Name: protein kinase c-delta inhibitor peptide formulation using gold nanoparticles
Uploaded: 2019-03-09T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Protein Kinase C-delta Inhibitor Peptide Formulation using Gold Nanoparticles at JoVE.com

This work is supported by research grants from Canadian Institutes of Health Research (PJT-148847), Ministry of Research and Innovation of Ontario (RE-08-029), and Canada First Research of Excellence Program, Medicine by Design at University of Toronto. Dr. Mingyao Liu is James and Mary Davie Chair in Lung Injury, Repair, and Regeneration.

1. Preparation of Peptide Solutions
<ol>
	<li>Retrieve the peptides (P2: CAAAAE, P4: CAAAAW, PKC&#948;i: CSFNSYELGSL) from the -20 &#176;C freezer and thaw at room temperature (RT). 
	NOTE: Keep the bottle closed to prevent moisture from condensing on the peptides.</li>
	<li>Weigh 0.01 g of each peptide on a microscale. Put each peptide into a separate 50 mL conical tube.</li>
	<li>Add 18.74 mL of deionized (DI) water to the P2 tube.</li>
	<li>Add 16.93 mL of DI water to the P4 tube.</li>
	<li>Add 8.21 mL of 50% a...

<ol>
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M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inhibition+of+delta-protein+kinase+C+by+delcasertib+as+an+adjunct+to+primary+percutaneous+coronary+intervention+for+acute+anterior+ST-segment+elevation+myocardial+infarction:+results+of+the+PROTECTION+AMI+Randomized+Controlled+Trial.">Inhibition of delta-protein kinase C by delcasertib as an adjunct to primary percutaneous coronary intervention for acute anterior ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: results of the PROTECTION AMI Randomized Controlled Trial.</a> European Heart Journal. 35 (37), 2516-2523 (2014).</li><li>Kim, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=deltaV1-1+Reduces+Pulmonary+Ischemia+Reperfusion-Induced+Lung+Injury+by+Inhibiting+Necrosis+and+Mitochondrial+Localization+of+PKCdelta+and+p53.">deltaV1-1 Reduces Pulmonary Ischemia Reperfusion-Induced Lung Injury by Inhibiting Necrosis and Mitochondrial Localization of PKCdelta and p53.</a> American Journal of Transplantation. 16 (1), 83-98 (2016).</li><li>Lin, H. 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To ensure proper formulation, it is crucial that the &#948;PKCi solution undergoes the sonication step outlined in 1.6. &#948;PKCi peptide sequence contains hydrophobic moieties, so a sonicator assists in dissolving PKCi in the 50% acetonitrile solution. In addition, it is very important to mix the solvent meticulously, as outlined in step 2.7.&#160; The GNP/PKCi hybrid will not be well formulated if these steps are not done properly, due to the aggregation of the &#948;PKCi peptide23.&#160; ...

Lung transplantation saves patients with end-stage lung disease1. However, serious complications after lung transplantation remain an obstacle. In the early stages following lung transplantation, primary graft dysfunction is the most harmful complication1, and its primary cause is ischemia-reperfusion (IR)-induced acute lung injury2.
Under cold preservation, metabolism in a donor lung is restricted to a very low level. However, reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide synthesis are activated due to the cessation of blood flow3. After transplantation, blood circulation is restored, and reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide generated during cold ischemia enhance inflammation and cell death, resulting in tissue injury.
To prevent IR injury, a protein kinase C&#948; inhibitor (PKC&#948;i) has been used in the heart, brain and lung4,5,6,7,8. These studies showed that PKC&#948;i decreased inflammation and apoptosis during reperfusion. It has also prevented pulmonary IR injury in rats and in a lung transplant model6. PKC&#948;i is usually conjugated with a cell-penetrating peptide, TAT, for intracellular delivery. However, it has been shown that the TAT peptide alone has non-specific biological effects, including promotion of angiogenesis, apoptosis, and inhibition of multiple cytokines9,10,11. Nanoparticles, small particles ranging from 1 to 100 nm in diameter12, have been explored as candidates in facilitating drug delivery13. In particular, gold nanoparticles (GNPs) are regarded as noninvasive and nontoxic. Therefore, we have developed GNPs as drug delivery carriers for peptide-based drugs14,15.
The surface of GNPs can be manipulated for specific applications such as molecular recognition16,17, chemical sensing18, imaging19, and drug delivery. A GNP/peptide hybrid system has been developed, containing 20 nm GNPs and two short peptides (P2: CAAAAE and P4: CAAAAW) at a 95:5 ratio, to modify the surface properties of GNPs. The P2 peptide, with the negatively charged glutamic acid (E) at the end, stabilizes GNPs in an aqueous solution, and the P4 peptide, with the hydrophobic tryptophan (W) at the end, helps GNPs entrance into cells14. The cysteine (C) residue at the N terminus of these peptides contains a thiol group that can conjugate to the gold surfaces14. This peptide/GNP hybrid was further used to deliver PKC&#948;i (CSFNSYELGSL). The optimized molar ratio of P2:P4 to PKC&#948;i is 47.5:2.5:50. GNPs conjugated with PKC&#948;i (GNP/PKCi) are stable in distilled water, 0.9% NaCl, and PBS&#160;containing bovine albumin or fetal bovine serum14. Intravenous injection of GNP/PKCi has been shown to prevent ischemia-reperfusion injury of the lung15. This article outlines a method to formulate GNP/PKCi and describes how to evaluate the physicochemical properties of GNP/PKCi. We have used similar methods to formulate other peptide-based drugs conjugated to GNP20,21,22. We hope this article will draw more attention to this novel formulation for intracellular drug delivery.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:603px;" width="603">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="126">
			<td height="126" style="height:126px;width:216px;">negatively charged glutamic acid peptide (P2)</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">CanPeptide</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Sequence: CAAAAE-NH2 
			Length: 6aa 
			Modification: C-terminal amidation 
			Quantity: 50mg 
			Purity: &#62;95%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="126">
			<td height="126" style="height:126px;width:216px;">hydrophobic tryptophan peptide (P4)</td>
			<td>CanPeptide</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Sequence: CAAAAW-NH2 
			Length: 6aa 
			Modification: C-terminal amidation 
			Quantity: 50mg 
			Purity: &#62;95%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="147">
			<td height="147" style="height:147px;width:216px;">&#948;PKCi peptide</td>
			<td>CanPeptide</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Seqeuence: CSFNSYELGSL-NH2 
			Length: 11aa 
			Modification: C-terminal amidation 
			Quantity: 50mg 
			Purity: &#62;95%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Conical tube(50ml)</td>
			<td>Corning Life Sciences</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">3582070</td>
			<td style="width:197px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Conical tube(15ml)</td>
			<td>Corning Life Sciences</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">3582096</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">Acetonitrile</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">271004-100ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Sonicator</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Branson Ultrasonics Corp.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Branson 2510MTH</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Microtube</td>
			<td>Diamed.ca</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">AD 150-N</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Gold nanoparticle solution</td>
			<td>Ted Pella</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15705-5</td>
			<td>A particle size is 20nm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Rocking Platform shaker</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">VWR international</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">40000-304&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Microcentrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">5417R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Acryl cuvette</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">SARSREDT</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">67.758</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">UV-Vis spectrophotometer</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Agilent</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Caty 60 UV-Vis</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

protein kinase c-delta inhibitor peptide formulation using gold nanoparticles

Protein kinase C-delta inhibitor (PKC&#948;i) is a promising drug to prevent ischemia-reperfusion-induced organ injury. It is usually conjugated to a cell-penetrating peptide, TAT, for intracellular delivery. However, TAT has shown non-specific biological activities. Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) can be used as drug delivery carriers without recognized toxicity. Therefore, we have used a GNP/peptide hybrid to deliver PKC&#948;i. Two short peptides (P2: CAAAAE and P4: CAAAAW), at a 95:5 ratio, were used to modify the surface properties of GNP. GNPs conjugated with PKC&#948;i (GNP/PKCi) are stable in distilled water, 0.9% NaCl, and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) containing bovine serum albumin or fetal bovine serum. Intravenous injection of GNP-PKCi was previously shown to prevent ischemia-reperfusion injury of the lung. This article outlines a protocol to formulate GNP/PKCi and assess the physiochemical properties of GNP/PKCi. We have used similar methods to formulate other peptide-based drugs with GNP. This article will hopefully draw more attention to this novel intracellular drug delivery technology and its applications in vivo.

Care should be taken to evaluate the biophysical properties of the GNP/PKCi hybrid, as GNP tends to aggregate in solvent. When GNP is aggregated, the color of the solution changes from pink to purple (Figure&#160;1a). UV-Vis spectrophotometer is able to detect the changes more sensitively. If the GNP/PKCi is not aggregated the peak of absorption should be at 525 nm (Figure&#160;1b). If the GNP is aggregated, the peak of absorptio...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Protein Kinase C-delta Inhibitor Peptide Formulation using Gold Nanoparticles at JoVE.com

Protein Kinase C-delta Inhibitor Peptide Formulation using Gold Nanoparticles

We have previously used a gold nanoparticle peptide hybrid to intravenously deliver a synthetic peptide, protein kinase C-delta inhibitor, which reduced ischemia-reperfusion-induced acute lung injury. Here we show the detailed protocol of the drug formulation. Other intracellular peptides can be formulated similarly.

Protein kinase C-delta inhibitor (PKC&#948;i) is a promising drug to prevent ischemia-reperfusion-induced organ injury. It is usually conjugated to a ...

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