Name: transfer of manipulated tumor-associated neutrophils into tumor-bearing mice to study their angiogenic potential in vivo
Uploaded: 2019-07-20T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Transfer of Manipulated Tumor-associated Neutrophils into Tumor-Bearing Mice to Study their Angiogenic Potential In Vivo at JoVE.com

Our work was supported by grants from Deutsche Krebshilfe, Grant Number: 111647, and German Research Council (DFG), Grant Number: JA 2461/2-1.

All the procedures including animal subjects have been approved by the regulatory authorities: LANUV (Landesamt f&#252;r Natur, Umwelt und Verbraucherschutz NRW) and Regierungspr&#228;sidium T&#252;bingen, Germany. All manipulations should be performed in sterile conditions (under laminar flow hood) using sterile reagents and instruments (syringes, scissors, forceps, disposable scalpels, Petri dishes).
NOTE: The overall scheme of the protocol is shown in the Figure 1</stro...

<ol>
	<li>Jablonska, J., Leschner, S., Westphal, K., Lienenklaus, S., Weiss, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neutrophils+responsive+to+endogenous+IFN-beta+regulate+tumor+angiogenesis+and+growth+in+a+mouse+tumor+model.">Neutrophils responsive to endogenous IFN-beta regulate tumor angiogenesis and growth in a mouse tumor model.</a> Journal of Clinical Investigation. 120 (4), 1151-1164 (2010).</li><li>Andzinski, L., Wu, C. F., Lienenklaus, S., Kr&#246;ger, A., Weiss, S., Jablonska, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Delayed+apoptosis+of+tumor+associated+neutrophils+in+the+absence+of+endogenous+IFN-&#946;.">Delayed apoptosis of tumor associated neutrophils in the absence of endogenous IFN-&#946;.</a> International Journal of Cancer. 136, 572-583 (2015).</li><li>Rongvaux, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pre-B-cell+colony-enhancing+factor,+whose+expression+is+upregulated+in+activated+lymphocytes,+is+a+nicotinamide+phosphoribosyltransferase,+a+cytosolic+enzyme+involved+in+NAD+biosynthesis.">Pre-B-cell colony-enhancing factor, whose expression is upregulated in activated lymphocytes, is a nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase, a cytosolic enzyme involved in NAD biosynthesis.</a> European Journal of Immunology. 32, 3225-3234 (2002).</li><li>Skokowa, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=NAMPT+is+essential+for+the+G-CSF-induced+myeloid+differentiation+via+a+NAD(+)-sirtuin-1-dependent+pathway.">NAMPT is essential for the G-CSF-induced myeloid differentiation via a NAD(+)-sirtuin-1-dependent pathway.</a> Nature Medicine. 15, 151-158 (2009).</li><li>Yaku, K., Okabe, K., Hikosaka, K., Nakagawa, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=NAD+Metabolism+in+Cancer+Therapeutics.">NAD Metabolism in Cancer Therapeutics.</a> Frontiers in Oncology. 8, 622 (2018).</li><li>Audrito, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Extracellular+nicotinamide+phosphoribosyltransferase+(NAMPT)+promotes+M2+macrophage+polarization+in+chronic+lymphocytic+leukemia.">Extracellular nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) promotes M2 macrophage polarization in chronic lymphocytic leukemia.</a> Blood. 125, 111-123 (2015).</li><li>Brentano, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pre-B+cell+colony-enhancing+factor/visfatin,+a+new+marker+of+inflammation+in+rheumatoid+arthritis+with+proinflammatory+and+matrix+degrading+activities.">Pre-B cell colony-enhancing factor/visfatin, a new marker of inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis with proinflammatory and matrix degrading activities.</a> Arthritis &amp; Rheumatology. 56, 2829-2839 (2007).</li><li>Jablonska, J., Wu, C. -. F., Andzinski, L., Leschner, S., Weiss, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CXCR2-mediated+tumor+associated+neutrophilrecruitment+is+regulated+by+IFN-beta.">CXCR2-mediated tumor associated neutrophilrecruitment is regulated by IFN-beta.</a> International Journal of Cancer. 134, 1346-1358 (2014).</li><li>Andzinski, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Type+I+IFNs+induce+anti-tumor+polarization+of+tumor+associated+neutrophils+in+mice+and+human.">Type I IFNs induce anti-tumor polarization of tumor associated neutrophils in mice and human.</a> International Journal of Cancer. 138, 1982-1993 (2016).</li><li>Wu, C. -. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+lack+of+type+I+interferon+induces+neutrophil-mediated+pre-metastatic+niche+formation+in+the+mouse+lung.">The lack of type I interferon induces neutrophil-mediated pre-metastatic niche formation in the mouse lung.</a> International Journal of Cancer. 137, 837-847 (2015).</li><li>Hansel, T. T., Kropshofer, H., Singer, T., Mitchell, J. A., George, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+safety+and+side+effects+of+monoclonal+antibodies.">The safety and side effects of monoclonal antibodies.</a> Nature Reviews Drug Discovery. 9 (4), 325-338 (2010).</li><li>Hasmann, M., Schemainda, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=FK866,+a+highly+specific+noncompetitive+inhibitor+of+nicotinamide+phosphoribosyltransferase,+represents+a+novel+mechanism+for+induction+of+tumor+cell+apoptosis.">FK866, a highly specific noncompetitive inhibitor of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase, represents a novel mechanism for induction of tumor cell apoptosis.</a> Cancer Research. 63, 7436-7442 (2003).</li><li>Holen, K., Saltz, L. B., Hollywood, E., Burk, K., Hanauske, A. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+pharmacokinetics,+toxicities,+and+biologic+effects+of+FK866,+a+nicotinamide+adenine+dinucleotide+biosynthesis+inhibitor.">The pharmacokinetics, toxicities, and biologic effects of FK866, a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide biosynthesis inhibitor.</a> Investigational New Drugs. 26, 45-51 (2008).</li><li>von Heideman, A., Berglund, A., Larsson, R., Nygren, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Safety+and+efficacy+of+NAD+depleting+cancer+drugs:+results+of+a+phase+I+clinical+trial+of+CHS+828+and+overview+of+published+data.">Safety and efficacy of NAD depleting cancer drugs: results of a phase I clinical trial of CHS 828 and overview of published data.</a> Cancer Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology. 65, 1165-1172 (2010).</li><li>De Rossi, G., Scotland, R., Whiteford, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Critical+Factors+in+Measuring+Angiogenesis+Using+the+Aortic+Ring+Model.">Critical Factors in Measuring Angiogenesis Using the Aortic Ring Model.</a> Journal of Genetic Syndromes and Gene Therapy. 4 (5), (2013).</li><li>Pylaeva, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=NAMPT+signaling+is+critical+for+the+proangiogenic+activity+of+tumor-associated+neutrophils.">NAMPT signaling is critical for the proangiogenic activity of tumor-associated neutrophils.</a> International Journal of Cancer. 144 (1), 136-149 (2019).</li></ol>

Despite progress in surgical and pharmacological cancer treatment, successful therapy remains a challenge. Since immune cells are known to play an important role in the regulation of tumor growth, novel methods inhibiting tumorigenicity of such cells should be established. Here we demonstrate a novel approach to suppress tumor growth via adoptive transfer of anti-angiogenic tumor-associated neutrophils. Selective targeting of pro-angiogenic NAMPT signaling in TANs, using FK866 inhibitor, prevents side effects, which are ...

Type I Interferons (IFNs) play an important role in the stimulation of host responses to neoplasias, as the lack of type I IFN signaling results in significantly elevated tumor growth1. One of the mechanisms involved in this process is the regulation of tumorigenic activity of tumor-associated neutrophils, which is controlled by colony-stimulating factor 3 receptor (CSF3R) downstream signaling2. Colony-stimulating factor 3 (CSF3), or granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, was shown to activate signaling involving nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT)3,4. NAMPT is a rate-limiting enzyme for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide synthesis, which enhances glycolysis and regulates DNA repair, gene expression, and stress response promoting cancer cells survival and proliferation5. NAMPT is overexpressed in multiple cancer types, including colorectal, ovarian, breast, gastric, prostate cancer and gliomas6. NAMPT is essential not only for tumor cells, but also for a wide variety of other cell types that are present in tumors, such as myeloid cells - it drives their differentiation4, inhibits apoptosis and stimulate expression of multiple cytokines or matrix-degrading enzymes in macrophages7.
Tumor-associated neutrophils represent important modulators of tumor growth. TAN functions are strongly dependent on the type I IFN availability, as these cytokines prime anti-tumor activity of neutrophils. To the contrary, the absence of IFNs supports tumorigenic activation of these cells, especially their pro-angiogenic properties. In agreement with this, mice deficient in IFNs develop significantly larger and better vascularized tumors, which are strongly infiltrated with pro-tumoral/pro-angiogenic neutrophils1,2,8,9,10. Importantly, such pro-angiogenic TANs show elevated activity of NAMPT, suggesting its essential role in pro-tumor polarization of neutrophils.
Depletion of neutrophils using Ly6G antibody or inhibition of their migration (CXCR2 antibody) results in decreased tumor angiogenesis, growth, and metastasis1,8. Nevertheless, generated monoclonal antibodies are immunogenic, and their administration is associated with a range of life-threatening side effects11. Treatment with small molecules, such as NAMPT inhibitor FK866, that modulate neutrophil tumoriogenicity, could help to avoid such complications. Unfortunately, pharmacological systemic inhibition of NAMPT, next to its therapeutic effect on tumor growth, leads to severe side effects including gastrointestinal toxicity and thrombocytopenia. Therefore, the systemic application of NAMPT inhibitors is not feasible12,13,14.
For this reason, we suggest here a protocol where NAMPT activity is blocked directly in isolated TANs. Such anti-tumor neutrophils are then adoptively transferred into a tumor-bearing host. This protocol will help avoid systemic toxic side-effects of the compounds, while its effect on the target cells will be sustained.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>15 ml tubes</td>
			<td>Sarstedt AG &#38; Co., N&#252;mbrecht, Germany</td>
			<td>62,554,502</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50 ml tubes</td>
			<td>Cellstar, Greiner Bio One International GmbH, Frickenhausen, Germany</td>
			<td>227261</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5ml / 10ml / 25ml sterile tipps for the automatic pipette</td>
			<td>Cellstar, Greiner Bio One International GmbH, Frickenhausen, Germany</td>
			<td>6006180 / 607180 / 760180</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6 well flat-bottom cell culture plates</td>
			<td>Sarstedt AG &#38; Co., N&#252;mbrecht, Germany</td>
			<td>833,920</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>96 well flat-bottom cell culture plates</td>
			<td>Cellstar, Greiner Bio One International GmbH, Frickenhausen, Germany</td>
			<td>655180</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>96 well U-bottom cell culture plates</td>
			<td>Cellstar, Greiner Bio One International GmbH, Frickenhausen, Germany</td>
			<td>65018</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AMG EVOS fl digital inverted microscope</td>
			<td>AMG, Bothel, U.S.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-mouse CD11b</td>
			<td>BD Pharmigen, Becton Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, U.S.</td>
			<td>553312</td>
			<td>clone M1/70, APC-conjugated, 0.2mg/mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-mouse Ly6G</td>
			<td>BioLegend, California, U.S.</td>
			<td>127608</td>
			<td>clone 1A8, PE-conjugated, 0.2mg/mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BD FACS AriaII</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences, Becton Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, U.S.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>cell sorter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Caliper</td>
			<td>Vogel Germany, Kevelaer, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Casy cell counter</td>
			<td>Innovatis, Roche Innovatis AG, Bielefeld, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell Trics 50&#181;m / 100 &#181;m sterile filters</td>
			<td>Sysmex Partec GmbH, Goerlitz, Germany</td>
			<td>04-004-2327 / 04-004-2328</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge Rotina 420 R</td>
			<td>Andreas Hettich, Tuttlingen, Germany</td>
			<td>4706</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagenase D</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich/Merck, Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td>11088858001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DAPI (4&#39;,6-Diamidino-2-Phenylindole, Dilactate)</td>
			<td>BioLegend, California, U.S.</td>
			<td>422801</td>
			<td>Stock: 5mg/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dispase I</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich/Merck, Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td>D4818-2MG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM</td>
			<td>Gibco, Life Technologies/Thermo Fisher Scientific, Massachusetts, U.S.</td>
			<td>41966-029</td>
			<td>DMEM complete: DMEM + 10% FBS + 1% penicillin-streptomycin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMSO (Dimethylsufoxide)</td>
			<td>WAK-Chemie Medical GmbH, Steinbach, Germany</td>
			<td>WAK-DMSO-10</td>
			<td>CryoSure-DMSO</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DNase I</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich/Merck, Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td>DN25-100MG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DPBS</td>
			<td>Gibco, Life Technologies/Thermo Fisher Scientific, Massachusetts, U.S.</td>
			<td>14190-094</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Endothelial cell growth medium</td>
			<td>PromoCell, Heidelberg, Germany</td>
			<td>c-22010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FBS (Fetal Bovine Serum)</td>
			<td>Biochrom, Berlin, Germany</td>
			<td>S0115</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fc-block (Anti-mouse CD16/32)</td>
			<td>BD Pharmingen, Becton Dickinson,Becton Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, U.S.</td>
			<td>553142</td>
			<td>clone 2.4G2, Stock: 0.5mg/mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FK 866 hydrochloride</td>
			<td>Axon Medchem, Groningen, Netherlands</td>
			<td>Axon 1546</td>
			<td>Stock: 100 mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG H&#38;L</td>
			<td>Abcam, Cambridge, U.K.</td>
			<td>ab97075</td>
			<td>Cy3-conjugated, Stock: 0.5 mg/mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heracell 240i CO2 Incubator</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, U.S.</td>
			<td>51026334</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IMDM</td>
			<td>Gibco, Life Technologies/Thermo Fisher Scientific, Massachusetts, U.S.</td>
			<td>12440-053</td>
			<td>IMDM complete: IMDM + 10% FBS + 1% penicillin-streptomycin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isis GT420 shaver</td>
			<td>B. Braun Asculap, Suhl, Germany</td>
			<td>90200714</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Matrigel Matrix basement membrane</td>
			<td>Corning Life Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands</td>
			<td>7205011</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microtome Cryostat Microm HM 505 N</td>
			<td>Microm International GmbH, Walldorf, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Monoclonal Anti-Actin, &#945;-Smooth Muscle</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich/Merck, Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td>F3777</td>
			<td>FITC-conjugated, no information about stock concentration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Needles 0.4 mm x 16 mm</td>
			<td>BD Microlance, Becton Dicson, Becton Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, U.S.</td>
			<td>302200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Neomount</td>
			<td>Merck, Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td>HX67590916</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Normal goat serum</td>
			<td>Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories, West Grove, U.S.</td>
			<td>005-000-121</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin Streptomycin</td>
			<td>Gibco, Life Technologies/Thermo Fisher Scientific, Massachusetts, U.S.</td>
			<td>15140-122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipetus automatic pipette</td>
			<td>Hirschmann Laborger&#228;te, Eberstadt, Germany</td>
			<td>9907200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ProLong Gold Antifade Mountant with DAPI</td>
			<td>Invitrogen, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Massachusetts, U.S.</td>
			<td>P36935</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>rabbit anti mouse Laminin gamma 1 chain</td>
			<td>Immundiagnostik, Bensheim, Germany</td>
			<td>AP1001.1</td>
			<td>No information about stock concentration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>StemPro Accutase</td>
			<td>Gibco, Life Technologies/Thermo Fisher Scientific, Massachusetts, U.S.</td>
			<td>A1105-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterile disposal scalpel (no. 15)</td>
			<td>MedWare, Naples, U.S.</td>
			<td>120920</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringes 1 ml</td>
			<td>BD Plastipak, Becton Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, U.S.</td>
			<td>303172</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringes 10 ml</td>
			<td>BD Discardit II, Becton Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, U.S.</td>
			<td>309110</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>T75 sterile cell culture flasks</td>
			<td>Sarstedt AG &#38; Co., N&#252;mbrecht, Germany</td>
			<td>833,911,302</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tissue-Tek O.C.T. Compound</td>
			<td>Sakura Finetek, Torrance, U.S.</td>
			<td>4583</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Zeiss AxioObserver.Z1 Inverted Microscope with ApoTome Optical Sectioning</td>
			<td>Carl Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

transfer of manipulated tumor-associated neutrophils into tumor-bearing mice to study their angiogenic potential in vivo

The contribution of neutrophils to the regulation of tumorigenesis is getting increased attention. These cells are heterogeneous, and depending on the tumor milieu can possess pro- or anti-tumor capacity. One of the important cytokines regulating neutrophil functions in a tumor context are type I interferons. In the presence of interferons, neutrophils gain anti-tumor properties, including cytotoxicity or stimulation of the immune system. Conversely, the absence of an interferon signaling results in prominent pro-tumor activity, characterized with strong stimulation of tumor angiogenesis. Recently, we could demonstrate that pro-angiogenic properties of neutrophils depend on the activation of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) signaling pathway in these cells. Inhibition of this pathway in tumor-associated neutrophils leads to their potent anti-angiogenic phenotype. Here, we demonstrate our newly established model allowing in vivo evaluation of tumorigenic potential of manipulated tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs). Shortly, pro-angiogenic tumor-associated neutrophils can be isolated from tumor-bearing interferon-deficient mice and repolarized into anti-angiogenic phenotype by blocking of NAMPT signaling. The angiogenic activity of these cells can be subsequently evaluated using an aortic ring assay. Anti-angiogenic TANs can be transferred into tumor-bearing wild type recipients and tumor growth should be monitored for 14 days. At day 14 mice are sacrificed, tumors removed and cut with their vascularization assessed. Overall, our protocol provides a novel tool to in vivo evaluate angiogenic capacity of primary cells, such as tumor-associated neutrophils, without a need to use artificial neutrophil cell line models. vc

Using the procedure described here, Ifnar1-/- neutrophils were isolated from tumors and treated with NAMPT inhibitor FK866 for 2 h. Untreated Ifnar1-/- neutrophils were used as a control. The effectivity of the treatment was evaluated using the aortic ring assay, which reflects the key steps involved in angiogenesis (matrix degradation, migration, proliferation, reorganization). We could demonstrate that FK866-treated neutrophils have a significantl...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Transfer of Manipulated Tumor-associated Neutrophils into Tumor-Bearing Mice to Study their Angiogenic Potential In Vivo at JoVE.com

Transfer of Manipulated Tumor-associated Neutrophils into Tumor-Bearing Mice to Study their Angiogenic Potential In Vivo

Here, we show therapeutic potential of anti-angiogenic tumor-associated neutrophils after their transfer into tumor-bearing mice. This protocol can be used to manipulate neutrophil activity ex vivo and to subsequently evaluate their functionality in vivo&#160;in developing tumors. It is an appropriate model for studying potential neutrophil-based immunotherapies.

The contribution of neutrophils to the regulation of tumorigenesis is getting increased attention. These cells are heterogeneous, and depending on the ...

Our protocol provides a novel tool for evaluating the angiogenic potential of tumor-associated primary neutrophils in vivo without the need to use artificial neutrophil cell line models. Direct inhibition of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase, shortly NAMPT, in tumor-associated neutrophils with their subsequent adoptive transfer into tumor-bearing animals allows the manipulation of neutrophils without systemic toxic side effects. We will demonstrate the therapeutic potential of manipulated anti-angiogenic tumor-associated neutrophils after transfer into tumor-bearing hosts for the study of potential neutrophil-based immunotherapies in different cancer models.To set up an allogenic tumor mouse model, shave the skin of 10 eight to 12-week old female interferon alpha and beta-receptor subunit 1 knockout mice with an electric shaver and disinfect the skin with 70%ethanol, then load three times 10 to the six B16F10 melanoma cells per milliliter of PBS in a one-milliliter syringe equipped with a 0.4 by 19-millimeter needle and inject 100 microliters of the suspension subcutaneously on a rear flank into each shaved animal. For neutrophil-adoptive transfer, dilute the B16F10 melanoma cells to a six times 10 to the sixth cells per milliliter concentration in PBS and dilute neutrophils treated with NAMPT inhibitor FK866 to a six times 10 to the fifth cells per milliliter of PBS concentration. Then, mix untreated or inhibitor-treated neutrophils with the melanoma cells at a neutrophil-to-tumor ratio of 1:10 and subcutaneously inject 100 microliters of cells into up to five mice per group.After the injections, place up to five injected female mice in a single cage and use calipers to measure the tumor length, width, and depth every day for 14 days. At Day 14 after injection, disinfect the skin of each injected animal with 70%ethanol and use scissors and forceps to harvest the tumors into a 50-milliliter conical tube containing complete medium on ice. To section the tumors for histological analysis, submerge the tumors in optimum cutting temperature compound and freeze the samples in liquid nitrogen for storage at minus 80 degrees Celsius.On the day of the sectioning, thaw the samples to minus 20 degrees Celsius before using a cryotome to obtain five-micrometer sections. After fixation in non-specific binding, stain the tumor tissue sections with the primary antibodies of interest for one hour at 20 degrees Celsius, followed by three washes in PBS. After the last wash, stain the cells with an appropriate fluorescence-conjugated secondary antibody in a nuclear-staining dye like DAPI for one hour at 20 degrees Celsius protected from light.At the end of the incubation, dry the slides for 20 minutes at 20 degrees Celsius protected from light before mounting the samples with an anhydrous mounting medium, then cover each slide with a cover slip and allow the mounting medium to dry for one hour at 37 degrees Celsius before imaging the tissues by fluorescence microscopy. For tumor-associated neutrophil isolation, place five tumors per well into individual wells of a sterile six-well plate as they are harvested and use sterile scissors to mince the tumors into two to three-millimeter pieces. Next, digest the tumor fragments with one milliliter of dispase collagenase d dnase 1 solution for 45 minutes at 37 degrees Celsius in 5%carbon dioxide with humidity, mixing the samples with a 10-milliliter syringe every 15 minutes.At the end of the incubation, filter the cells through 100-micrometer strainers into one 15-milliliter tube per well to remove the undigested fibers and add PBS to a final volume of 15 milliliters. Collect the dissociated cells by centrifugation and lyse the red blood cells with one milliliter of lysis buffer per tube. After mixing, combine the contents from each tube into a single 15-milliliter tube, stopping the reaction after two minutes with 11 milliliters of complete four-degrees Celsius medium.After centrifugation, resuspend the pellet in one milliliter of PBS and block any non-specific binding with three microliters of Fc-block antibody for 15 minutes on ice. At the end of the incubation, label the cells with anti-CD11b and Ly6G antibodies and any other antibodies of interest, plus DAPI, for a 30-minute incubation on ice protected from light. At the end of the incubation, wash the cells in 14 milliliters of PBS and resuspend the pellets at a one times 10 to the seventh cells per milliliter of fresh complete medium concentration on ice, then sort the CD11b-positive, Ly6G, high DAPI-negative neutrophils on a fluorescence-activated cell sorter according to standard sorting protocols, checking the purity of the isolated neutrophils on the flow cytometer at the end of the sort.For in vitro tumor-associated neutrophil inhibition, seed 1.5 times 10 to the fifth sorted neutrophils into each of two wells of a 96-well U-bottom plate and add FK866 to a final concentration of 100 nanomolar in complete medium into one well and an equal volume of complete medium alone to the other well. After two hours in the cell culture incubator, wash the cells two times with PBS and resuspend the pellets in PBS at the appropriate concentration for the subsequent injection. NAMPT-inhibitor treated neutrophils have a significantly decreased capacity to stimulate aortic branch formation compared to untreated cells.In addition, the subcutaneous injection of inhibitor-treated anti-angiogenic neutrophils induces a significant impairment in tumor growth compared to mice injected with untreated interferon alpha and beta receptor subunit 1 knockout neutrophils. Histological examination of the extracted tumors further confirms the significant suppression of angiogenesis in tumors isolated from mice treated with inhibitor-treated tumor-associated neutrophils compared to those injected with untreated knockout neutrophils. To assess the properties of FK866-treated tumor-associated neutrophils, quantitative PCR and Western Blot can be performed to study the activation of intracellular pathways involved in neutrophil polarization.Since neutrophils are short-lived, it is necessary to perform all of the steps as quickly as possible and to keep neutrophils cold during the entire procedure. This technique paves the way for the study of the intracellular mechanisms and factors involved in the regulation of angiogenic and tumorigenic properties of tumor-associated neutrophils in vivo.

transfer-manipulated-tumor-associated-neutrophils-into-tumor-bearing

Research

JoVE Journal

Cancer Research

Coculture Assays to Study Macrophage and Microglia Stimulation of Glioblastoma Invasion

Glioblastoma multiforme (grade IV glioma) is a very aggressive human cancer with a median survival of 1 year post diagnosis. Despite the increased understanding of the molecular events that give rise to glioblastomas, this cancer still remains highly refractory to conventional treatment. Surgical resection of high grade brain tumors is rarely complete due to the highly infiltrative nature of glioblastoma cells. Therapeutic approaches which attenuate glioblastoma cell invasion therefore is an attractive option. Our laboratory and others have shown that tumor associated macrophages and microglia (resident brain macrophages) strongly stimulate glioblastoma invasion. The protocol described in this paper is used to model glioblastoma-macrophage/microglia interaction using in vitro culture assays. This approach can greatly facilitate the development and/or discovery of drugs that disrupt the communication with the macrophages that enables this malignant behavior. We have established two robust coculture invasion assays where microglia/macrophages stimulate glioma cell invasion by 5 - 10 fold. Glioblastoma cells labelled with a fluorescent marker or constitutively expressing a fluorescent protein are plated without and with macrophages/microglia on matrix-coated polycarbonate chamber inserts or embedded in a three dimensional matrix. Cell invasion is assessed by using fluorescent microscopy to image and count only invasive cells on the underside of the filter. Using these assays, several pharmacological inhibitors (JNJ-28312141, PLX3397, Gefitinib, and Semapimod), have been identified which block macrophage/microglia stimulated glioblastoma invasion.

Understanding the malignant behavior of cancer requires creating accurate models of how tumor cells interact with components of the tumor microenvironment, such as macrophages. Here we describe two methods to study glioblastoma cell interaction with tumor associated macrophages and microglia where the effect on glioblastoma invasion is assessed.

Glioblastoma multiforme (grade IV glioma) is a very aggressive human cancer with a median survival of 1 year post diagnosis. Despite the increased ...

The Colon-26 Carcinoma Tumor-bearing Mouse as a Model for the Study of Cancer Cachexia

Cancer cachexia is the progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass and adipose tissue, negative nitrogen balance, anorexia, fatigue, inflammation, and activation of lipolysis and proteolysis systems. Cancer patients with cachexia benefit less from anti-neoplastic therapies and show increased mortality1. Several animal models have been established in order to investigate the molecular causes responsible for body and muscle wasting as a result of tumor growth. Here, we describe methodologies pertaining to a well-characterized model of cancer cachexia: mice bearing the C26 carcinoma2-4. Although this model is heavily used in cachexia research, different approaches make reproducibility a potential issue. The growth of the C26 tumor causes a marked and progressive loss of body and skeletal muscle mass, accompanied by reduced muscle cross-sectional area and muscle strength3-5. Adipose tissue is also lost. Wasting is coincident with elevated circulating levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, particularly Interleukin-6 (IL-6)3, which is directly, although not entirely, responsible for C26 cachexia. It is well-accepted that a primary mechanism by which the C26 tumor induces muscle tissue depletion is the activation of skeletal muscle proteolytic systems. Thus, expression of muscle-specific ubiquitin ligases, such as atrogin-1/MAFbx and MuRF-1, represent an accepted method for the evaluation of the ongoing muscle catabolism2. Here, we present how to execute this model in a reproducible manner and how to excise several tissues and organs (the liver, spleen, and heart), as well as fat and skeletal muscles (the gastrocnemius, tibialis anterior, and quadriceps). We also provide useful protocols that describe how to perform muscle freezing, sectioning, and fiber size quantification.

Mice bearing the Colon-26 (C26) carcinoma represent a classical model of cancer cachexia. Progressive muscle wasting occurs in association with tumor growth, over-expression of muscle-specific ubiquitin ligases, and reductions in muscle cross-sectional area. Fat loss is also observed. Cachexia is studied in a time-dependent manner with increasing severity of wasting.

Cancer cachexia is the progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass and adipose tissue, negative nitrogen balance, anorexia, fatigue, inflammation, and ...

Identification and Characterization of Metastatic Factors by Gene Transfer into the Novel RIP-Tag; RIP-tva Murine Model

Metastatic cancer accounts for 90% of deaths in patients with solid tumors. There is an urgent need to better understand the drivers of cancer metastasis and to identify novel therapeutic targets. To investigate molecular events that drive the progression from primary cancer to metastasis, we have developed a bitransgenic mouse model, RIP-Tag; RIP-tva. In this mouse model, the rat insulin promoter (RIP) drives the expression of the SV40 T antigen (Tag) and the receptor for subgroup A avian leukosis virus (tva) in pancreatic &#946; cells. The mice develop pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors with 100% penetrance through well-defined stages that are similar to human tumorigenesis, with stages including hyperplasia, angiogenesis, adenoma, and invasive carcinoma. Because RIP-Tag; RIP-tva mice do not develop metastatic disease, genetic alterations that promote metastasis can be identified easily. Somatic gene transfer into tva-expressing, proliferating pancreatic &#946; premalignant lesions is achieved through intracardiac injection of avian retroviruses harboring the desired genetic alteration. A titer of &#62;1 x 108 infectious units per ml is considered appropriate for in vivo infection. In addition, avian retroviruses can infect cell lines derived from tumors in RIP-Tag; RIP-tva mice with high efficiency. The cell lines can also be used to characterize the metastatic factors. Here we demonstrate how to utilize this mouse model and cell lines to assess the functions of candidate genes in tumor metastasis.

Identification and Characterization of Metastatic Factors by Gene Transfer into the Novel RIP-Tag; RIP-tva Murine Model

We present a protocol to demonstrate a novel somatic gene transfer system utilizing RIP-Tag; RIP-tva mouse model to study the function of genes in metastasis. The avian retroviruses are delivered intracardiacally to ensure gene transfer into pre-malignant, noninvasive lesions of pancreatic &#946; cells in adult mice.

Metastatic cancer accounts for 90% of deaths in patients with solid tumors. There is an urgent need to better understand the drivers of cancer metastasis ...

Sample Extraction and Simultaneous Chromatographic Quantitation of Doxorubicin and Mitomycin C Following Drug Combination Delivery in Nanoparticles to Tumor-bearing Mice

Combination chemotherapy is frequently used in the clinic for cancer treatment; however, associated adverse effects to normal tissue may limit its therapeutic benefit. Nanoparticle-based drug combination has been shown to mitigate the problems encountered by free drug combination therapy. Our previous studies have shown that the combination of two anticancer drugs, doxorubicin (DOX) and mitomycin C (MMC), produced a synergistic effect against both murine and human breast cancer cells in vitro. DOX and MMC co-loaded polymer-lipid hybrid nanoparticles (DMPLN) bypassed various efflux transporter pumps that confer multidrug resistance and demonstrated enhanced efficacy in breast tumor models. Compared to conventional solution forms, such superior efficacy of DMPLN was attributed to the synchronized pharmacokinetics of DOX and MMC and increased intracellular drug bioavailability within tumor cells enabled by the nanocarrier PLN. 
To evaluate the pharmacokinetics and bio-distribution of co-administered DOX and MMC in both free solution and nanoparticle forms, a simple and efficient multi-drug analysis method using reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was developed. In contrast to previously reported methods that analyzed DOX or MMC individually in the plasma, this new HPLC method is able to simultaneously quantitate DOX, MMC and a major cardio-toxic DOX metabolite, doxorubicinol (DOXol), in various biological matrices (e.g., whole blood, breast tumor, and heart). A dual fluorescent and ultraviolet absorbent probe 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU) was used as an internal standard (I.S.) for one-step detection of multiple drug analysis with different detection wavelengths. This method was successfully applied to determine the concentrations of DOX and MMC delivered by both nanoparticle and solution approaches in whole blood and various tissues in an orthotopic breast tumor murine model. The analytical method presented is a useful tool for pre-clinical analysis of nanoparticle-based delivery of drug combinations.

This protocol describes an efficient and convenient analytical process of sample extraction and simultaneous determination of multiple drugs, doxorubicin (DOX), mitomycin C (MMC) and a cardio-toxic DOX metabolite, doxorubicinol (DOXol), in the biological samples from a preclinical breast tumor model treated with nanoparticle formulations of synergistic drug combination.

Combination chemotherapy is frequently used in the clinic for cancer treatment; however, associated adverse effects to normal tissue may limit its ...

Detection of Mitochondria Membrane Potential to Study CLIC4 Knockdown-induced HN4 Cell Apoptosis In Vitro

Depletion of the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP, &#916;&#936;m) is considered the earliest event in the apoptotic cascade. It even occurs ahead of nuclear apoptotic characteristics, including chromatin condensation and DNA breakage. Once the MMP collapses, cell apoptosis will initiate irreversibly. A series of lipophilic cationic dyes can pass through the cell membrane and aggregate inside the matrix of mitochondrion, and serve as fluorescence marker to evaluate MMP change. As one of the six members of the Cl- intracellular channel (CLIC) family, CLIC4 participates in the cell apoptotic process mainly through the mitochondrial pathway. Here we describe a detailed protocol to measure MMP via monitoring the fluorescence fluctuation of Rhodamine 123 (Rh123), through which we study apoptosis induced by CLIC4 knockdown. We discuss the advantages and limitations of the application of confocal laser scanning and normal fluorescence microscope in detail, and also compare it with other methods.

Detection of Mitochondria Membrane Potential to Study CLIC4 Knockdown-induced HN4 Cell Apoptosis In Vitro

Here we present a detailed protocol for the application of rhodamine 123 to identify the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and study CLIC4 knockdown-induced HN4 cell apoptosis in vitro. Under common fluorescence microscope and confocal laser scanning fluorescence microscope, the real-time change of the MMP was recorded.

Depletion of the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP, &#916;&#936;m) is considered the earliest event in the apoptotic cascade. It even occurs ahead of ...

In Vivo EPR Assessment of pH, pO2, Redox Status, and Concentrations of Phosphate and Glutathione in the Tumor Microenvironment

This protocol demonstrates the capability of low-field electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR)-based techniques in combination with functional paramagnetic probes to provide quantitative information on the chemical tumor microenvironment (TME), including pO2, pH, redox status, concentrations of interstitial inorganic phosphate (Pi), and intracellular glutathione (GSH). In particular, an application of a recently developed soluble multifunctional trityl probe provides unsurpassed opportunity for in vivo concurrent measurements of pH, pO2 and Pi in Extracellular space (HOPE probe). The measurements of three parameters using a single probe allow for their correlation analyses independent of probe distribution and time of the measurements.

In Vivo EPR Assessment of pH, pO2, Redox Status, and Concentrations of Phosphate and Glutathione in the Tumor Microenvironment

Low-field (L-band, 1.2 GHz) electron paramagnetic resonance using soluble nitroxyl and trityl probes is demonstrated for assessment of physiologically important parameters in the tumor microenvironment in mouse models of breast cancer.

This protocol demonstrates the capability of low-field electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR)-based techniques in combination with functional paramagnetic ...

Orthotopic Injection of Breast Cancer Cells into the Mice Mammary Fat Pad

A proper animal model is crucial for a better understanding of diseases. Animal models established by different methods (subcutaneous injections, xenografts, genetic manipulation, chemical reagents induction, etc.) have various pathological characters and play important roles in investigating certain aspects of diseases. Although no single model can totally mimic the whole human disease progression, orthotopic organs disease models with a proper stromal environment play an irreplaceable role in understanding diseases and screening for potential drugs. In this article, we describe how to implant breast cancer cells into the mammary fat pad in a simple, less invasive, and easy-to-handle way, and follow the metastasis to distant organs. With the proper features of primary tumor growth, breast and nipple pathological changes, and a high occurrence of other organs&#39; metastasis, this model maximumly mimics human breast cancer progression. Primary tumor growth in situ, long-distant metastasis, and the tumor microenvironment of breast cancer can be investigated by using this model.

Here, we present a protocol to implant breast cancer cells into the mammary fat pad in a simple, less invasive, and easy-to-handle way, and this mouse orthotopic breast cancer model with a proper mammary fat pad environment can be used to investigate various aspects of cancer.

A proper animal model is crucial for a better understanding of diseases. Animal models established by different methods (subcutaneous injections, ...

Mesenchymal Stem Cell Isolation from Pulp Tissue and Co-Culture with Cancer Cells to Study Their Interactions

Cancer as a multistep process and complicated disease is not only regulated by individual cell proliferation and growth but also controlled by tumor environment and cell-cell interactions. Identification of cancer and stem cell interactions, including changes in extracellular environment, physical interactions, and secreted factors, might enable the discovery of new therapy options. We combine known co-culture techniques to create a model system for mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and cancer cell interactions. In the current study, dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) and PC-3 prostate cancer cell interactions were examined by direct and indirect co-culture techniques. Condition medium (CM) obtained from DPSCs and 0.4 &#181;m pore sized trans-well membranes were used to study paracrine activity. Co-culture of different cell types together was performed to study direct cell-cell interaction. The results revealed that CM increased cell proliferation and decreased apoptosis in prostate cancer cell cultures. Both CM and trans-well system increased cell migration capacity of PC-3 cells. Cells stained with different membrane dyes were seeded into the same culture vessels, and DPSCs participated in a self-organized structure with PC-3 cells under this direct co-culture condition. Overall, the results indicated that co-culture techniques could be useful for cancer and MSC interactions as a model system.

We provide protocols for evaluation of mesenchymal stem cells isolated from dental pulp and prostate cancer cell interactions based on direct and indirect co-culture methods. Condition medium and trans-well membranes are suitable to analyze indirect paracrine activity. Seeding differentially stained cells together is an appropriate model for direct cell-cell interaction.

Cancer as a multistep process and complicated disease is not only regulated by individual cell proliferation and growth but also controlled by tumor ...

In Vivo Inhibition of MicroRNA to Decrease Tumor Growth in Mice

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important regulators of gene expression through their ability to destabilize mRNA and inhibit translation of target mRNAs. An ever-increasing number of studies have identified miRNAs as potential biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and prognosis, and also as therapeutic targets, adding an extra dimension to cancer evaluation and treatment. In the context of thyroid cancer, tumorigenesis results not only from mutations in important genes, but also from the overexpression of many miRNAs. Accordingly, the role of miRNAs in the control of thyroid gene expression is evolving as an important mechanism in cancer. Herein, we present a protocol to examine the effects of miRNA-inhibitor delivery as a therapeutic modality in thyroid cancer using human tumor xenograft and orthotopic mouse models. After engineering stable thyroid tumoral cells expressing GFP and luciferase, cells are injected into nude mice to develop tumors, which can be followed by bioluminescence. The in vivo inhibition of a miRNA can reduce tumor growth and upregulate miRNA gene targets. This method can be used to assess the importance of a determined miRNA in vivo, in addition to identifying new therapeutic targets.

This protocol describes xenograft and orthotopic mouse models of human thyroid tumorigenesis as a platform to test microRNA-based inhibitor treatments. This approach is ideal to study the function of non-coding RNAs and their potential as new therapeutic targets.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important regulators of gene expression through their ability to destabilize mRNA and inhibit translation of target mRNAs. An ...

Detection and Monitoring of Tumor Associated Circulating DNA in Patient Biofluids

Complications associated with upfront and repeat surgical tissue sampling present the need for minimally invasive platforms capable of molecular sub-classification and temporal monitoring of tumor response to therapy. Here, we describe our dPCR-based method for the detection of tumor somatic mutations in cell free DNA (cfDNA), readily available in&#160;patient biofluids. Although limited in the number of mutations that can be tested for in each assay, this method provides a high level of sensitivity and specificity. Monitoring of mutation abundance, as calculated by MAF, allows for the evaluation of tumor response to therapy, thereby providing a much-needed supplement to radiographic imaging.

Here, we present a protocol to detect tumor somatic mutations in circulating DNA present in patient biological fluids (biofluids). Our droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (dPCR)-based method enables quantification of the tumor mutation allelic frequency (MAF), facilitating a minimally invasive complement to diagnosis and temporal monitoring of tumor response.