Name: determination of self- and inter-(in)compatibility relationships in apricot combining hand-pollination, microscopy and genetic analyses
Uploaded: 2020-06-16T12:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Determination of Self- and Inter-incompatibility Relationships in Apricot Combining Hand-Pollination, Microscopy and Genetic Analyses at JoVE.com

This research was funded by Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci&#243;n y Universidades-European Regional Development Fund, European Union (AGL2016-77267-R, and AGL2015-74071-JIN); Instituto Nacional de Investigaci&#243;n y Tecnolog&#237;a Agraria y Alimentaria (RFP2015-00015-00, RTA2017-00003-00); Gobierno de Arag&#243;n-European Social Fund, European Union (Grupo Consolidado A12_17R), Fundaci&#243;n Biodiversidad, and Agroseguro S.A.

1. Self-(in)compatibility determination
<ol>
	<li>Sample the flowers in the field. It is necessary to collect the flowers at balloon stage (Figure 1A), corresponding to stage 58 on the BBCH scale for apricot28, to avoid unwanted previous pollination.</li>
	<li>Self- and cross-pollinations in the laboratory
	<ol>
		<li>Remove the anthers of the flowers at balloon stage and place them on a piece of paper to dry at laboratory temperatu...

Traditionally, most commercial apricot European cultivars were self-compatible36. Nevertheless, the use of North American self-incompatible cultivars as parents in breeding programs in the last decades has resulted in the release of an increasing number of new self-incompatible cultivars with unknown pollination requirements7,8,37. Thus, the determination of self- and inter-(in)compatibility relationships...

Self-incompatibility is a strategy of flowering plants to prevent self-pollination and promote outcrossing1. In Rosaceae, this mechanism is determined by a Gametophytic Self-Incompatibility System (GSI) that is mainly controlled by the multiallelic locus S2. In the style, the RNase gene encodes the S-stylar determinant, a RNase3, while a F-box protein, which determines the S-pollen determinant, is codified by the SFB gene4. The self-incompatibility interaction takes place through the inhibition of pollen tube growth along the style preventing the fertilization of the ovule5,6.
In apricot, a varietal renewal has taken place worldwide in the last two decades7,8. This introduction of an important number of new cultivars, from different public and private breeding programs, has resulted in the increase of apricot cultivars with unknown pollination requirements8.
Different methodologies have been used to determine pollination requirements in apricot. In the field, self-(in)compatibility may be established by controlled pollinations in caged trees or in emasculated flowers and subsequently recording the percentage of fruit set9,10,11,12. In addition, controlled pollinations have been carried out in the laboratory by semi-in vivo culture of flowers and analysis of the pollen tube behavior under fluorescence microscopy8,13,14,15,16,17. Recently, molecular techniques, such as PCR analysis and sequencing, have allowed the characterization of incompatibility relationships based on the study of the RNase and SFB genes18,19. In apricot, thirty-three S-alleles have been reported (S1 to S20, S22 to S30, S52, S53, Sv, Sx), including one allele related with self-compatibility (Sc)12,18,20,21,22,23,24. Up to now, 26 incompatibility groups have been stablished in this species according to the S-genotype8,9,17,25,26,27. Cultivars with the same S-alleles are inter-incompatible, whereas cultivars with at least one different S-allele and, consequently, allocated in different incompatible groups, are inter-compatible.
To define the pollination requirements of apricot cultivars, we describe a methodology that combines the determination of self-(in)compatibility by fluorescence microscopy with the identification of the S-genotype by PCR analysis in apricot cultivars. This approach allows establishing incompatibility groups and elucidate incompatibility relationships between cultivars.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Agarose D1 Low EEO</td>
			<td>Conda</td>
			<td>8010.22</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BIOTAQ DNA Polymerase kit</td>
			<td>Bioline</td>
			<td>BIO-21060</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bright field microscope</td>
			<td>Leica Microsystems</td>
			<td>DM2500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CEQ System Software</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DNeasy Plant Mini Kit</td>
			<td>QIAGEN</td>
			<td>69106</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>dNTP Set, 4 x 25 &#181;mol</td>
			<td>Bioline</td>
			<td>BIO-39025</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GenomeLab DNA Size Standard Kit - 400</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>608098</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GenomeLab GeXP Genetic Analysis System</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GenomeLab Separation Buffer</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>608012</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GenomeLab Separation Gel LPA-1</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>391438</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HyperLadder 100bp</td>
			<td>Bioline</td>
			<td>BIO-33029</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HyperLadder 1kb</td>
			<td>Bioline</td>
			<td>BIO-33025</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Image Analysis System</td>
			<td>Leica Microsystems</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Molecular Imager VersaDoc MP 4000 system&#160;</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>170-8640</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NanoDrop One Spectrophotometer</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>13-400-518</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pH-Meter BASIC 20</td>
			<td>Crison</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phusion&#160;High-Fidelity PCR Kit</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>F553S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Power Pack P 25 T</td>
			<td>Biometra</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Primer Forward</td>
			<td>Isogen Life Science</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Primer Reverse</td>
			<td>Isogen Life Science</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Quantity One Software</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stereoscopic microscope</td>
			<td>Leica Microsystems</td>
			<td>MZ-16</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sub-Cell GT</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SYBR Safe DNA Gel Stain</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>S33102</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>T100 Thermal Cycler</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>1861096</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Taq DNA Polymerase</td>
			<td>QIAGEN</td>
			<td>201203</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vertical Stand Autoclave</td>
			<td>JP Selecta</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

determination of self- and inter-(in)compatibility relationships in apricot combining hand-pollination, microscopy and genetic analyses

Self-incompatibility in Rosaceae is determined by a Gametophytic Self-Incompatibility System (GSI) that is mainly controlled by the multiallelic locus S. In apricot, the determination of self- and inter-(in)compatibility relationships is increasingly important, since the release of an important number of new cultivars has resulted in the increase of cultivars with unknown pollination requirements. Here, we describe a methodology that combines the determination of self-(in)compatibility by hand-pollinations and microscopy with the identification of the S-genotype by PCR analysis. For self-(in)compatibility determination, flowers at balloon stage from each cultivar were collected in the field, hand-pollinated in the laboratory, fixed, and stained with aniline blue for the observation of pollen tube behavior under the fluorescence microscopy. For the establishment of incompatibility relationships between cultivars, DNA from each cultivar was extracted from young leaves and S-alleles were identified by PCR. This approach allows establishing incompatibility groups and elucidate incompatibility relationships between cultivars, which provides a valuable information to choose suitable pollinizers in the design of new orchards and to select appropriate parents in breeding programs.

Pollination studies in apricot require the use of flowers at the late balloon stage one day before anthesis (Figure 1A). This stage is considered the most favorable for both pollen and pistil collection, since floral structures are nearly mature, but anther dehiscence has not yet occurred. This prevents the interference of undesired pollen, not only of pollen from the same flower but also from other flowers, since the closed petals impede the arrival of insects carrying exte...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Determination of Self- and Inter-incompatibility Relationships in Apricot Combining Hand-Pollination, Microscopy and Genetic Analyses at JoVE.com

Determination of Self- and Inter-incompatibility Relationships in Apricot Combining Hand-Pollination, Microscopy and Genetic Analyses

We present a methodology to establish the pollination requirements of apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) cultivars combining the determination of self-(in)compatibility by fluorescence microscopy with the identification of the S-genotype by PCR analysis.

Determination of Self- and Inter-(in)compatibility Relationships in Apricot Combining Hand-Pollination, Microscopy and Genetic Analyses

Self-incompatibility in Rosaceae is determined by a Gametophytic Self-Incompatibility System (GSI) that is mainly controlled by the multiallelic locus S. ...

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