Name: measurement of fatty acid &#946;-oxidation in a suspension of freshly isolated mouse hepatocytes
Uploaded: 2021-09-09T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measurement of Fatty Acid ÃŽÂ²-Oxidation in a Suspension of Freshly Isolated Mouse Hepatocytes at JoVE.com

This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health grant R35GM119528 to Roberta Leonardi.

All experimental procedures on mice (C57BL/6J, males, 9-11 weeks of age) were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees (IACUC) of West Virginia University.
1. Hepatocyte isolation
<ol>
	<li>Preparation
	<ol>
		<li>In the days before the hepatocyte isolation, prepare the buffers and cell culture media listed in Table 1. Set up a water bath with the temperature set to 37 &#176;C close to where the surgery will be performed.</li>
		<li>On the day of the hepa...

<ol>
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M., Leonardi, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Overexpression+of+Nudt7+decreases+bile+acid+levels+and+peroxisomal+fatty+acid+oxidation+in+the+liver.">Overexpression of Nudt7 decreases bile acid levels and peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation in the liver.</a> Journal of Lipid Research. 60 (5), 1005-1019 (2019).</li><li>Richert, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gene+expression+in+human+hepatocytes+in+suspension+after+isolation+is+similar+to+the+liver+of+origin,+is+not+affected+by+hepatocyte+cold+storage+and+cryopreservation,+but+is+strongly+changed+after+hepatocyte+plating.">Gene expression in human hepatocytes in suspension after isolation is similar to the liver of origin, is not affected by hepatocyte cold storage and cryopreservation, but is strongly changed after hepatocyte plating.</a> Drug Metabolism and Disposition: The Biological Fate of Chemicals. 34 (5), 870-879 (2006).</li><li>Colbert, R. A., Amatruda, J. M., Young, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Changes+in+the+expression+of+hepatocyte+protein+gene-products+associated+with+adaptation+of+cells+to+primary+culture.">Changes in the expression of hepatocyte protein gene-products associated with adaptation of cells to primary culture.</a> Clinical Chemistry. 30 (12), 2053-2058 (1984).</li><li>Spurway, T. D., Sherratt, H. A., Pogson, C. I., Agius, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+flux+control+coefficient+of+carnitine+palmitoyltransferase+I+on+palmitate+beta-oxidation+in+rat+hepatocyte+cultures.">The flux control coefficient of carnitine palmitoyltransferase I on palmitate beta-oxidation in rat hepatocyte cultures.</a> Biochemical Journal. 323, 119-122 (1997).</li><li>Consitt, L. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Peroxisome+proliferator-activated+receptor-gamma+coactivator-1alpha+overexpression+increases+lipid+oxidation+in+myocytes+from+extremely+obese+individuals.">Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1alpha overexpression increases lipid oxidation in myocytes from extremely obese individuals.</a> Diabetes. 59 (6), 1407-1415 (2010).</li><li>Lee, S. M., Schelcher, C., Demmel, M., Hauner, M., Thasler, W. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+of+human+hepatocytes+by+a+two-step+collagenase+perfusion+procedure.">Isolation of human hepatocytes by a two-step collagenase perfusion procedure.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments: JoVE. (79), e50615 (2013).</li><li>Lilly, K., Chung, C., Kerner, J., VanRenterghem, R., Bieber, L. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+etomoxiryl-CoA+on+different+carnitine+acyltransferases.">Effect of etomoxiryl-CoA on different carnitine acyltransferases.</a> Biochemical Pharmacology. 43 (2), 353-361 (1992).</li><li>Yu, X. X., Drackley, J. K., Odle, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rates+of+mitochondrial+and+peroxisomal+beta-oxidation+of+palmitate+change+during+postnatal+development+and+food+deprivation+in+liver,+kidney+and+heart+of+pigs.">Rates of mitochondrial and peroxisomal beta-oxidation of palmitate change during postnatal development and food deprivation in liver, kidney and heart of pigs.</a> Journal of Nutrition. 127 (9), 1814-1821 (1997).</li><li>Yu, X. X., Drackley, J. K., Odle, J., Lin, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Response+of+hepatic+mitochondrial+and+peroxisomal+beta-oxidation+to+increasing+palmitate+concentrations+in+piglets.">Response of hepatic mitochondrial and peroxisomal beta-oxidation to increasing palmitate concentrations in piglets.</a> Biology of the Neonate. 72 (5), 284-292 (1997).</li><li>Veerkamp, J. H., van Moerkerk, H. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Peroxisomal+fatty+acid+oxidation+in+rat+and+human+tissues.+Effect+of+nutritional+state,+clofibrate+treatment+and+postnatal+development+in+the+rat.">Peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation in rat and human tissues. Effect of nutritional state, clofibrate treatment and postnatal development in the rat.</a> Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics. 875 (2), 301-310 (1986).</li><li>Hakvoort, T. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interorgan+coordination+of+the+murine+adaptive+response+to+fasting.">Interorgan coordination of the murine adaptive response to fasting.</a> Journal of Biological Chemistry. 286 (18), 16332-16343 (2011).</li><li>Sokolovic, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+transcriptomic+signature+of+fasting+murine+liver.">The transcriptomic signature of fasting murine liver.</a> BMC Genomics. 9, 528 (2008).</li><li>Kersten, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Peroxisome+proliferator-activated+receptor+alpha+mediates+the+adaptive+response+to+fasting.">Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha mediates the adaptive response to fasting.</a> Journal of Clinical Investigation. 103 (11), 1489-1498 (1999).</li><li>Li, W. C., Ralphs, K. L., Tosh, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+and+culture+of+adult+mouse+hepatocytes.">Isolation and culture of adult mouse hepatocytes.</a> Methods in Molecular Biology. 633, 185-196 (2010).</li><li>Ng, I. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+of+Primary+Rat+Hepatocytes+with+Multiparameter+Perfusion+Control.">Isolation of Primary Rat Hepatocytes with Multiparameter Perfusion Control.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments: JoVE. (170), e62289 (2021).</li><li>Shen, L., Hillebrand, A., Wang, D. Q., Liu, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+and+primary+culture+of+rat+hepatic+cells.">Isolation and primary culture of rat hepatic cells.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments: JoVE. (64), e3917 (2012).</li><li>Fulgencio, J. P., Kohl, C., Girard, J., Pegorier, J. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+metformin+on+fatty+acid+and+glucose+metabolism+in+freshly+isolated+hepatocytes+and+on+specific+gene+expression+in+cultured+hepatocytes.">Effect of metformin on fatty acid and glucose metabolism in freshly isolated hepatocytes and on specific gene expression in cultured hepatocytes.</a> Biochemical Pharmacology. 62 (4), 439-446 (2001).</li><li>Leonardi, R., Rock, C. O., Jackowski, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pank1+deletion+in+leptin-deficient+mice+reduces+hyperglycaemia+and+hyperinsulinaemia+and+modifies+global+metabolism+without+affecting+insulin+resistance.">Pank1 deletion in leptin-deficient mice reduces hyperglycaemia and hyperinsulinaemia and modifies global metabolism without affecting insulin resistance.</a> Diabetologia. 57 (7), 1466-1475 (2014).</li><li>Bougarne, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=PPARalpha+blocks+glucocorticoid+receptor+alpha-mediated+transactivation+but+cooperates+with+the+activated+glucocorticoid+receptor+alpha+for+transrepression+on+NF-kappaB.">PPARalpha blocks glucocorticoid receptor alpha-mediated transactivation but cooperates with the activated glucocorticoid receptor alpha for transrepression on NF-kappaB.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 106 (18), 7397-7402 (2009).</li><li>Korelova, K., Jirouskova, M., Sarnova, L., Gregor, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+and+3D+collagen+sandwich+culture+of+primary+mouse+hepatocytes+to+study+the+role+of+cytoskeleton+in+bile+canalicular+formation+in+vitro.">Isolation and 3D collagen sandwich culture of primary mouse hepatocytes to study the role of cytoskeleton in bile canalicular formation in vitro.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments: JoVE. (154), e60507 (2019).</li></ol>

During the liver perfusion, it is critical to avoid the introduction of air bubbles, as they block the microcapillaries in the liver, preventing or restricting the buffer circulation and overall decreasing the hepatocyte yield and viability20,21. Precautions, such as closely inspecting the buffer-filled inlet line before cannulation of the IVC and avoiding lifting the inlet line off the tube containing Buffer 1 to switch to Buffer 2, as described herein, can succ...

Fatty acid &#946;-oxidation is an essential process in lipid metabolism, providing a catabolic pathway to balance fatty acid synthesis and intake from the diet. This process generates energy for multiple organs, including the cardiac muscle, kidney cortex, and fasted liver, and utilizes fatty acids obtained from the diet, adipose tissue lipolysis, and internal triglyceride stores1,2.
Oxidation of fatty acid through the &#946;-oxidation pathway results in the sequential shortening of the fatty acyl chain by two carbons at a time, released as acetyl-CoA, and this process occurs both in the mitochondria and the peroxisomes. While most fatty acids undergo only &#946;-oxidation, some are oxidized at different carbons before entering this pathway. For example, 3-methyl-substituted fatty acids, such as phytanic acid, undergo removal of one carbon by &#945;-oxidation in the peroxisomes before entering the &#946;-oxidation pathway. Similarly, some fatty acids are first converted to dicarboxylic fatty acids by oxidation of the terminal methyl group (&#969;-oxidation) in the endoplasmic reticulum before being preferentially oxidized in the peroxisomes by &#946;-oxidation3.
Regardless of the specific organelle, a fatty acid must first be converted to a coenzyme A (CoA) thioester, or acyl-CoA, to be oxidized through the &#946;-oxidation pathway. &#946;-Oxidation of long-chain acyl-CoAs in the mitochondrial matrix requires the carnitine shuttle for their translocation, where carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1) catalyzes the conversion of acyl-CoAs to acylcarnitines and is the rate-limiting enzyme in this process4. Once translocated to the mitochondrial matrix, the acyl-CoAs are re-formed and serve as substrates for the mitochondrial &#946;-oxidation machinery. In the fasted state, the acetyl-CoA produced through &#946;-oxidation in hepatic mitochondria is primarily channeled to ketogenesis. Peroxisomes serve as the primary site for the &#946;-oxidation of very long-chain, branched-chain, and dicarboxylic fatty acids. Peroxisomes do not require the carnitine shuttle to import fatty acid substrates, instead&#160;importing the correspondent acyl-CoAs through the activity of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters ABCD1-35. Within the peroxisomes, acyl-CoAs are then oxidized by a dedicated set of enzymes, distinct from the mitochondrial fatty acid &#946;-oxidation machinery. Both mitochondria and peroxisomes also require a supply of NAD+ and free CoA to oxidize fatty acyl chains. CoA levels in the liver have been shown to increase in response to fasting, supporting the increased rate of fatty acid oxidation which occurs in this state6. Furthermore, increased CoA degradation in the peroxisomes results in a selective decrease in peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation7. Therefore, the process of fatty acid oxidation within the cell is regulated by the expression levels and activities of enzymes involved in the activation, transport, and oxidation of fatty acids, as well as the concentrations of cofactors and other metabolites throughout multiple subcellular compartments.
Procedures using tissue homogenates to measure fatty acid oxidation destroy the cellular architecture regulating and supporting this process, leading to a collection of data that does not accurately reflect the in vivo metabolism. While techniques using plated primary hepatocytes preserve this system, culturing isolated cells for extended periods of time results in a loss of the in vivo gene expression profile that was present in the cells when they were still living within the animal8,9. The following protocol describes a method to isolate primary hepatocytes and assay their capacity for fatty acid &#946;-oxidation immediately after isolation and in suspension, using [1-14C]palmitic acid. The assay is based on the measurement of the radioactivity associated with the acid-soluble metabolites (ASM) or products, like acetyl-CoA, produced by the &#946;-oxidation of [1-14C]palmitic acid10,11.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>(R)-(+)-Etomoxir sodium salt</td>
			<td>Tocris Bioscience</td>
			<td>4539/10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>[1-14C]-Palmitic acid, 50&#8211;60 mCi/mmol, 0.5 mCi/mL</td>
			<td>American Radiolabeled Chemicals</td>
			<td>ARC 0172A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 M HEPES, sterile</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>25060CI</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10 &#181;L disposable capillaries/pistons for positive displacement pipette</td>
			<td>Mettler Toledo</td>
			<td>17008604</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1000 &#181;L, 200 &#181;L, and 10 &#181;L pipettes and tips</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5 mL, 10 mL, and 25 mL serological pipettes</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50 mL sterile centrifuge tubes</td>
			<td>CellTreat</td>
			<td>229421</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>70% Perchloric acid</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A2296-1LB</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BSA, fatty acid-free</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP9704100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CaCl2 dihydrate</td>
			<td>MilliporeSigma</td>
			<td>223506</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>D-(+)-Glucose</td>
			<td>MilliporeSigma</td>
			<td>G7021</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EGTA</td>
			<td>Gold Biotechnology</td>
			<td>E-217</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol</td>
			<td>Pharmco</td>
			<td>111000200CSPP</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Filter System, 0.22 &#956;m PES Filter, 500 mL, Sterile</td>
			<td>CellTreat</td>
			<td>229707</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gentamicin sulphate</td>
			<td>Gold Biotechnology</td>
			<td>G-400-25</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HDPE, 6.5 mL scintillation vials</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>03-342-3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hemocytometer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hypodermic needles 22 G, 1.5 in</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>305156</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane</td>
			<td>VetOne</td>
			<td>502017</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KCl</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP366-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KH2PO4</td>
			<td>MilliporeSigma</td>
			<td>P5655</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Liberase TM Research Grade</td>
			<td>MilliporeSigma</td>
			<td>5401119001</td>
			<td>Defined blend of purified collagenase I and II with a medium concentration of thermolysin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>M199 medium</td>
			<td>MilliporeSigma</td>
			<td>M5017</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MgSO4 heptahydrate</td>
			<td>MilliporeSigma</td>
			<td>M1880</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microcentrifuge</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>accuSpin Micro 17</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microdissecting Scissors</td>
			<td>Roboz Surgical Instrument Co</td>
			<td>RS-5980</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl</td>
			<td>Chem-Impex International</td>
			<td>30070</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaHCO3</td>
			<td>Acros Organics</td>
			<td>424270010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Palmitic acid</td>
			<td>MilliporeSigma</td>
			<td>P0500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin/streptomycin (100x)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15140122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate buffered saline (PBS)</td>
			<td>Cytiva Life Sciences</td>
			<td>SH30256.01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Positive displacement pipette MR-10, 10 &#181;L</td>
			<td>Mettler Toledo</td>
			<td>17008575</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Refrigerated centrifuge with inserts for 50 mL conical tubes</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>5810 R</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Round-bottom, 14 mL, polypropylene culture test tubes</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>14-956-9A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scintillation counter</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>TriCarb 4810 TR</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ScintiVerse BD cocktail</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>SX18-4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Shaking water bath, 30 L capacity</td>
			<td>New Brunswick Scientific</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>&#160;Model G76</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterile cell strainers, 100 &#181;m</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>22363549</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thumb Dressing Forceps</td>
			<td>Roboz Surgical Instrument Co</td>
			<td>RS-8120</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypan Blue</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>25900CI</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Variable-flow peristaltic pump</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>138762</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Water baths, 2&#8211;2.5 L capacity</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

measurement of fatty acid &#946;-oxidation in a suspension of freshly isolated mouse hepatocytes

Fatty acid &#946;-oxidation is a key metabolic pathway to meet the energy demands of the liver and provide substrates and cofactors for additional processes, such as ketogenesis and gluconeogenesis, which are essential to maintain whole-body glucose homeostasis and support extra-hepatic organ function in the fasted state. Fatty acid &#946;-oxidation occurs within the mitochondria and peroxisomes and is regulated through multiple mechanisms, including the uptake and activation of fatty acids, enzyme expression levels, and availability of cofactors such as coenzyme A and NAD+. In assays that measure fatty acid &#946;-oxidation in liver homogenates, cell lysis and the common addition of supraphysiological levels of cofactors mask the effects of these regulatory mechanisms. Furthermore, the integrity of the organelles in the homogenates is hard to control and can vary significantly between preparations. The measurement of fatty acid &#946;-oxidation in intact primary hepatocytes overcomes the above pitfalls. This protocol describes a method for the measurement of fatty acid &#946;-oxidation in a suspension of freshly isolated primary mouse hepatocytes incubated with 14C-labeled palmitic acid. By avoiding hours to days of culture, this method has the advantage of better preserving the protein expression levels and metabolic pathway activity of the original liver, including the activation of fatty acid &#946;-oxidation observed in hepatocytes isolated from fasted mice compared to fed mice.

The liver perfusion described here typically yields 30-40 million cells/liver with average viability of 80%, as estimated by trypan blue exclusion (Figure 2). The typical concentration of glucose in the Krebs-Henseleit buffer (KHB), which is used to prepare the perfusion Buffers 1 and 2, is 11 mM. When measuring fatty acid &#946;-oxidation in hepatocytes isolated from fasted mice, the concentration of glucose in the KHB can be lowered to better represent the fasted state. As shown in <strong...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measurement of Fatty Acid ÃŽÂ²-Oxidation in a Suspension of Freshly Isolated Mouse Hepatocytes at JoVE.com

Measurement of Fatty Acid ÃƒÅ½Ã‚Â²-Oxidation in a Suspension of Freshly Isolated Mouse Hepatocytes

Fatty acid &#946;-oxidation is an essential metabolic pathway responsible for generating energy in many different cell types, including hepatocytes. Here, we describe a method to measure fatty acid &#946;-oxidation in freshly isolated primary hepatocytes using 14C-labeled palmitic acid.

Measurement of Fatty Acid &#946;-Oxidation in a Suspension of Freshly Isolated Mouse Hepatocytes

Fatty acid &#946;-oxidation is a key metabolic pathway to meet the energy demands of the liver and provide substrates and cofactors for additional ...

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