Name: efficient synthesis of all-carbon quaternary centers via the conjugate addition of functionalized monoorganozinc bromides
Uploaded: 2019-05-26T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Efficient Synthesis of All-Carbon Quaternary Centers via the Conjugate Addition of Functionalized Monoorganozinc Bromides at JoVE.com

The authors thank the American Chemical Society (ACS) Petroleum Research Fund Undergraduate New Investigator Program (Award No. 58488-UNI1), the ACS and Pfizer (SURF support to T.J.F.), Bucknell University (research fellowships to T.J.F.), and the Department of Chemistry (research fellowship to K.M.T.) for generous support of this work. Dr. Peter M. Findeis and Brian Breczinski are acknowledged for experimental and instrumentation assistance.

CAUTION: Consult Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) prior to the use of the chemicals in this procedure. Use appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), including safety glasses, a lab coat, and nitrile or butyl gloves as many of the reagents and solvents are corrosive, toxic, or flammable. Carry out all reactions in a fume hood. It is necessary to flame-dry glassware and use an inert atmosphere (nitrogen or argon) for this protocol. Liquids used in the first two steps of the protocol are syringe transferred.
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<ol>
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A New BF3 Promoted Cyclization Reaction.</a> Tetrahedron Letters. 29 (51), 6693-6696 (1988).</li><li>Knochel, P., Chou, T. S., Chen, H. G., Yeh, M. C. P., Rozema, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nucleophilic+Reactivity+of+Zinc+and+Copper+Carbenoids.+Part+II.">Nucleophilic Reactivity of Zinc and Copper Carbenoids. Part II.</a> The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 54 (22), 5202-5204 (1989).</li><li>Tamaru, Y., Tanigawa, H., Yamamoto, T., Yoshida, Z. 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R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Access+to+Functionalized+Quaternary+Stereocenters+via+the+Copper-Catalyzed+Conjugate+Addition+of+Monoorganozinc+Bromide+Reagents+Enabled+by+N,N-Dimethylacetamide.">Access to Functionalized Quaternary Stereocenters via the Copper-Catalyzed Conjugate Addition of Monoorganozinc Bromide Reagents Enabled by N,N-Dimethylacetamide.</a> The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 83 (23), 14723-14732 (2018).</li><li>Krasovskiy, A., Malakhov, V., Gavryushin, A., Knochel, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficient+Synthesis+of+Functionalized+Organozinc+Compounds+by+the+Direct+Insertion+of+Zinc+into+Organic+Iodides+and+Bromides.">Efficient Synthesis of Functionalized Organozinc Compounds by the Direct Insertion of Zinc into Organic Iodides and Bromides.</a> Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 45 (36), 6040-6044 (2006).</li><li>Huo, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Highly+Efficient,+General+Procedure+for+the+Preparation+of+Alkylzinc+Reagents+from+Unactivated+Alkyl+Bromides+and+Chlorides.">Highly Efficient, General Procedure for the Preparation of Alkylzinc Reagents from Unactivated Alkyl Bromides and Chlorides.</a> Organic Letters. 5 (4), 423-425 (2003).</li><li>Still, W. C., Kahn, M., Mitra, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+Chromatographic+Technique+for+Preparative+Separations+with+Moderate+Resolution.">Rapid Chromatographic Technique for Preparative Separations with Moderate Resolution.</a> The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 43 (14), 2923-2925 (1978).</li><li>Knopff, O., Alexakis, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tandem+Asymmetric+Conjugate+Addition-Silylation+of+Enantiomerically+Enriched+Zinc+Enolates.+Synthetic+Importance+and+Mechanistic+Implications.">Tandem Asymmetric Conjugate Addition-Silylation of Enantiomerically Enriched Zinc Enolates. Synthetic Importance and Mechanistic Implications.</a> Organic Letters. 4 (22), 3835-3837 (2002).</li></ol>

The method detailed herein was developed to harness mild functionalized monoorganozinc reagents in a simple and efficient conjugate addition reaction for the synthesis of &#946;-quaternary ketones14. Excellent yields and significantly improved catalyst efficiencies were observed through the use of the polar, aprotic solvent DMA with TMSCl. Monoorganozinc formation is aided by DMA, facilitating the direct zinc insertion into readily available alkyl bromides to create a broad scope of functionalized...

The formation of carbon-carbon bonds is arguably the most important and powerful transformation in organic chemistry. The conjugate addition of organometallic reagents to &#945;,&#946;-unsaturated carbonyls comprises one of the most versatile methods for the construction of C-C bonds, especially in the challenging generation of all-carbon quaternary centers1,2. Despite the central importance of the conjugate addition of organometallic reagents to the formation of quaternary centers, few methodologies address the challenge of incorporating sensitive functional groups in these reactions. Indeed, in the majority of these transformations, highly reactive organolithium, Grignard, or diorganozinc reagents are the nucleophiles of choice. These reactive organometallics, however, are incompatible with many sensitive functional groups, thereby limiting the complexity of both the &#945;,&#946;-unsaturated carbonyl and organometallic reagent, often necessitating the use of protecting groups or alternative strategies in multi-step synthesis.
Monoorganozinc reagents are an attractive class of organometallic reagents which have garnered widespread attention for their mild reactivity and enhanced functional group compatibility3,4,5,6. In spite of their exceptional functional group tolerance and trivial preparation from organohalides, there are few examples of monoorganozinc reagents in the conjugate addition to &#160;&#946;,&#946;-disubstituted &#945;,&#946;-unsaturated carbonyls to generate quaternary centers7,8,9. Furthermore, these transformations typically require stoichiometric quantities of toxic cyanocuprate reagents with one report demonstrating minimal catalyst turnover10,11,12,13. The objective of our study is to establish a simple and practical catalytic method for the conjugate addition of functionalized monoorganozinc reagents to &#945;,&#946;-unsaturated carbonyls to generate all-carbon quaternary centers. Toward this end, we have developed a protocol utilizing N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA) as a solvent with chlorotrimethylsilane (TMSCl) as a Lewis acid which enables a &#8220;one-pot&#8221; copper catalyzed (20 mol %) conjugate addition of functionalized monoorganozinc reagents to &#945;,&#946;-unsaturated carbonyls to generate a broad scope of all-carbon quaternary centers in high yield14.
The utilization of DMA as a solvent has several notable advantages over methods reported in the literature. DMA improves the efficiency of zinc insertion into organohalides which obviates the requirement for expensive and hygroscopic additives such as LiCl employed in ethereal solvent systems15. This also expands the scope of direct zinc insertion from sensitive, often commercially unavailable organoiodides to more stable and widely accessible organobromides16. The protocol detailed herein generates alkyl monoorganozinc reagents (2) from diverse organobromides, which are used in situ in the formation of a reactive cuprate complex that engages cyclic &#945;,&#946;-unsaturated ketones in a conjugate addition reaction (Figure 1). DMA also enables the reaction to proceed with cheaper and less toxic copper sources such as CuBr&#183;DMS, eliminating stoichiometric toxic waste generated with CuCN utilized in other reports10,11,12,13. Our standard reaction conditions provide access to a broad scope of &#946;-quaternary ketones (5) with both five-, six-, and seven-membered ring conjugate acceptors obtained via the hydrolysis of an intermediate silyl enol ether (4). The intermediate silyl enol ether was observed to be moderately stable and could be isolated in excellent yield utilizing a modified workup procedure.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Ammonium Chloride</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Biotage Isolera One Flash Chromatography System</td>
			<td>Biotage</td>
			<td>ISO-ISW</td>
			<td>UV/vis detection (254, 280, 200-400nm)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chloroform-D, (D, 99.8%)</td>
			<td>Cambridge Isotope Laboratories</td>
			<td>DLM-7</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Copper (I) bromide dimethyl sulfide complex , 99%</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>230502</td>
			<td>Air and moisture sensitive</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Diethyl Ether, anhydrous, 99%</td>
			<td>EMD Chemicals</td>
			<td>MEX01906</td>
			<td>ACS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethyl 4-bromobutyrate</td>
			<td>Oakwood</td>
			<td>139400</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethyl Acetate, 99.9%</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>E145-500</td>
			<td>ACS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glacial Acetic Acid</td>
			<td>Oakwood</td>
			<td>O35907</td>
			<td>ACS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HCl</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>1 M aq</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hexanes, 98.5%</td>
			<td>EMD Chemicals</td>
			<td>HX0299</td>
			<td>ACS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HP 6890 Series GC</td>
			<td>HP</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HP-1 GC Column</td>
			<td>Agilent</td>
			<td>19091-60312</td>
			<td>0.2 mm x 0.33 um, 12 m, 7 inch cage</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Iodine</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnesium Sulfate, anhydrous, 98%</td>
			<td>EMD Chemicals</td>
			<td>MX0075</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mehtyl enone</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>N,N-Dimethylacetamide, anhydrous, 99%</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>A10924</td>
			<td>Dried over 3 &#197;ms</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silica gel</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>86306-350</td>
			<td>60 &#197;, 40-60 um</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Bicarbonate</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Chloride</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride</td>
			<td>Oakwood</td>
			<td>O43479</td>
			<td>1 M in THF</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thin-layer chromatography plates</td>
			<td>EMD Milipore</td>
			<td>115341</td>
			<td>6.5 x 2.2 cm2, 60 g F254 precoated plates (9.5-11.5 um particle size)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trimethyl silyl chloride, 99%</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>386529</td>
			<td>Air sensitive</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Zinc</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Powder, HCl-washed</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

efficient synthesis of all-carbon quaternary centers via the conjugate addition of functionalized monoorganozinc bromides

The conjugate addition of organometallic reagents to &#945;,&#946;-unsaturated carbonyls represents an important method to generate C&#8211;C bonds in the preparation of all-carbon quaternary centers. Though conjugate additions of organometallic reagents are typically performed utilizing highly reactive organolithium or Grignard reagents, organozinc reagents have garnered attention for their enhanced chemoselectivity and mild reactivity. Despite numerous recent advances with more reactive diorganozinc and mixed diorganozinc reagents, the generation of all-carbon quaternary centers via the conjugate addition of functionalized monoorganozinc reagents remains a challenge. This protocol details a convenient and mild &#8220;one-pot&#8221; preparation and copper mediated conjugate addition of functionalized monoorganozinc bromides to cyclic &#945;,&#946;-unsaturated carbonyls to afford a broad scope of all-carbon quaternary centers in generally excellent yield and diastereoselectivity. Key to the development of this technology is the utilization of DMA as a reaction solvent with TMSCl as a Lewis acid. Notable advantages to this methodology include the operational simplicity of the organozinc reagent preparation afforded by the utilization of DMA as a solvent, as well as an efficient conjugate addition mediated by various Cu(I) and Cu(II) salts. Moreover, an intermediate silyl enol ether can be isolated utilizing a modified workup procedure. The substrate scope is limited to cyclic unsaturated ketones, and the conjugate addition is impeded by stabilized (e.g., allyl, enolate, homoenolate) and sterically encumbered (e.g., neopentyl, o-aryl) monoorganozinc reagents. Conjugate additions to five- and seven-membered rings were effective, albeit in lower yields compared with six-membered ring substrates.

Conjugate addition product ethyl 4-(1-methyl-3-oxocyclohexyl)butanoate (21) was isolated as a clear, colorless oil (1.0372 g, 4.583 mmol, 92% yield) using this efficient one-pot protocol. 1H and 13C NMR spectra are presented in Figure 2 and Figure 3 to confirm the structure and purity. Of specific note in the 1H spectrum analysis is the presence of a two proton AB quartet at &#948...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Efficient Synthesis of All-Carbon Quaternary Centers via the Conjugate Addition of Functionalized Monoorganozinc Bromides at JoVE.com

Efficient Synthesis of All-Carbon Quaternary Centers via the Conjugate Addition of Functionalized Monoorganozinc Bromides

A simple and practical protocol for the efficient conjugate addition of functionalized monoorganozinc bromides to cyclic &#945;,&#946;-unsaturated carbonyls to furnish all-carbon quaternary centers was developed.

The conjugate addition of organometallic reagents to &#945;,&#946;-unsaturated carbonyls represents an important method to generate C&#8211;C bonds in the ...

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