Name: a two-step protocol for umpolung functionalization of ketones via enolonium species
Uploaded: 2018-08-16T13:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Two-Step Protocol for Umpolung Functionalization of Ketones Via Enolonium Species at JoVE.com

A start-up grant from Ariel University and an ISF Individual Research Grant (1914/15) to AMS is gratefully acknowledged.

1. Preparation of the Enolonium Species
Caution: Before carrying out the protocol, consult the MSDS for all reagents and solvents.
NOTE: All new reagents were used as received from the commercial source. If the boron trifluoride etherate has been stored, distill it before use.
<ol>
	<li>In a dry round bottomed flask equipped with a septum and a magnet for magnetic stirring, add Koser&#39;s reagent (1.5 equiv.) and flush the flask with nitrogen or argon.</li>
	<li>...

<ol>
	<li>Mizar, P., Wirth, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Flexible+stereoselective+functionalizations+of+ketones+through+umpolung+with+hypervalent+iodine+reagents.">Flexible stereoselective functionalizations of ketones through umpolung with hypervalent iodine reagents.</a> Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 53 (23), 5993-5997 (2014).</li><li>Yoshimura, A., Zhdankin, V. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Advances+in+synthetic+applications+of+hypervalent+iodine+compounds.">Advances in synthetic applications of hypervalent iodine compounds.</a> Chemical Reviews. 116 (5), 3328-3435 (2016).</li><li>Zhdankin, V. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Hypervalent Iodine Chemistry: Preparation, Structure, and Synthetic Applications of Polyvalent Iodine Compounds. , (2013).</li><li>Wirth, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Topics in Current Chemistry. 373, (2016).</li><li>Merritt, E. A., Olofsson, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=&#945;-functionalization+of+carbonyl+compounds+using+hypervalent+iodine+reagents.">&#945;-functionalization of carbonyl compounds using hypervalent iodine reagents.</a> Synthesis. 4 (4), 517-538 (2011).</li><li>Arava, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enolonium+Species-Umpoled+Enolates.">Enolonium Species-Umpoled Enolates.</a> Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 56 (10), 2599-2603 (2017).</li><li>Parida, K. N., Maksymenko, S., Pathe, G. K., Szpilman, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cross-Coupling+of+Dissimilar+Ketone+Enolates+via+Enolonium+Species+to+afford+Nonsymmetrical+1,4-Diketones.">Cross-Coupling of Dissimilar Ketone Enolates via Enolonium Species to afford Nonsymmetrical 1,4-Diketones.</a> Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry. 14, 992-997 (2018).</li><li>Zhdankin, V. V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Carbon-carbon+bond+formation+in+reactions+of+PhIO&#183;HBF4-silyl+enol+ether+adduct+with+alkenes+or+silyl+enol+ethers.">Carbon-carbon bond formation in reactions of PhIO&#183;HBF4-silyl enol ether adduct with alkenes or silyl enol ethers.</a> Journal of Organic Chemistry. 54 (11), 2605-2608 (1989).</li><li>Maksymenko, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transition-metal-free+intermolecular+&#945;-arylation+of+ketones+via+enolonium+species.">Transition-metal-free intermolecular &#945;-arylation of ketones via enolonium species.</a> Organic Letters. 19 (23), 6312-6315 (2017).</li><li>Vita, M. V., Waser, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Azidation+of+&#946;-keto+esters+and+silyl+enol+ethers+with+a+benziodoxole+reagent.">Azidation of &#946;-keto esters and silyl enol ethers with a benziodoxole reagent.</a> Organic Letters. 15 (13), 3246-3249 (2013).</li><li>More, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=&#945;-N-Heteroarylation+and+&#945;-azidation+of+ketones+via+enolonium+species.">&#945;-N-Heteroarylation and &#945;-azidation of ketones via enolonium species.</a> Journal of Organic Chemistry. 83, 2442-2447 (2018).</li><li>Xie, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gold-catalyzed+hydration+of+haloalkynes+to+&#945;-halomethyl+ketones.">Gold-catalyzed hydration of haloalkynes to &#945;-halomethyl ketones.</a> Journal of Organic Chemistry. 78 (18), 9190-9195 (2013).</li><li>Patonay, T., Juh&#225;sz-T&#243;th, &. #. 2. 0. 1. ;., B&#233;nyei, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Base-induced+coupling+of+&#945;-azido+ketones+with+aldehydes+&#8722;+An+easy+and+efficient+route+to+trifunctionalized+synthons+2-azido-3-hydroxy+ketones,+2-acylaziridines,+and+2-acylspiroaziridines.">Base-induced coupling of &#945;-azido ketones with aldehydes &#8722; An easy and efficient route to trifunctionalized synthons 2-azido-3-hydroxy ketones, 2-acylaziridines, and 2-acylspiroaziridines.</a> European Journal of Organic Chemistry. 2002 (2), 285-295 (2002).</li><li>Li, C., Breit, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rhodium-catalyzed+chemo-+and+regioselective+decarboxylative+addition+of+&#946;-ketoacids+to+allenes:+Efficient+construction+of+tertiary+and+quaternary+carbon+Centers.">Rhodium-catalyzed chemo- and regioselective decarboxylative addition of &#946;-ketoacids to allenes: Efficient construction of tertiary and quaternary carbon Centers.</a> Journal of the American Chemical Society. 136 (3), 862-865 (2014).</li></ol>

The successful preparation of enolonium species from TMS-enolates is dependent on a number of factors. The major side reaction in the preparation step is the homo coupling of the starting material by reaction of a molecule of formed enolonium species with a molecule of TMS-enolate. Thus, the requirement of the reaction conditions is to avoid this dimerization by ensuring fast reaction of the Lewis acid activated hypervalent iodine reagent with added TMS-enolate relative to the rate of dimerization. This is achieved in th...

Enolates are classical carbon nucleophiles in organic chemistry and among the most widely used. Umpolung of enolates to create electrophilic enolonium species allows valuable alternative ways to produce &#945;-functionalized ketones as well as to enable novel reactions not possible via classical enolate chemistry. Enolonium species have been proposed as intermediates in numerous reactions, in particular reactions involving hypervalent iodine reagents. These reactions include &#945;-halogenation, oxygenation, and amination1 as well as other reactions2,3,4,5.
However, the scopes of these reactions were always limited by the transient nature of the reactive enolonium species. This transiency required any nucleophile to be present in the reaction mixture during the reaction of the carbonyl enolates with the strongly oxidizing hypervalent iodine reagent. Thus, any nucleophile prone to oxidation, such as electron rich aromatic compounds (heterocycles) and alkenes, could not be used.
In the last year, we have overcome these limitations by developing conditions in which the enolonium species is formed as a discrete intermediate in one step followed by addition of the nucleophile in a second step. This protocol allows not only the classical type of functionalization such as chlorination6, but also the use of oxidizable carbon nucleophiles, such as allylsilanes6,8, enolates1,6,7, and electron rich aromatic compounds9, resulting in C-C bond formation. The allylation method is amenable to the formation of quaternary and tertiary centers. The ketone arylation method constitutes formal C-H functionalization of the aromatic compound without the need for a directing group9. Recently, we have reported the addition of azoles and azides10 as well11. The detailed presentation of the protocol is expected to assist in the introduction of these methods into the day to day tool box of the synthetic organic chemist.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Chlorotrimethylsilane, 98+%</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>A13651</td>
			<td>TMS-Cl</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Boron trifluoride diethyl etherate, 98+%</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>A15275</td>
			<td>BF3*Et2O</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2-Methylindole, 98+%</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>A10764</td>
			<td>2-Me-indole</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydroxy(tosyloxy) iodobenzene, 97%</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>L15701</td>
			<td>Koser&#39;s reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetophenone, &#62;98%</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>800028</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>n-Butyllithium solution 1.6M in hexanes</td>
			<td>Aldrich</td>
			<td>186171</td>
			<td>nBuLi</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BIS(ISOPROPYL)AMINE</td>
			<td>Apollo</td>
			<td>OR1090</td>
			<td>DIPA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trimethylsilyl azide, 94%</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>L00173</td>
			<td>TMS-N3</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a two-step protocol for umpolung functionalization of ketones via enolonium species

&#945;-Functionalization of ketones via umpolung of enolates by hypervalent iodine reagents is an important concept in synthetic organic chemistry. Recently, we have developed a two-step strategy for ketone enolate umpolung that has enabled the development of methods for chlorination, azidation, and amination using azoles. In addition, we have developed C-C bond&#8211;forming arylation and allylation reactions. At the heart of these methods is the preparation of the intermediate and highly reactive enolonium species prior to addition of a reactive nucleophile. This strategy is thus reminiscent of the preparation and use of metal enolates in classical synthetic chemistry. This strategy allows the use of nucleophiles that would otherwise be incompatible with the strongly oxidizing hypervalent iodine reagents. In this paper we present a detailed protocol for chlorination, azidation, N-heteroarylation, arylation, and allylation. The products include motifs prevalent in medicinally active products. This article will greatly assist others in using these methods.

Representative results, achieved following the protocol, are given in Figure 1 and are discussed in the discussion section. Notably, a very large range of different ketones may be used successfully in the reaction to give the products in good yields as may be seen for the azidation11. The scope of the reaction for introducing azoles in the &#945;-position of ketones includes most of the common mono-cyclic and bicyclic nitrogen containi...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Two-Step Protocol for Umpolung Functionalization of Ketones Via Enolonium Species at JoVE.com

A Two-Step Protocol for Umpolung Functionalization of Ketones Via Enolonium Species

A two step one-pot protocol for the umpolung of ketone enolates to enolonium species and addition of a nucleophile to the &#945;-position is described. Nucleophiles include chloride, azide, azoles, allyl-silanes, and aromatic compounds.

&#945;-Functionalization of ketones via umpolung of enolates by hypervalent iodine reagents is an important concept in synthetic organic chemistry. ...

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