M MgSO4, and 25 mL of 1 M KPO4 (pH 6.0) buffer. Swirl the solutions to mix them well.</li>
		<li>Usi...

<ol>
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This article presented a fast and efficient method to verify protein subcellular changes from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. The protein expression was shown by a GFP fusion, while the nucleus structure was verified by DAPI staining (Figure 3). Since immunostaining C. elegans proteins is challenging, most C. elegans protein subcellular localizations are characterized by tagging them with marker proteins such as GFP, Laz, mCherry, and others18,</s...

A change of protein subcellular localization is a common mechanism in response to internal or external signals such as heat stress, starvation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, protein phosphorylation, and others. For example, heat stress induces a FOXO member DAF-16 nuclear translocation1,2, and the pro-apoptotic BCL-2 protein BID translocates to the mitochondria upon receiving death signaling3,4. Various techniques are available to detect these changes. A combination of western blotting and biochemically isolating subcellular structures (e.g., mitochondria or the nuclei) could well achieve the goal3. However, it requires a specific antibody against the protein of interest. Thus, a well-established antibody becomes the key to the success. An alternative approach is to label different subcellular structures or organelles with various markers such as green fluorescence protein (GFP), red fluorescence protein (RFP), yellow fluorescence protein (YFP), and mCherry, and meanwhile label the protein of interest with other markers. Then, observe them under a confocal microscope to localize the targets5,6. Radioactive isotopes are an alternative choice for labeling target proteins and then detecting their subcellular localization7. However, this method requires proper training and handling of radioactive wastes. Under circumstances such as the lack of a specific antibody, the absence of a proper marker, or the scarceness of equipment such as a confocal microscope, an alternative approach needs to be considered. To identify a protein nuclear translocation, it is attractive to only label the target proteins with a marker and to stain nuclei with the chemical reagent 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) since this only requires a regular fluorescence microscope. 
Immunolabeling C. elegans with antibodies is challenging due to the low permeability of either the eggshell or the collagenous cuticle surrounding the animal. Meanwhile, since C. elegans proteins are significantly divergent from their vertebrate orthologs, a few commercial companies provide C. elegans with specific products. It is difficult for a small laboratory to generate C. elegans antibodies for themselves. Researchers in the community often use tagged proteins as markers to demonstrate a protein localization or gene expression. This article uses EXL-1::GFP as an example to track a protein nuclear translocation under heat stress8. An integrated translational exl-1::gfp into the animal genome is used to stably express the gene with gfp fusion. Research showed that exl-1 is expressed in intestine, body wall muscle, and other subcellular structures8. This protocol demonstrates how to synchronize worms to the fourth larval (L4) stage, perform a heat stress experiment, and conduct DAPI staining, ethanol fixation, acetone fixation, and imaging under a regular fluorescence microscope.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>DAPI</td>
			<td>Biotium</td>
			<td>40043</td>
			<td>both Hoechst 33258 and Hoechst 33342 also works well</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>OP50</td>
			<td>CGC</td>
			<td>OP50</td>
			<td>https://cgc.umn.edu/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Caenorhabditis Genetics Center (CGC)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>https://cgc.umn.edu/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Kim Wipe</td>
			<td>Kimberly-Clark Corporation</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>soft tissue</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Zeiss&#160; AX10</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>fluorescence microscope</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Axiovision Rel 4.8</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>microscope software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AxioCam MR Rev3</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>digital camera</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Incubator&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro centrifuge</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Transparent nail polish gel</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>60 mm petri dishes</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass slides</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass coverslips</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1-20 &#181;L pipettor</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>20-200 &#181;L pipettor</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>200-1000 &#181;L pipettor</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1-200 &#181;L pipet tips</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>200-1000 &#181;L pipet tips</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1.5 mL microcentrifuge tubes</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Platinum wire worm pick</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

detecting protein subcellular localization by green fluorescence protein tagging and 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole staining in caenorhabditis elegans

In this protocol, a green fluorescence protein (GFP) fusion protein and 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining are used to track protein subcellular localization changes; in particular, a nuclear translocation under a heat stress condition. Proteins react correspondingly to external and internal signals. A common mechanism is to change its subcellular localization. This article describes a protocol to track protein localization that does not require an antibody, radioactive labeling, or a confocal microscope. In this article, GFP is used to tag the target protein EXL-1 in C. elegans, a member of the chloride intracellular channel proteins (CLICs) family, including mammalian CLIC4. An integrated translational exl-1::gfp transgenic line (with a promoter and a full gene sequence) was created by transformation and &#947;-radiation, and stably expresses the gene and gfp. Recent research showed that upon heat stress, not oxidative stress, EXL-1::GFP accumulates in the nucleus. Overlapping the GFP signal with both the nuclei structure and the DAPI signals confirms the EXL-1 subcellular localization changes under stress. This protocol presents two different fixation methods for DAPI staining: ethanol fixation and acetone fixation. The DAPI staining protocol presented in this article is fast and efficient and preserves both the GFP signal and the protein subcellular localization changes. This method only requires a fluorescence microscope with Nomarski, a FITC filter, and a DAPI filter. It is suitable for a small laboratory setting, undergraduate student research, high school student research, and biotechnology classrooms.

Chloride intracellular channel proteins (CLIC) are multifunctional proteins that are highly conserved across species12. Much research shows that CLICs regulate cellular stress, autophagy, apoptosis, carcinogenesis, angiogenesis, and the macrophage innate immune response in the mammalian system13,14,15,16,17</s...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Detecting Protein Subcellular Localization by Green Fluorescence Protein Tagging and 4',6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole Staining in Caenorhabditis elegans at JoVE.

Detecting Protein Subcellular Localization by Green Fluorescence Protein Tagging and 4',6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole Staining in Caenorhabditis elegans

This protocol demonstrates how to track a protein nuclear translocation under heat stress by using a green fluorescence protein (GFP) fusion protein as a marker and 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining. The DAPI staining protocol is fast and preserves the GFP and protein subcellular localization signals.

Detecting Protein Subcellular Localization by Green Fluorescence Protein Tagging and 4',6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole Staining in Caenorhabditis elegans

In this protocol, a green fluorescence protein (GFP) fusion protein and 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining are used to track protein ...

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