Name: synthesis method for cellulose nanofiber biotemplated palladium composite aerogels
Uploaded: 2019-05-09T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Synthesis Method for Cellulose Nanofiber Biotemplated Palladium Composite Aerogels at JoVE.com

The authors are grateful to Dr. Stephen Bartolucci and Dr. Joshua Maurer at the U.S. Army Benet Laboratories for the use of their scanning electron microscope. This work was supported by a Faculty Development Research Fund grant from the United States Military Academy, West Point.

&#8203;CAUTION: Consult all relevant safety data sheets (SDS) before use. Use appropriate safety practices when performing chemical reactions, to include the use of a fume hood and personal protective equipment (PPE). Rapid hydrogen gas evolution can cause high pressure in reaction tubes causing caps to pop and solutions to spray out. Ensure that reaction tubes remain open and pointed away from the experimenter as specified in the protocol.
1. Cellulose nanofiber hydrogel preparation
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The noble metal cellulose nanofiber biotemplated aerogel synthesis method presented here results in stable aerogel composites with tunable metal composition. The covalent crosslinking of the compacted cellulose nanofibers after centrifugation results in hydrogels that are mechanically durable during the subsequent synthesis steps of palladium ion equilibration, electrochemical reduction, rinsing, solvent exchange, and supercritical drying. The hydrogel stability is vital during the electrochemical reduction step given th...

Aerogels, first reported by Kistler, offer porous structures orders of magnitude less dense than their bulk material counterparts1,2,3. Noble metal aerogels have attracted scientific interest for their potential in power and energy, catalytic, and sensor applications. Noble metal aerogels have recently been synthesized via two basic strategies. One strategy is to induce the coalescence of pre-formed nanoparticles4,5,6,7. Sol-gel coalescence of nanoparticles can be driven by linker molecules, changes in solution ionic strength, or simple nanoparticle surface free energy minimization7,8,9. The other strategy is to form aerogels in a single reduction step from metal precursor solutions9,10,11,12,13. This approach has also been used to form bimetallic and alloy noble metal aerogels. The first strategy is generally slow and may require up to many weeks for nanoparticle coalescence14. The direct reduction approach, while generally more rapid, suffers from poor shape control over the macroscopic aerogel monolith.
One possible synthesis approach to address challenges with control of noble metal aerogel macroscopic shape and nanostructure is to employ biotemplating15. Biotemplating uses biological molecules ranging from collagen, gelatin, DNA, viruses, to cellulose to provide a shape-directing template for the synthesis of nanostructures, where the resulting metal-based nanostructures assume the geometry of the biological template molecule16,17. Cellulose nanofibers are appealing as a biotemplate given the high natural abundance of cellulosic materials, their high aspect ratio linear geometry, and ability to chemically functionalize their glucose monomers18,19,20,21,22,23. Cellulose nanofibers (CNF) have been used to synthesize three dimensional TiO2 nanowires for photoanodes24, silver nanowires for transparent paper electronics25, and palladium aerogel composites for catalysis26. Further, TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibers have been used both as a biotemplate and reducing agent in the preparation of palladium decorated CNF aerogels27.
Here, a method to synthesize cellulose nanofiber biotemplated palladium composite aerogels is presented26. Fragile aerogels with poor shape control occurs for a range noble metal aerogel synthesis methods. Carboxymethylated cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) used to form a covalent hydrogel allow for the reduction of metal ions such as palladium on the CNFs providing control over both nanostructure and macroscopic aerogel monolith shape after supercritical drying. Carboxymethylated cellulose nanofiber crosslinking is achieved using 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) in the presence of ethylenediamine as a linker molecule between CNFs. The CNF hydrogels maintain their shape throughout the synthesis steps including covalent crosslinking, equilibration with precursor ions, metal reduction with high concentration reducing agent, rinsing in water, ethanol solvent exchange, and CO2 supercritical drying. Precursor ion concentration variation allows for control over the final aerogel metal content through a direct ion reduction rather than relying on the relatively slow coalescence of pre-formed nanoparticles used in sol-gel methods. With diffusion as the basis to introduce and remove chemical species into and out of the hydrogel, this method is suitable for smaller bulk geometries and thin films. Characterization of the cellulose nanofiber-palladium composite aerogels with scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometry, thermal gravimetric analysis, nitrogen gas adsorption, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry indicates a high surface area, metalized palladium porous structure.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:826px;" width="825">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="62">
			<td height="62" style="height:63px;width:295px;">0.5 mm platinum wire electrode</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">BASi</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">MW-4130</td>
			<td style="width:277px;">Used for auxillery electrode and separately for lacquer coating and use as a working electrode</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:295px;">1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC)</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">&#160;1892-57-5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:295px;">2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid (MES)</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>117961-21-4&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">Ag/AgCl (3M NaCl) Reference Electrode</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">BASi</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">MF-2052</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="83">
			<td height="83" style="height:84px;width:295px;">Carboxymethyl cellulose, TEMPO Cellulose Nanofibrils, Dry Powder</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">University of Maine Process Development Center</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">No 8</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">Ethanol, 200 proof</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">PHARMCO-AAPER</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">241000200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">Ethylenediamine</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">&#160;107-15-3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:295px;">Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectrometer, Frontier</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">Perkin Elmer</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">L1280044</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">Hydrochloric Acid</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">CORCO</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">7647-01-0</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:25px;width:295px;">Na2PdCl4</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">13820-40-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:25px;width:295px;">NaBH4</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">16940-66-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:25px;width:295px;">Pd(NH3)4Cl2</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">13933-31-8</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">Potentiostat</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">Biologic-USA</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">VMP-3</td>
			<td>Electrochemical analysis-EIS, CV</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:295px;">Scanning Electron Mciroscope (SEM) Helios 600 Nanolab</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:123px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:25px;width:295px;">Supercritical Dryer</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">Leica</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">EM CPD300</td>
			<td>Aerogel supercritical drying with CO2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">Surface and Pore Analyzer</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">Quantachrome</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">NOVA 4000e</td>
			<td>Nitrogen gas adsorption</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">Thermal Gravimetric Analysis</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">TA instruments</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">TGA Q500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:295px;">Ultrasonic Cleaner</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">MTI</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">EQ-VGT-1860QTD</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">XRD</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">PanAlytical</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Empyrean</td>
			<td>X-ray diffractometry</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

synthesis method for cellulose nanofiber biotemplated palladium composite aerogels

Here, a method to synthesize cellulose nanofiber biotemplated palladium composite aerogels is presented. Noble metal aerogel synthesis methods often result in fragile aerogels with poor shape control. The use of carboxymethylated cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) to form a covalently bonded hydrogel allows for the reduction of metal ions such as palladium on the CNFs with control over both nanostructure and macroscopic aerogel monolith shape after supercritical drying. Crosslinking the carboxymethylated cellulose nanofibers is achieved using 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) in the presence of ethylenediamine. The CNF hydrogels maintain their shape throughout synthesis steps including covalent crosslinking, equilibration with precursor ions, metal reduction with high concentration reducing agent, rinsing in water, ethanol solvent exchange, and CO2 supercritical drying. Varying the precursor palladium ion concentration allows for control over the metal content in the final aerogel composite through a direct ion chemical reduction rather than relying on the relatively slow coalescence of pre-formed nanoparticles used in other sol-gel techniques. With diffusion as the basis to introduce and remove chemical species into and out of the hydrogel, this method is suitable for smaller bulk geometries and thin films. Characterization of the cellulose nanofiber-palladium composite aerogels with scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometry, thermal gravimetric analysis, nitrogen gas adsorption, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry indicates a high surface area, metallized palladium porous structure.

The scheme to covalently crosslink cellulose nanofibers with EDC in the presence of ethylenediamine is depicted in Figure 1. EDC crosslinking results in an amide bond between a carboxyl and primary amine functional group. Given that the carboxymethyl cellulose nanofibers possess only carboxyl groups for crosslinking, the presence of a diamine linker molecule such as ethylenediamine is essential to covalently link two adjacent CNFs via two amide bonds. To conf...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Synthesis Method for Cellulose Nanofiber Biotemplated Palladium Composite Aerogels at JoVE.com

Synthesis Method for Cellulose Nanofiber Biotemplated Palladium Composite Aerogels

A synthesis method for cellulose nanofiber biotemplated palladium composite aerogels is presented.The resulting composite aerogel materials offer potential for catalysis, sensing, and hydrogen gas storage applications.

Here, a method to synthesize cellulose nanofiber biotemplated palladium composite aerogels is presented. Noble metal aerogel synthesis methods often ...

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Towards Biomimicking Wood: Fabricated Free-standing Films of Nanocellulose, Lignin, and a Synthetic Polycation

Woody materials are comprised of plant cell walls that contain a layered secondary cell wall composed of structural polymers of polysaccharides and ...

Synthesis of Indoxyl-glycosides for Detection of Glycosidase Activities

Indoxyl glycosides proved to be valuable and versatile tools for monitoring glycosidase activities. Indoxyls are released by enzymatic hydrolysis and are ...

A Simple Method for the Size Controlled Synthesis of Stable Oligomeric Clusters of Gold Nanoparticles under Ambient Conditions

Reducing dilute aqueous HAuCl4 with sodium thiocyanate (NaSCN) under alkaline conditions produces 2 to 3 nm diameter nanoparticles. Stable grape-like ...

Preparation of Biopolymer Aerogels Using Green Solvents

Although the first reports on aerogels made by Kistler1 in the 1930s dealt with aerogels from both inorganic oxides (silica and others) and biopolymers ...

Hydroquinone Based Synthesis of Gold Nanorods

Gold nanorods are an important kind of nanoparticles characterized by peculiar plasmonic properties. Despite their widespread use in nanotechnology, the ...

Palladium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis from Benzimidazolium Salts and Catalytic Activity in Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions

Palladium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis from Benzimidazolium Salts and Catalytic Activity in Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions

Detailed and generalized protocols are presented for the synthesis and subsequent purification of four palladium N-heterocyclic carbene complexes from ...

Chemical Precipitation Method for the Synthesis of Nb2O5 Modified Bulk Nickel Catalysts with High Specific Surface Area

Chemical Precipitation Method for the Synthesis of Nb2O5 Modified Bulk Nickel Catalysts with High Specific Surface Area

We demonstrate a method for the synthesis of NixNb1-xO catalysts with sponge-like and fold-like nanostructures. By varying the Nb:Ni ratio, a series of ...

Fabrication and Testing of Catalytic Aerogels Prepared Via Rapid Supercritical Extraction

Protocols for preparing and testing catalytic aerogels by incorporating metal species into silica and alumina aerogel platforms are presented. Three ...

Ligand-Mediated Nucleation and Growth of Palladium Metal Nanoparticles

The size, size distribution and stability of colloidal nanoparticles are greatly affected by the presence of capping ligands. Despite the key contribution ...