Name: assessment of the metabolic effects of isocaloric 2:1 intermittent fasting in mice
Uploaded: 2019-11-27T13:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assessment of the Metabolic Effects of Isocaloric 2:1 Intermittent Fasting in Mice at JoVE.com

K.-H.K was supported by the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada Grant-in-Aid (G-18-0022213), J. P. Bickell Foundation and the University of Ottawa Heart Institute Start-up fund; H.-K.S. was supported by grants from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (PJT-162083), Reuben and Helene Dennis Scholar and Sun Life Financial New Investigator Award for Diabetes Research from Banting &#38; Best Diabetes Centre (BBDC) and Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) of Canada (RGPIN-2016-06610). R.Y.K. was supported by a fellowship from the University of Ottawa Cardiology Research Endowment Fund. J.H.L. was supported by the NSERC Doctoral Scholarship and Ontario Graduate Scholarship. Y.O. was supported by UOHI Endowed Graduate Award and Queen Elizabeth II Graduate Scholarship in Science and Technology.

All methods and protocols here have been approved by Animal Care Committees in The Animal Care and Veterinary Service (ACVS) of the University of Ottawa and The Centre for Phenogenomics (TCP) and conform to the standards of the Canadian Council on Animal Care. It should be noted that all procedures described here should be performed under institutional and governmental approval as well as by staff who are technically proficient. All mice were housed in standard vented cages in temperature- and humidity-controlled rooms w...

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It has been well-documented that IF provides beneficial health effects on various diseases in both humans and animals8,15,16,17,18,19. Its underlying mechanisms, such as autophagy and gut microbiome, have recently been elucidated. The presented protocol describes an isocaloric 2:1 IF regimen in mice for investigating calorie-...

Modern lifestyle is associated with longer daily food intake time and shorter fasting periods1. This contributes to the current global obesity epidemic, with metabolic disadvantages seen in humans. Fasting has been practiced throughout human history, and its diverse health benefits include prolonged lifespan, reduced oxidative damage, and optimized energy homeostasis2,3. Among several ways to practice fasting, periodic energy deprivation, termed intermittent fasting (IF), is a popular dietary method that is widely practiced by the general population due to its easy and simple regimen. Recent studies in preclinical and clinical models have demonstrated that IF can provide health benefits comparable to prolonged fasting and caloric restriction, suggesting that IF can be a potential therapeutic strategy for obesity and metabolic diseases2,3,4,5.
IF regimens vary in terms of fasting duration and frequency. Alternate day fasting (i.e., 1 day feeding/1 day fasting; 1:1 IF) has been the most commonly used IF regimen in rodents to study its beneficial health impacts on obesity, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, etc.2,3. However, as shown in previous studies6,7, and further mechanistically confirmed in our energy intake analysis8, 1:1 IF results in underfeeding (~80%) due to the lack of sufficient feeding time to compensate for energy loss. This makes it unclear whether the health benefits conferred by 1:1 IF are mediated by calorie restriction or modification of eating patterns. Therefore, a new IF regimen has been developed and is shown here, comprising of a 2 day feeding/1 day fasting (2:1 IF) pattern, which provides mice with sufficient time to compensate for food intake (~99%) and body weight. These mice are then compared to an ad libitum (AL) group. This regimen enables examination of the effects of isocaloric IF in the absence of caloric reduction in wild-type mice.
In contrast, in a mouse model that exhibits altered feeding behavior, AL feeding may not be a proper control condition to compare and examine the effects of 2:1 IF. For example, since ob/ob mice (a commonly used genetic model for obesity) exhibit hyperphagia due to the lack of leptin regulating appetite and satiety, those with 2:1 IF exhibit ~20% reduced caloric intake compared to ob/ob mice with AL feeding. Thus, to properly examine and compare the effects of IF in ob/ob mice, a pair-feeding group as a suitable control needs to be employed.
Overall, a comprehensive protocol is provided to perform isocaloric 2:1 IF, including use of a pair-feeding control. It is further demonstrated that isocaloric 2:1 IF protects mice from high fat diet-induced obesity and/or metabolic dysfunction in both wild-type and ob/ob mice. This protocol can be used to examine the beneficial health impacts of 2:1 IF on various pathological conditions including neurological disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Comprehensive Lab Animal Monitoring System (CLAMS)</td>
			<td>Columbus Instruments</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Indirect calorimeter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>D-(+)-Glucose solution</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>G8769</td>
			<td>For GTT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EchoMRI 3-in-1</td>
			<td>EchoMRI</td>
			<td>EchoMRI 3-in-1</td>
			<td>Body composition analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glucometer and strips</td>
			<td>Bayer</td>
			<td>Contour NEXT</td>
			<td>These are for GTT and ITT experiments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>High Fat Diet (45% Kcal% fat)</td>
			<td>Research Diets Inc.</td>
			<td>#D12451</td>
			<td>3.3 Kcal/g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>High Fat Diet (60% Kcal% fat)</td>
			<td>Research Diets Inc.</td>
			<td>#D12452</td>
			<td>4.73 Kcal/g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Insulin</td>
			<td>El Lilly</td>
			<td>Humulin R</td>
			<td>For ITT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse Strain: B6.Cg-Lepob/J</td>
			<td>The Jackson Laboratory</td>
			<td>#000632</td>
			<td>Ob/Ob mouse</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse Strain: C57BL/6J</td>
			<td>The Jackson Laboratory</td>
			<td>#000664</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Normal chow (17% Kcal% fat)</td>
			<td>Harlan</td>
			<td>#2918</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scale</td>
			<td>Mettler Toledo</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Body weight and food intake measurement</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

assessment of the metabolic effects of isocaloric 2:1 intermittent fasting in mice

Intermittent fasting (IF), a dietary intervention involving periodic energy restriction, has been considered to provide numerous benefits and counteract metabolic abnormalities. So far, different types of IF models with varying durations of fasting and feeding periods have been documented. However, interpreting the outcomes is challenging, as many of these models involve multifactorial contributions from both time- and calorie-restriction strategies. For example, the alternate day fasting model, often used as a rodent IF regimen, can result in underfeeding, suggesting that health benefits from this intervention are likely mediated via both caloric restriction and fasting-refeeding cycles. Recently, it has been successfully demonstrated that 2:1 IF, comprising 1 day of fasting followed by 2 days of feeding, can provide protection against diet-induced obesity and metabolic improvements without a reduction in overall caloric intake. Presented here is a protocol of this isocaloric 2:1 IF intervention in mice. Also described is a pair-feeding (PF) protocol required to examine a mouse model with altered eating behaviors, such as hyperphagia. Using the 2:1 IF regimen, it is demonstrated that isocaloric IF leads to reduced body weight gain, improved glucose homeostasis, and elevated energy expenditure. Thus, this regimen may be useful to investigate the health impacts of IF on various disease conditions.

Figure 1 shows the feeding analyses after 24 h fasting and the comparison between 1:1 and 2:1 intermittent fasting. A 24 h fasting period resulted in a ~10% reduction in body weight, which was fully recovered after 2 days of refeeding (Figure 1A). A 24 h fasting period induced hyperphagia during the subsequent 2 days of refeeding (Figure 1B). Nevertheless, the comparison of energy intake between 1:1...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assessment of the Metabolic Effects of Isocaloric 2:1 Intermittent Fasting in Mice at JoVE.com

Assessment of the Metabolic Effects of Isocaloric 2:1 Intermittent Fasting in Mice

The current article describes a detailed protocol for isocaloric 2:1 intermittent fasting to protect and treat against obesity and impaired glucose metabolism in wild-type and ob/ob mice.

Intermittent fasting (IF), a dietary intervention involving periodic energy restriction, has been considered to provide numerous benefits and counteract ...

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