Name: characterization of mlkl-mediated plasma membrane rupture in necroptosis
Uploaded: 2018-08-07T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Characterization of MLKL-mediated Plasma Membrane Rupture in Necroptosis at JoVE.com

1. Cloning and Cell Line Generation
<ol>
	<li>PCR amplify the NBB region, corresponding to amino acid residues 1-140 (NBB140), from human MLKL cDNA for in frame standard restriction enzyme-based cloning with the oligomerization domain 2x FK506 binding protein (2xFKBP or 2xFV) and Venus fluorescent protein into the Doxycycline (Dox)-inducible retroviral vector pRetroX-TRE3G to obtain NBB140-2xFV-Venus (Table 1, Figures 1A-B).</li>
	<li>Immortalize primary mlkl-/-</sup...

<ol>
	<li>Weinlich, R., Oberst, A., Beere, H. M., Green, D. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Necroptosis+in+development,+inflammation+and+disease.">Necroptosis in development, inflammation and disease.</a> Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology. 18 (2), 127-136 (2017).</li><li>Kaiser, W. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=RIP3+mediates+the+embryonic+lethality+of+caspase-8-deficient+mice.">RIP3 mediates the embryonic lethality of caspase-8-deficient mice.</a> Nature. 471 (7338), 368-372 (2011).</li><li>Murphy, J. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+pseudokinase+MLKL+mediates+necroptosis+via+a+molecular+switch+mechanism.">The pseudokinase MLKL mediates necroptosis via a molecular switch mechanism.</a> Immunity. 39 (3), 443-453 (2013).</li><li>Oberst, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Catalytic+activity+of+the+caspase-8-FLIP(L)+complex+inhibits+RIPK3-dependent+necrosis.">Catalytic activity of the caspase-8-FLIP(L) complex inhibits RIPK3-dependent necrosis.</a> Nature. 471 (7338), 363-367 (2011).</li><li>Zhang, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+complementation+between+FADD+and+RIP1+in+embryos+and+lymphocytes.">Functional complementation between FADD and RIP1 in embryos and lymphocytes.</a> Nature. 471 (7338), 373-376 (2011).</li><li>He, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Receptor+interacting+protein+kinase-3+determines+cellular+necrotic+response+to+TNF-alpha.">Receptor interacting protein kinase-3 determines cellular necrotic response to TNF-alpha.</a> Cell. 137 (6), 1100-1111 (2009).</li><li>Dondelinger, Y., Hulpiau, P., Saeys, Y., Bertrand, M. J. M., Vandenabeele, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+evolutionary+perspective+on+the+necroptotic+pathway.">An evolutionary perspective on the necroptotic pathway.</a> Trends in Cell Biology. 26 (10), 721-732 (2016).</li><li>Newton, K., Manning, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Necroptosis+and+Inflammation.">Necroptosis and Inflammation.</a> Annual Review of Biochemistry. 85, 743-763 (2016).</li><li>Kaiser, W. J., Upton, J. W., Mocarski, E. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Viral+modulation+of+programmed+necrosis.">Viral modulation of programmed necrosis.</a> Current Opinion in Virology. 3 (3), 296-306 (2013).</li><li>Newton, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=RIPK3+deficiency+or+catalytically+inactive+RIPK1+provides+greater+benefit+than+MLKL+deficiency+in+mouse+models+of+inflammation+and+tissue+injury.">RIPK3 deficiency or catalytically inactive RIPK1 provides greater benefit than MLKL deficiency in mouse models of inflammation and tissue injury.</a> Cell Death &amp; Differentiation. 23 (9), 1565-1576 (2016).</li><li>Kearney, C. J., Martin, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+Inflammatory+Perspective+on+Necroptosis.">An Inflammatory Perspective on Necroptosis.</a> Molecular Cell. 65 (6), 965-973 (2017).</li><li>Pasparakis, M., Vandenabeele, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Necroptosis+and+its+role+in+inflammation.">Necroptosis and its role in inflammation.</a> Nature. 517 (7534), 311-320 (2015).</li><li>Sun, L., Wang, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+kind+of+cell+suicide:+mechanisms+and+functions+of+programmed+necrosis.">A new kind of cell suicide: mechanisms and functions of programmed necrosis.</a> Trends in Biochemical Sciences. 39 (12), 587-593 (2014).</li><li>Grootjans, S., Vanden Berghe, T., Vandenabeele, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Initiation+and+execution+mechanisms+of+necroptosis:+an+overview.">Initiation and execution mechanisms of necroptosis: an overview.</a> Cell Death &amp; Differentiation. 24 (7), 1184-1195 (2017).</li><li>Sun, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mixed+lineage+kinase+domain-like+protein+mediates+necrosis+signaling+downstream+of+RIP3+kinase.">Mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein mediates necrosis signaling downstream of RIP3 kinase.</a> Cell. 148 (1-2), 213-227 (2012).</li><li>Wang, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mixed+lineage+kinase+domain-like+protein+MLKL+causes+necrotic+membrane+disruption+upon+phosphorylation+by+RIP3.">Mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein MLKL causes necrotic membrane disruption upon phosphorylation by RIP3.</a> Molecular Cell. 54 (1), 133-146 (2014).</li><li>Cai, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Plasma+membrane+translocation+of+trimerized+MLKL+protein+is+required+for+TNF-induced+necroptosis.">Plasma membrane translocation of trimerized MLKL protein is required for TNF-induced necroptosis.</a> Nature Cell Biology. 16 (1), 55-65 (2014).</li><li>Chen, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Translocation+of+mixed+lineage+kinase+domain-like+protein+to+plasma+membrane+leads+to+necrotic+cell+death.">Translocation of mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein to plasma membrane leads to necrotic cell death.</a> Cell Research. 24 (1), 105-121 (2014).</li><li>Dillon, C. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=RIPK1+blocks+early+postnatal+lethality+mediated+by+caspase-8+and+RIPK3.">RIPK1 blocks early postnatal lethality mediated by caspase-8 and RIPK3.</a> Cell. 157 (5), 1189-1202 (2014).</li><li>Rickard, J. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=RIPK1+regulates+RIPK3-MLKL-driven+systemic+inflammation+and+emergency+hematopoiesis.">RIPK1 regulates RIPK3-MLKL-driven systemic inflammation and emergency hematopoiesis.</a> Cell. 157 (5), 1175-1188 (2014).</li><li>Kaiser, W. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Toll-like+receptor+3-mediated+necrosis+via+TRIF,+RIP3,+and+MLKL.">Toll-like receptor 3-mediated necrosis via TRIF, RIP3, and MLKL.</a> Journal of Biological Chemistry. 288 (43), 31268-31279 (2013).</li><li>Upton, J. W., Kaiser, W. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=DAI+Another+Way:+Necroptotic+Control+of+Viral+Infection.">DAI Another Way: Necroptotic Control of Viral Infection.</a> Cell Host &amp; Microbe. 21 (3), 290-293 (2017).</li><li>Tanzer, M. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Necroptosis+signalling+is+tuned+by+phosphorylation+of+MLKL+residues+outside+the+pseudokinase+domain+activation+loop.">Necroptosis signalling is tuned by phosphorylation of MLKL residues outside the pseudokinase domain activation loop.</a> Biochemical Journal. 471 (2), 255-265 (2015).</li><li>Quarato, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sequential+Engagement+of+Distinct+MLKL+Phosphatidylinositol-Binding+Sites+Executes+Necroptosis.">Sequential Engagement of Distinct MLKL Phosphatidylinositol-Binding Sites Executes Necroptosis.</a> Molecular Cell. 61 (4), 589-601 (2016).</li><li>Davies, K. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+brace+helices+of+MLKL+mediate+interdomain+communication+and+oligomerisation+to+regulate+cell+death+by+necroptosis.">The brace helices of MLKL mediate interdomain communication and oligomerisation to regulate cell death by necroptosis.</a> Cell Death &amp; Differentiation. , (2018).</li><li>Su, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+plug+release+mechanism+for+membrane+permeation+by+MLKL.">A plug release mechanism for membrane permeation by MLKL.</a> Structure. 22 (10), 1489-1500 (2014).</li><li>Dondelinger, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MLKL+compromises+plasma+membrane+integrity+by+binding+to+phosphatidylinositol+phosphates.">MLKL compromises plasma membrane integrity by binding to phosphatidylinositol phosphates.</a> Cell Reports. 7 (4), 971-981 (2014).</li><li>Llambi, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=BOK+Is+a+Non-canonical+BCL-2+Family+Effector+of+Apoptosis+Regulated+by+ER-Associated+Degradation.">BOK Is a Non-canonical BCL-2 Family Effector of Apoptosis Regulated by ER-Associated Degradation.</a> Cell. 165 (2), 421-433 (2016).</li><li>Malkani, N., Schmid, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Some+secrets+of+fluorescent+proteins:+distinct+bleaching+in+various+mounting+fluids+and+photoactivation+of+cyan+fluorescent+proteins+at+YFP-excitation.">Some secrets of fluorescent proteins: distinct bleaching in various mounting fluids and photoactivation of cyan fluorescent proteins at YFP-excitation.</a> PLoS One. 6 (4), 18586 (2011).</li><li>Perez, A. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+workflow+for+the+automatic+segmentation+of+organelles+in+electron+microscopy+image+stacks.">A workflow for the automatic segmentation of organelles in electron microscopy image stacks.</a> Frontiers in Neuroanatomy. 8, 126 (2014).</li><li>Walton, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lead+aspartate,+an+en+bloc+contrast+stain+particularly+useful+for+ultrastructural+enzymology.">Lead aspartate, an en bloc contrast stain particularly useful for ultrastructural enzymology.</a> Journal of Histochemistry &amp; Cytochemistry. 27 (10), 1337-1342 (1979).</li><li>Denk, W., Horstmann, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Serial+block-face+scanning+electron+microscopy+to+reconstruct+three-dimensional+tissue+nanostructure.">Serial block-face scanning electron microscopy to reconstruct three-dimensional tissue nanostructure.</a> PLoS Biology. 2 (11), 329 (2004).</li><li>Rossi, P., Xia, Y., Khanra, N., Veglia, G., Kalodimos, C. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=15N+and+13C-+SOFAST-HMQC+editing+enhances+3D-NOESY+sensitivity+in+highly+deuterated,+selectively+[1H,13C]-labeled+proteins.">15N and 13C- SOFAST-HMQC editing enhances 3D-NOESY sensitivity in highly deuterated, selectively [1H,13C]-labeled proteins.</a> Journal of Biomolecular NMR. 66 (4), 259-271 (2016).</li><li>Keller, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+computer+aided+resonance+assignment+tutorial.">The computer aided resonance assignment tutorial.</a> Cantina Verlag. , (2004).</li><li>Chen, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diverse+sequence+determinants+control+human+and+mouse+receptor+interacting+protein+3+(RIP3)+and+mixed+lineage+kinase+domain-like+(MLKL)+interaction+in+necroptotic+signaling.">Diverse sequence determinants control human and mouse receptor interacting protein 3 (RIP3) and mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL) interaction in necroptotic signaling.</a> Journal of Biological Chemistry. 288 (23), 16247-16261 (2013).</li><li>Tanzer, M. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evolutionary+divergence+of+the+necroptosis+effector+MLKL.">Evolutionary divergence of the necroptosis effector MLKL.</a> Cell Death &amp; Differentiation. 23 (7), 1185-1197 (2016).</li></ol>

We provide protocols for techniques that we combined to implicated MLKL as the putative executioner of plasma membrane rupture24. In addition to deciphering the regulatory network that regulates MLKL-mediated necroptosis, these techniques can be used independently to characterize other suitable biological systems. Practically speaking, these techniques are medium- to low-throughput discovery tools.
We have routinely used live-cell imaging of NBB140-2xFV-Venus...

Identifying genetic components of necroptosis has facilitated the use of animal models to test the implication of necroptosis in physiology and disease1,2,3,4,5. Knockout of RIPK3 or MLKL in mice had minimal implication in development and adult homeostasis suggesting that necroptosis is not essential for life3,6. Moreover, certain species do not contain either RIPK3 or MLKL genes, supporting the non-essential role of necroptosis in animals7,8. On the other hand, challenging knockout animal models with various pathologies induced in the laboratory has revealed an important role of necroptosis in inflammation, innate immunity, and viral infection9,10,11,12.
Necroptosis can be activated in several ways by signaling through different innate immunity sensors, all of which result in the activation of RIPK31,13,14. Active RIPK3 in turn phosphorylates and activates MLKL3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18. The most studied, and perhaps the most complex way, leading to activation of RIPK3 involves death receptor ligation, which bifurcates based on the downstream composition of the signaling complexes to either induce apoptosis or necroptosis1. Necroptosis ensues when signaling through RIPK1 is favored and results in engagement of RIPK319,20. This outcome is easily favored upon pharmacological inhibition or genetic deletion of caspase 8, a putative endogenous inhibitor of necroptosis that keeps necroptosis at bay. RIPK1 binds to and activates RIPK3. Another way to activate necroptosis is through Toll-like receptors TLR3/TLR4 signaling, which engages and activates RIPK3 through TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-&#946; (TRIF)21. Yet another way to die by necroptosis is by activation of the DNA sensor DAI, which directly engages and activates RIPK322.
MLKL is a cytosolic protein comprised of an N-terminal helix bundle (NB) domain and a C-terminal pseudokinase domain (psKD) linked by a regulatory brace region3. In normal cells, MLKL is found in the cytosol where it is thought to be in an inactive complex with RIPK314. Activation of necroptosis triggers RIPK3 phosphorylation of MLKL in the activation loop of the psKD, and potentially additional sites in the NB and brace3,15,23. Phosphorylation induces a conformational change in MLKL that results in dissociation from RIPK314. Poorly understood conformational changes release the brace from the psKD24. The brace, which contains 2 helices, mediates oligomerization of MLKL into a putative trimer through the C-terminal helix25. The N-terminal helix of the brace inhibits the NB domain, which is essential for membrane permeabilization24,26. In isolation, NB domain is sufficient to induce plasma membrane permeabilization and necroptosis16,24,27. The pro-necroptotic activity of NB was reconstituted in mouse embryonic fibroblasts deficient in MLKL (mlkl-/- MEFs). NB is a lipid binding domain that preferentially engages the phospholipid phosphatidylinositol 4,5 diphosphate (PIP2). We proposed a stepwise mechanism of activation of MLKL, wherein brace oligomerization facilitates recruitment of MLKL to the plasma membrane via weak interactions of NB with the PIP2 polar head group24. At the membrane, the NB undergoes regulated exposure of an additional high-affinity binding site for PIP2, which is masked by the brace in inactive MLKL. Overall, the multiple interactions of NB with PIP2 destabilize the plasma membrane leading to its rupture, although the molecular mechanism of these events have not been elucidated.
Here we illustrate specific methods used to characterize the function of MLKL as executioner of necroptosis24. In particular, we focus on the most minimal domain of MLKL, the NB and brace (NBB), which is regulated by brace inhibition and can be activated through enforced dimerization to induce plasma membrane rupture and necroptosis. We describe our inducible expression system combined with enforced drug-induced FKBP-mediated dimerization for live-cell imaging, and electron microscopy of cells undergoing necroptosis. Additionally, we illustrate our in vitro NMR analysis of the interactions of NBB with phosphatidylinositols (PIPs).

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:1175px;" width="1174">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:429px;">Cloning and cell line generation</td>
			<td style="width:229px;"></td>
			<td style="width:323px;"></td>
			<td style="width:193px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">pRetroX-TRE3G</td>
			<td>Clontech</td>
			<td>631188</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Tet-On transactivator plasmid</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Llambi et al., 2016</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts (MEFs) mlkl-/-</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Dillon et al., 2014</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Blasticidin S Hydrochloride</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP2647100 CAS#3513-03-9</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Cell death quantification and live-cell microscopy</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Doxycycline</td>
			<td>Clontech</td>
			<td>631311 CAS# 24390-14-5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">B/B Homodimerizer AP20187</td>
			<td>Takara</td>
			<td>635059 CAS# 195514-80-8</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">SYTOX Green</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>S7020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Syto16</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>S7578</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">NMR</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">15N Ammonium Chloride</td>
			<td>Cambridge Isotope Laboratories</td>
			<td>NLM-467-10 CAS# 12125-02-9</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Deuterated DTT</td>
			<td>Cambridge Isotope Laboratories</td>
			<td>DLM-2622-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Deuterium Oxide</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>617385-1 CAS# 7789-20-0</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">n-Dodecyl-&#946;-D-Maltopyranoside</td>
			<td>Anatrace</td>
			<td>D310 CAS# 69227-93-6</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">L-&#945;-phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (Brain, Porcine) (ammonium salt)</td>
			<td>Avanti Polar Lipids</td>
			<td>840046X CAS# 383907-42-4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoinositol (ammonium salt) (18:0 PI)</td>
			<td>Avanti Polar Lipids</td>
			<td>850143 CAS# 849412-67-5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1&#39;-myo-inositol) (ammonium salt) (18:1)</td>
			<td>Avanti Polar Lipids</td>
			<td>850149 CAS# 799268-53-4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Specialized Equipment</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">IncuCyte FLR or ZOOM</td>
			<td>Essen BioScience, Inc.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Live-cell microscopy imaging</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Helios NanoLab 660 DualBeam&#160;</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Electron microscope</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Software</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">IncuCyte 2011A Rev2 v20111.3.4288 (FLR)</td>
			<td>Essen BioScience, Inc.</td>
			<td>http://www.essenbioscience.com</td>
			<td style="width:193px;">Imaging analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">FEI MAPS</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>https://www.fei.com/software/maps/</td>
			<td style="width:193px;">EM analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">TopSpin v3.2</td>
			<td>Bruker BioSpin</td>
			<td>http://www.bruker.com</td>
			<td style="width:193px;">NMR data collection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">CARA v1.9.1.7</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>http://cara.nmr.ch/&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:193px;">NMR data analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="23">
			<td height="23" style="height:23px;width:429px;">Slidebook</td>
			<td style="width:229px;">3i (Intelligent Imaging Innovations)</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">https://www.intelligent-imaging.com/slidebook</td>
			<td style="width:193px;">Confocal microscopy</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

characterization of mlkl-mediated plasma membrane rupture in necroptosis

Necroptosis is a programmed cell death pathway triggered by activation of receptor interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3), which phosphorylates and activates the mixed lineage kinase-like domain pseudokinase, MLKL, to rupture or permeabilize the plasma membrane. Necroptosis is an inflammatory pathway associated with multiple pathologies including autoimmunity, infectious and cardiovascular diseases, stroke, neurodegeneration, and cancer. Here, we describe protocols that can be used to characterize MLKL as the executioner of plasma membrane rupture in necroptosis. We visualize the process of necroptosis in cells using live-cell imaging with conventional and confocal fluorescence&#160;microscopy, and in fixed cells using electron microscopy, which together revealed the redistribution of MLKL from the cytosol to the plasma membrane prior to induction of large holes in the plasma membrane. We present in vitro nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis using lipids to identify putative modulators of MLKL-mediated necroptosis. Based on this method, we identified quantitative lipid-binding preferences and phosphatidyl-inositol phosphates (PIPs) as critical binders of MLKL that are required for plasma membrane targeting and permeabilization in necroptosis.

Visualizing regulated necroptosis execution in live cells has been possible through inducible expression of a minimal truncated MLKL construct, NBB140-2xFV-Venus. This construct maintains the ability to induce plasma membrane permeabilization and is activated through Dim-induced oligomerization of the FKBP cassette (2xFV). We observe and quantify necroptosis by live-cell microscopy imaging, monitoring kinetically (every 5 min) the uptake of a cell impermeable green fluorescence...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Characterization of MLKL-mediated Plasma Membrane Rupture in Necroptosis at JoVE.com

Characterization of MLKL-mediated Plasma Membrane Rupture in Necroptosis

We report methods for characterization of MLKL-mediated plasma membrane rupture in necroptosis including conventional and confocal live-cell microscopy imaging, scanning electron microscopy, and NMR-based lipid binding.

Necroptosis is a programmed cell death pathway triggered by activation of receptor interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3), which phosphorylates and ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Measuring Near Plasma Membrane and Global Intracellular Calcium Dynamics in Astrocytes

The brain contains glial cells.  Astrocytes, a type of glial cell, have long been known to provide a passive supportive role to neurons. However, ...

Measuring Plasma Membrane Protein Endocytic Rates by Reversible Biotinylation

Plasma membrane proteins are a large, diverse group of proteins comprised of receptors, ion channels, transporters and pumps.  Activity of these proteins ...

Quantitative Measurement of GLUT4 Translocation to the Plasma Membrane by Flow Cytometry

Glucose is the main source of energy for the body, requiring constant regulation of its blood concentration. Insulin release by the pancreas induces ...

Mapping Molecular Diffusion in the Plasma Membrane by Multiple-Target Tracing (MTT)

Mapping Molecular Diffusion in the Plasma Membrane by Multiple-Target Tracing MTT

Our goal is to obtain a comprehensive description of molecular processes occurring at cellular membranes in different biological functions. We aim at ...

Use of a Robot for High-throughput Crystallization of Membrane Proteins in Lipidic Mesophases

Structure-function studies of membrane proteins greatly benefit from having available high-resolution 3-D structures of the type provided through ...

Real-time Analyses of Retinol Transport by the Membrane Receptor of Plasma Retinol Binding Protein

Vitamin A is essential for vision and the growth/differentiation of almost all human organs.  Plasma retinol binding protein (RBP) is the principle and ...

Imaging Plasma Membrane Deformations With pTIRFM

To gain novel insights into the dynamics of exocytosis, our group focuses on the changes in lipid bilayer shape that must be precisely regulated during ...

Functional Characterization of Na+/H+ Exchangers of Intracellular Compartments Using Proton-killing Selection to Express Them at the Plasma Membrane

Functional Characterization of Na+/H+ Exchangers of Intracellular Compartments Using Proton-killing Selection to Express Them at the Plasma Membrane

Endosomal acidification is critical for a wide range of processes, such as protein recycling and degradation, receptor desensitization, and ...

Microperfusion Technique to Investigate Regulation of Microvessel Permeability in Rat Mesentery

Experiments to measure the permeability properties of individually perfused microvessels provide a bridge between investigation of molecular and cellular ...

Ground State Depletion Super-resolution Imaging in Mammalian Cells

Advances in fluorescent microscopy and cell biology are intimately correlated, with the enhanced ability to visualize cellular events often leading to ...