Name: in vivo neuronal calcium imaging in c. elegans
Uploaded: 2013-04-10T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In vivo Neuronal Calcium Imaging in C. elegans at JoVE.com

Several people contributed to the work described in this paper. CVG built the experimental setup, and LS, SHC, and CVG performed the experiments. CVG and SHC wrote the manuscript. All authors subsequently took part in the revision process and approved the final copy of the manuscript. We thank Paul Sternberg for the GCaMP strain. Some nematode strains used in this work were provided by the Caenorhabditis Genetics Center (CGC), which is funded by the NIH National Center for Research Resources (NCRR). The MATLAB image analysis program was adapted from that used in 18. The authors were supported by Boston University and The Massachusetts Life Sciences Center.

1. Optical Setup
 <ol>
 <li>Use a standard compound microscope with epifluorescence imaging capabilities. We use a Nikon Eclipse Ti-U inverted microscope with an Intensilight HG Illuminator.</li>
 <li>For best image and signal quality use a high magnification, high numerical aperture objective. We typically use a Nikon X60 1.4 N.A. oil immersion objective. In some cases it is possible to use lower magnification (X40, X20) depending on expression level of the fluorophore and signal strength.</li>
 <li>Use...

<ol>
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Genetically encoded calcium indicators have been widely utilized in C. elegans neurobiology. Numerous groups have employed these techniques to study response of primary sensory neurons to external stimuli as demonstrated here with the ASJ response to an electrical field. Prominent examples include sensation of mechanical touch, specific chemicals, temperature and an electric field 12, 16-19. Activity of interneuron and muscle cells have also been monitored both in response to stimuli and in con...

Here we present practical methods for in vivo calcium imaging in C. elegans neurons. The development of genetically encoded calcium-sensitive fluorophores with high signal-to-noise ratio makes C. elegans a comparatively straightforward and cost effective system for measurement of neurophysiology and activity. Our imaging is done with a standard compound microscope using wide-field fluorescence imaging of commonly available fluorophores. We present several techniques employing various fluorophores and different sample preparations, discussing the strengths and weakness of each. Data is then presented from two example experiments. An excellent additional resource on the techniques described here can be found in WormBook, "Imaging the activity of neurons and muscles" by R. Kerr, (<a href="http://www.wormbook.org" target="_blank">http://www.wormbook.org</a>) 3.
 Two major classes of genetically encoded fluorescent calcium reporters are commonly used in C. elegans: single channel GCaMP and FRET-based cameleon. We will describe methods and show examples for data generated by each. 
 GCaMP is based on a modified Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) that is sensitive to the surrounding calcium concentration. This is accomplished by fusion of GFP and the high calcium affinity protein calmodulin, such that the binding of calcium by calmodulin brings the GFP molecule into an efficient fluorescent confirmation 2. The recent advancements in these fluorophores generate exceptional signal size with up to 500% increase in fluorescence intensity over a physiological range of calcium levels and reasonably fast kinetics of ~95 msec rise time and ~650 msec decay time 4. Over relatively short time periods (mins), these large signals can allow for lower resolution imaging (lower magnification) and, given a well-behaved initial baseline measurement, negate the necessity for continuous baseline or comparative measurements.
 Cameleon has the advantage of being a FRET-based fluorophore that generates a ratiometric measurement comparing two independent channels or wavelengths 1. It consists of two separate fluorophores (cyan- and yellow-emitting fluorescent proteins, CFP and YFP) linked by a calmodulin protein. The complex is illuminated with blue light (440 nm) that excites the CFP. Binding of calcium brings the fluorophores closer together, increasing fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) from the CFP (donor) to the YFP (acceptor) and causing the CFP emission (480 nm) to decrease and the YFP emission (535 nm) to increase. Relative calcium levels are measured as the ratio of the YFP/CFP intensity. Cameleon kinetics are slower than that of GCaMP, measured in vivo to have a rise time of ~1 sec and a decay time of ~3 sec 5. However, the ratio of oppositely moving signals increases the signal size and compensates for a number of possible artifacts due to changes in fluorophore concentration, motion or focus drift and bleaching. 
 Genetically encoded fluorescent reporters negate much of the sample preparation required with exogenously administered probes and C. elegans small transparent body allows imaging within the intact animal using simple wide field fluorescence. The main technical challenge in sample preparation is therefore to safely immobilize the animals. There are a number of different commonly used techniques each with advantages and disadvantages. Using a pharmacological agent to paralyze the animals is easy to implement and allows the mounting of multiple animals on one preparation (Levamisole, a cholinergic agonist that causes muscle tissue to seize is typically used 6). C. elegans can also be physically immobilized by mounting them on stiff 10% agarose 7, 8. This minimizes impact on animal physiology, allows long-term imaging (hours) and recovery of multiple animals but is more technically difficult. Both of these techniques restrict physical access to the animals (which are under a cover slip) and can therefore only be used with certain experimental stimuli (such as light, temperature, electric field or laser damage). For stimuli where physical access is required, such as touch or administration of chemicals, many studies have successfully glued C. elegans in place (using veterinary grade glue) 9. This is technically more challenging, is a single animal preparation and does not allow animal recovery. Finally, numerous microfluidic devices have been employed that physically restrain C. elegans, preserving animal physiology, allowing exposure to most types of stimuli (depending on the device design) and can enable rapid exchange and recovery of the animals 10, 11. However microfluidics require additional technical skills and capabilities in design, fabrication and implementation. In immobilized animals activity and stimulus response can generally be measured in sensory and interneurons. Activity of motor neurons requires more sophisticated techniques for imaging in moving animals. Here we will present detailed methods employing the two most straightforward techniques of pharmacological paralyzation and immobilization with stiff agarose.
 The methods presented here can be used to measure neuronal activity and cell physiology in C. elegans. We give an example of each: using GCaMP to measure the sensory response of the ASJ neuron to an external electric field, and using cameleon to measure the physiological calcium response to laser damage of a neuron. These examples show the benefits and drawbacks of the two types of fluorophores and illustrate what is possible with the system.

<table border="1">
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td>Name of Reagent/Material</td>
 <td>Company</td>
 <td>Catalog Number</td>
 <td>Comments</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Eclipse Ti-U inverted 
 microscope</td>
 <td>Nikon</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Intensilight HG Illuminator</td>
 <td>Nikon</td>
 <td>C-HGFI</td>
 <td>Fluorescent light source</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>CFI Plan Apo VC 60X Oil</td>
 <td>Nikon</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Optical table or 3'X3' optical 
 grade breadboard</td>
 <td>Thor Labs</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>If an optical table is not used an 
 optical grade breadboard on a 
 solid laboratory bench should 
 suffice.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Clara Interline Camera</td>
 <td>Andor 
 Technology</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>High-sensitivity CCD camera</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>wtGFP Longpass Emission</td>
 <td>Chroma Technology 
 Corp.</td>
 <td>41015</td>
 <td>GFP filter set for imaging GCaMP</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Filter 440 +/- 10 nm</td>
 <td>Chroma</td>
 <td>D440/20x EX</td>
 <td>excitation filter for cameleon</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Dichroic mirror &gt; 455 nm 
 longpass</td>
 <td>Chroma</td>
 <td>455DCLP BS</td>
 <td>microscope dichroic for cameleon 
 imaging</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Dichroic mirror &gt; 515 nm 
 longpass</td>
 <td>Chroma</td>
 <td>515DCLP BS</td>
 <td>dichroic mirror for cameleon 
 imaging</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Filter 535 +/- 15 nm</td>
 <td>Chroma</td>
 <td>D535/30m EM</td>
 <td>YFP emission filter</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Filter 480 +/- 20 nm</td>
 <td>Chroma</td>
 <td>D485/40m EM</td>
 <td>CFP emission filter</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Lens, 200 mm, Achromat</td>
 <td>Thor Labs</td>
 <td>AC508-200-A1</td>
 <td>Relay lens for FRET optics (3)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Silver broadband mirror</td>
 <td>Thor Labs</td>
 <td>ME2S-P01</td>
 <td>FRET optics (2)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>NGM buffer</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Levamisole</td>
 <td>Sigma</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Polybead Microspheres</td>
 <td>Polysciences, Inc.</td>
 <td>08691-10, 2.5% by 
 volume, 50 nm 
 diameter</td>
 <td>polystyrene nanoparticles for C. 
 elegans immobilization</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Transgenic strain, Strain 
 gpa-9::GCaMP3(in pha-1; 
 him-5 bkg) </td>
 <td>Sternberg Lab</td>
 <td>Strain PS6388</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Transgenic strain, mec- 
 4::YC3.60</td>
 <td>Gabel Lab</td>
 <td>Strain CG1B</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>

in vivo neuronal calcium imaging in c. elegans

The nematode worm C. elegans is an ideal model organism for relatively simple, low cost neuronal imaging in vivo. Its small transparent body and simple, well-characterized nervous system allows identification and fluorescence imaging of any neuron within the intact animal. Simple immobilization techniques with minimal impact on the animal's physiology allow extended time-lapse imaging. The development of genetically-encoded calcium sensitive fluorophores such as cameleon 1 and GCaMP 2 allow in vivo imaging of neuronal calcium relating both cell physiology and neuronal activity. Numerous transgenic strains expressing these fluorophores in specific neurons are readily available or can be constructed using well-established techniques. Here, we describe detailed procedures for measuring calcium dynamics within a single neuron in vivo using both GCaMP and cameleon. We discuss advantages and disadvantages of both as well as various methods of sample preparation (animal immobilization) and image analysis. Finally, we present results from two experiments: 1) Using GCaMP to measure the sensory response of a specific neuron to an external electrical field and 2) Using cameleon to measure the physiological calcium response of a neuron to traumatic laser damage. Calcium imaging techniques such as these are used extensively in C. elegans and have been extended to measurements in freely moving animals, multiple neurons simultaneously and comparison across genetic backgrounds. C. elegans presents a robust and flexible system for in vivo neuronal imaging with advantages over other model systems in technical simplicity and cost.

Here we present results from two separate experiments. The first employs GCaMP to measure the response of a specific sensory neuron to a defined external stimulus, giving a good example of how fluorescent calcium reporters can be used to optically monitor neuronal activity in intact C. elegans. The second employs cameleon to measure the intracellular calcium transient triggered within a neuron in response to specific laser damage, thus illustrating how calcium physiology can be measured within a single cell ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In vivo Neuronal Calcium Imaging in C. elegans at JoVE.com 

In vivo Neuronal Calcium Imaging in C. elegans (Video) | JoVE 

With its small transparent body, well-documented neuroanatomy and a host of amenable genetic techniques and reagents, C. elegans makes an ideal model organism for in vivo neuronal imaging using relatively simple, low-cost techniques. Here we describe single neuron imaging within intact adult animals using genetically encoded fluorescent calcium indicators.

In vivo Neuronal Calcium Imaging in C. elegans

The nematode worm C. elegans is an ideal model organism  for relatively simple, low cost neuronal imaging in vivo. Its small transparent body and simple, ...

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