Name: process optimization using high throughput automated micro-bioreactors in chinese hamster ovary cell cultivation
Uploaded: 2020-05-18T12:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Process Optimization using High Throughput Automated Micro-Bioreactors in Chinese Hamster Ovary Cell Cultivation at JoVE.com

The authors would like to thank the Bundesministerium f&#252;r Bildung und Forschung (BMBF), the Federal Ministry of Education and Research, Germany, and the BioProcessing team of Sartorius Stedim Biotech GmbH, Germany, for their support.

1. Preculture Procedure
NOTE: Recombinant CHO DG44 cells with a viable cell concentration of 1 x 107 cells/mL are used for this protocol.
<ol>
	<li>Thaw the vial containing 1.2 mL of cells to room temperature and immediately transfer the cell suspension to a 15 mL conical centrifuge tube containing 10 mL of cold seed medium.</li>
	<li>Centrifuge the conical centrifuge tube for 5 minutes at 190 x g and room temperature and discard the supernatant.</li>
	<l...

<ol>
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K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Advances+in+Mammalian+cell+line+development+technologies+for+recombinant+protein+production.">Advances in Mammalian cell line development technologies for recombinant protein production.</a> Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 6 (5), 579-603 (2013).</li><li>Carlage, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+dynamic+changes+in+the+proteome+of+a+Bcl-XL+overexpressing+Chinese+hamster+ovary+cell+culture+during+exponential+and+stationary+phases.">Analysis of dynamic changes in the proteome of a Bcl-XL overexpressing Chinese hamster ovary cell culture during exponential and stationary phases.</a> Biotechnology Progress. 28 (3), 814-823 (2012).</li><li>Hacker, D. L., de Jesus, M., Wurm, F. 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Optimization of the process to increase the yield is of crucial importance in the biopharmaceutical industry. Shake flasks could potentially be used for the screening of the strain; however, the monitoring of the process parameters such as pH and DO are unavailable in the flasks. The micro-bioreactors have an advantage as they allow continuous monitoring and control of the process. These control loops in the micro-bioreactor also provide a condition similar to those at larger scale and thus, deliver results that are comp...

The global biopharmaceutical market was worth more than US $250 billion in 2018 and has been continuously expanding1. Pharmaceutical companies are moving away from producing small molecular drugs to biotechnologically produced therapeutics such as recombinant proteins. These alone are responsible for a revenue of more than $150 billion1. Mammalian cells are now extensively used for the production of these pharmaceutical recombinant proteins. In the current period, among the 68 approved products produced by mammalian cells, 57 are produced by Chinese Hamster ovary cells (CHO)2. CHO cells are specifically used for the production of recombinant proteins that require post-translational modifications. These cells are preferred as they grow in a suspension and thereby enable reproducible results in a serum free chemically defined medium3,4. The other advantage of using CHO cells is that the glycan structure of the product resembles that of the human monoclonal antibody (mAb) and results in higher recombinant protein yield and specific productivity due to gene amplification5.
The yield of recombinant CHO (rCHO) cell culture has increased by a hundred-fold in the past two decades. This improvement is attributed to the optimization of the process parameters, feeding strategy and development of serum free chemically defined medium6. With the increase in requirements of the pharmaceutical products, the pressure increases on cost and time efficiency for the development of the production process7. To reduce the pressure while assuring product quality has redirected the focus of the pharmaceutical industry on Quality by Design (QbD). QbD is used to understand the product production as well as the process. A vital tool used in the ObD is the Design of Experiment (DOE). It helps increase understanding of the process by revealing the relationship between various input variables and resulting output data. Applying the DOE approach to optimize the bioprocess is beneficial during the early stages of the project in assimilating the process conditions and increasing the titer quantity and quality. This approach is beneficial when compared to the old-fashioned strategy: one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT). The statistical approaches to DOE using Classical, Shainin or Taguchi are far superior to the OFAT8.
The process and media optimization can be performed in shake flasks. The flasks are relatively inexpensive. However, it is not possible to control parameters such as temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen (DO). To overcome these drawbacks, multiuse bench-top bioreactors ranging from working volume of 0.5 L to 5 L can be used. The reactors provide an extensive on-line monitoring and process control. However, the use of the multiuse bioreactor is time and labor intensive. In order to overcome these disadvantages, a novel single-use bioreactor that combines the comprehensive process of monitoring the bench-top bioreactor and easy handling of the shake flask is used. The high throughput screening system and single-use technology have contributed to enhance the efficiency of process performance and development9.
In this article, the guidelines to load the recipe in the automated micro-bioreactor (AMBR) software are listed. The influence of different stirrer speeds and pH on the viable cell concentration (VCC) and titer is studied during the course of this experiment. The experimental result and analysis are carried out with design of experiment software MODDE 12. The product analytics are carried out in a high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) system with a Protein A column. It is based on the principle that the Fc region of the mAb binds to protein A with high affinity10,11. With this method, it is possible to identify and quantify the mAb. The quantification is carried out over the measured elution peak areas at 280 nm.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>1 mL disposable pipette tips, sterilized</td>
			<td>Sartorius Stedim Biotech GmbH</td>
			<td>A-0040</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>200 mM L-glutamine</td>
			<td>Corning, Merck</td>
			<td>25-005-CV</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>24 Well deep well plates</td>
			<td>Sartorius Stedim Biotech GmbH</td>
			<td>A-0038</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5 mL disposable pipette tips, sterilized</td>
			<td>Sartorius Stedim Biotech GmbH</td>
			<td>A-0039</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ambr 15 automated microbioreactor system</td>
			<td>Sartorius Stedim Biotech GmbH</td>
			<td>001-2804</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ambr 15 Cell Culture 24 Disposable Bioreactors - Sparged</td>
			<td>Sartorius Stedim Biotech GmbH</td>
			<td>001-1B86</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Antifoam C Emulsion</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, Merck</td>
			<td>A8011</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bottle Top Sterile filter</td>
			<td>Corning, Merck</td>
			<td>CLS431474</td>
			<td>0.1 &#956;m pore size</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CEDEX Detergent (3% Mucosol)</td>
			<td>Roche Innovatis AG</td>
			<td>05-650-658-001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell counter</td>
			<td>Roche Innovatis AG</td>
			<td>05-650-216-001</td>
			<td>CEDEX HiRes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CHO DG44 cell line</td>
			<td>Cellca, Sartorius Stedim Biotech GmbH</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CHOKO Feed Media A (FMA)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, Merck</td>
			<td>CR80025</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CHOKO Feed Media B (FMB)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, Merck</td>
			<td>CR80026</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CHOKO Production Medium</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, Merck</td>
			<td>CR80027</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CHOKO Stock Culture Meium</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, Merck</td>
			<td>CR80028</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chromaster high pressure liquid chromatography system</td>
			<td>VWR International</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Conical Centrifuge tube</td>
			<td>Corning, Merck</td>
			<td>SIAL0790</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>1070179026</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glycine</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>56-40-6</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HPLC Vials</td>
			<td>VWR International</td>
			<td>SUPLSU860181</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich,Merck</td>
			<td>P4417</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Protein A Column</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>1502226</td>
			<td>POROS&#8482; A 1.7&#160;mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich,Merck</td>
			<td>7647-14-5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium phosphate dibasic anhydrous</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich,Merck</td>
			<td>7558-79-4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypan Blue</td>
			<td>VWR International</td>
			<td>VWRVK940</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>YSI</td>
			<td>YSI Inc</td>
			<td>2900D</td>
			<td>YSI 2900 Select</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

process optimization using high throughput automated micro-bioreactors in chinese hamster ovary cell cultivation

Optimization of bioprocesses to increase the yield of desired products is of importance in the biopharmaceutical industry. This can be achieved by strain selection and by developing bioprocess parameters. Shake flasks have been used for this purpose. They, however, lack the capability to control the process parameters such as pH and dissolved oxygen (DO). This limitation can be overcome with the help of an automated micro-bioreactor. These bioreactors mimic cultivation at a larger scale. One of the major advantages of this system is the integration of the Design of Experiment (DOE) in the software. This integration enables establishing a design where multiple process parameters can be varied simultaneously. The critical process parameters and optimum bioprocess conditions can be analyzed within the software. The focus of the work presented here is to introduce the user to the steps involved in process design in the software and incorporation of the DOE within the cultivation run.

An overview of the cultivation performed in this study is presented in Figure 2.
<img alt="Figure 2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/60577/60577fig02.jpg" /> 
Figure 2: Schematic representation of the experimental conditions to test pH and stirrer speed profiles in the culture stations.&#160;The figure also represents the correct layout to place the vessels. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_uploa...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Process Optimization using High Throughput Automated Micro-Bioreactors in Chinese Hamster Ovary Cell Cultivation at JoVE.com

Process Optimization using High Throughput Automated Micro-Bioreactors in Chinese Hamster Ovary Cell Cultivation

Here, we present a detailed procedure to run a Design of Experiment in an automated micro-bioreactor followed by cell harvest and protein quantification using a Protein A column.

Optimization of bioprocesses to increase the yield of desired products is of importance in the biopharmaceutical industry. This can be achieved by strain ...

In this video, the users introduced into the micro bioreactor software with planning and execution of design of experiments or DOE. The analyzers auxiliary valves are also demonstrated to optimize the process condition. The incorporation of modet into the automated micro bioreactor software has been official for the data analysis.A large number of experiments can be planned and executed simultaneously in small scale. Demonstrating the procedure will be Tamanna Nagraik, A PhD student from my laboratory. Begin with the pre-culture procedure in main cultivation as described in the text protocol.To create a new experiment, open the Amber self-culture software, and in the introduction tab, click on, create new experiment. In the new experiment tab, enter the name of the experiment along with the date on which it will be conducted. Activate the checkpoint for the culture station in the vessels to be used during the cultivation.The auto-add DOE tags will also be activated for an easy transition during the programming of the DOE experiment. Click on next"to switch to the next tab. To set information about addition of media into the vessel, along with anti-foam, inoculum, feed, and glucose, activate the add media plate"checkpoint.Define the plate type, name, and location of the plate containing the medium. Click on add media to vessels. Enter the volume of the media to be added into the vessels.Define the mapping of media transfer from the plate to the vessels. Click on next"to switch to the next tab. After the media information has been fed into the software, assign the cultivation conditions.Click on condition media, and fill in the temperature, target DO, upper PH limit, and stirring RPM. Then click Up stirring"or down stirring. To set addition of inoculums into the vessels, activate add cell plate.Define the plate type, name, and location of the plate containing the medium. Click on add cells to vessels. Enter the time of inoculation and the volume of the media to be added to the vessels.Define the path traveled by the liquid handler to transfer the cell from the plate to the vessels. Click on next"to switch to the next tab. To set addition of feed, glucose, and the anti-foam, activate the add feed plate, and define the plate type, name, and location.Click on add feed to vessels, and enter the volume of the feed to be added to the vessels. Depending on the cultivation, add the number of feed addition. For this cultivation, the reactor is fed after 72 hours every 24 hours.Manually add the time delay between the feeding by entering the data into delay from cells added. The first day of feeding is after 72 hours of inoculation, the next one is after 96 hours, and so on. Define the mapping of the transfer of the feed from the plate to the vessels.To set sampling during the cultivation, activate the add sample plate"and define the plate type, name, and location. Check take sample from vessels"and enter the volume of the sample to be removed from the vessels. Ensure that the volume does not decrease below 10 mililiters during the entire course of cultivation.Add the number of samples to be taken during the cultivation. Similar to feeding, add the time of the sample being removed from the vessel for each input sample point. Save the process.It is now ready for execution. Finally, define the mapping of the transfer of the sample from the vessels to the plate. Open the Amber 15 DOE Software.Click on investigation"and select new. Enter the name of the new DOE investigation in the create investigation"dialogue box. In order to assign an experiment to the DOE investigation, open the recipe created to study the different parameters.Click on browse, and select the respective experiment. The vessel tags are already enlisted in the column. To define the desired DOE factor, select the parameter and click on the column labeled, DOE factor.Select new"and add the units, abbreviation, as well as lower and upper limit of the factors. In the responses tab, define the values to be considered for the analysis of the data. Click on edit DOE responses, and define the name of the response, abbreviation, units, and minimum and maximum limits.Once the responses are defined, select the amber variable for each response, and define. A response can be automatically associated with a microbe bioreactor variable. Choose the required variable from the dropdown list.Change the equation for each response depending on the requirement. The choices between the minimum, maximum, first, last, and average data. To create a design, use the Start Design Wizard to select the type of experimental design and to add or remove the number of replicates and center points.Select the objective, which determines the choice of designs and models. Finish and create work packets that can be imported into the Amber self-culture Software as described in the text protocol. In the experiment tab, click on create DOE experiment, and browse for the work packet created using the DOE software.Initialize the process by clicking start. Once the experiment has been executed, export the data using export DOE results. The export DOE results"window opens, and the rows indicating the culture vessel and station are listed in the table.Select the desired rows, and click on export selected rows"or export experimental data"to store all the results and save the file for further analysis. Import the data into the Amber DOE Module by switching to the results"tab and selecting import results. Browse for the desired data file, and click analyze results.The cell growth in the automated microbe bioreactors is comparable with the multiuse bioreactors. In comparing the cell concentration from three different scales, it is observed that the 15 milliliter automated microbe bioreactor mimics the two liter glass bioreactor. The results from the shake flask are also compared to exhibit the benefit of Amber.The influence of different stir speed and PH is studied in the automated microbe bioreactors. Shown here is a comparison of the viable cell concentration, or VCC, and monoclonal antibody concentration in the different microbe bioreactors. The negative influence of PH 6.9 on the VCC can be observed.Additionally, the growth of the cells improved significantly under the culture at PH 7.3 compared with PH 7.1. Shown here are the response contour plots of VCC and monoclonal antibody concentration. The values are comparable in the vessels with the same PH and different stirrer speed, indicating that the stirrer speed collected for this process has no significant influence on the process output.Every instruction given to the machine must be carefully written to avoid error during the execution of the experiment. The software is flexible and it can run a number of experiments at once, thereby reducing the amount of time taken to optimize a process. The design of experiment is useful in the field of bioprocess, as the results give knowledge-based process understanding, which can be extended to other organisms to a certain extent.

process-optimization-using-high-throughput-automated-micro

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

Developing Custom Chinese Hamster Ovary-host Cell Protein Assays using Acoustic Membrane Microparticle Technology

Custom assays for unique proteins are often limited to time consuming manual detection and quantitation techniques such as ELISA or Western blots due to the complexity of development on alternate platforms. BioScale's proprietary Acoustic Membrane MicroParticle (AMMP) technology allows sandwich immunoassays to be easily developed for use on the ViBE platform, providing better sensitivity, reproducibility, and automated operation. Provided as an example, this protocol outlines the procedure for developing a custom Chinese Hamster Ovary- Host Cell Protein (CHO-HCP) assay. The general principles outlined here can be followed for the development of a wide variety of immunoassays.
An AMMP assay measures antigen concentration by measuring changes in oscillation frequency caused by the binding of microparticles to the sensor surface to calculate. It consists of four major components: (1) a cartridge that contains a functionalized eight sensor chip (2) antibody labeled magnetic microparticles, (3) hapten tagged antibody that binds to the surface of the functionalized chip (4) samples containing the antigen of interest. BioScale's biosensor is a resonant device that contains eight individual membranes with separate fluidic paths. The membranes change oscillation frequency in response to mass accumulating on the surface and this frequency change is used to quantitate the amount of added mass.
To facilitate use in a wide variety of immunoassays the sensor is functionalized with an anti-hapten antibody. Assay specific antibodies are modified through the covalent conjugation of a hapten tag to one antibody and biotin to the other. The biotin label is used to bind the antibody to streptavidin coupled magnetic beads which, in combination with the hapten-tagged antibody, are used to capture the analyte in a sandwich. The complex binds to the chip through the anti-hapten/hapten interaction. At the end of each assay run the sensors are cleaned with a dilute acid enabling the sequential analysis of columns from a 96-well plate.
Here, we present the method for developing a custom CHO-HCP AMMP assay for bioprocess development. Developing AMMP assays or modifying existing assays into AMMP assays can provide better performance (reproducibility, sensitivity) in complex samples and reduced operator time. The protocol shows the steps for development and the discussion section reviews representative results. For a more in-depth explanation of assay optimization and customization parameters contact BioScale. This kit offers generic bioprocess development assays such as Residual Protein A, Product titer, and CHO-HCP.

Development of custom assays on the ViBE platform for more sensitive, reproducible, automated results in complex matrices is described. The universal cartridge allows assays to be easily adapted for use with custom assays. This versatility enables rapid development and validation of novel assays or automated versions of existing manual assays, exemplified in this video.

Custom assays for unique proteins are often limited to time consuming manual detection and quantitation techniques such as ELISA or Western blots due to ...

High Throughput Single-cell and Multiple-cell Micro-encapsulation

Microfluidic encapsulation methods have been previously utilized to capture cells in picoliter-scale aqueous, monodisperse drops, providing confinement from a bulk fluid environment with applications in high throughput screening, cytometry, and mass spectrometry. We describe a method to not only encapsulate single cells, but to repeatedly capture a set number of cells (here we demonstrate one- and two-cell encapsulation) to study both isolation and the interactions between cells in groups of controlled sizes. By combining drop generation techniques with cell and particle ordering, we demonstrate controlled encapsulation of cell-sized particles for efficient, continuous encapsulation. Using an aqueous particle suspension and immiscible fluorocarbon oil, we generate aqueous drops in oil with a flow focusing nozzle. The aqueous flow rate is sufficiently high to create ordering of particles which reach the nozzle at integer multiple frequencies of the drop generation frequency, encapsulating a controlled number of cells in each drop. For representative results, 9.9 &mu;m polystyrene particles are used as cell surrogates. This study shows a single-particle encapsulation efficiency Pk=1 of 83.7% and a double-particle encapsulation efficiency Pk=2 of 79.5% as compared to their respective Poisson efficiencies of 39.3% and 33.3%, respectively. The effect of consistent cell and particle concentration is demonstrated to be of major importance for efficient encapsulation, and dripping to jetting transitions are also addressed. 
Introduction 
Continuous media aqueous cell suspensions share a common fluid environment which allows cells to interact in parallel and also homogenizes the effects of specific cells in measurements from the media. High-throughput encapsulation of cells into picoliter-scale drops confines the samples to protect drops from cross-contamination, enable a measure of cellular diversity within samples, prevent dilution of reagents and expressed biomarkers, and amplify signals from bioreactor products. Drops also provide the ability to re-merge drops into larger aqueous samples or with other drops for intercellular signaling studies.1,2 The reduction in dilution implies stronger detection signals for higher accuracy measurements as well as the ability to reduce potentially costly sample and reagent volumes.3 Encapsulation of cells in drops has been utilized to improve detection of protein expression,4 antibodies,5,6 enzymes,7 and metabolic activity8 for high throughput screening, and could be used to improve high throughput cytometry.9 Additional studies present applications in bio-electrospraying of cell containing drops for mass spectrometry10 and targeted surface cell coatings.11 Some applications, however, have been limited by the lack of ability to control the number of cells encapsulated in drops. Here we present a method of ordered encapsulation12 which increases the demonstrated encapsulation efficiencies for one and two cells and may be extrapolated for encapsulation of a larger number of cells.
To achieve monodisperse drop generation, microfluidic "flow focusing" enables the creation of controllable-size drops of one fluid (an aqueous cell mixture) within another (a continuous oil phase) by using a nozzle at which the streams converge.13 For a given nozzle geometry, the drop generation frequency f and drop size can be altered by adjusting oil and aqueous flow rates Qoil and Qaq. As the flow rates increase, the flows may transition from drop generation to unstable jetting of aqueous fluid from the nozzle.14 
When the aqueous solution contains suspended particles, particles become encapsulated and isolated from one another at the nozzle. For drop generation using a randomly distributed aqueous cell suspension, the average fraction of drops Dk containing k cells is dictated by Poisson statistics, where Dk = &lambda;k exp(-&lambda;)/(k!) and &lambda; is the average number of cells per drop. The fraction of cells which end up in the "correctly" encapsulated drops is calculated using Pk = (k x Dk)/&Sigma;(k' x Dk'). The subtle difference between the two metrics is that Dk relates to the utilization of aqueous fluid and the amount of drop sorting that must be completed following encapsulation, and Pk relates to the utilization of the cell sample. As an example, one could use a dilute cell suspension (low &lambda;) to encapsulate drops where most drops containing cells would contain just one cell. While the efficiency metric Pk would be high, the majority of drops would be empty (low Dk), thus requiring a sorting mechanism to remove empty drops, also reducing throughput.15
Combining drop generation with inertial ordering provides the ability to encapsulate drops with more predictable numbers of cells per drop and higher throughputs than random encapsulation. Inertial focusing was first discovered by Segre and Silberberg16 and refers to the tendency of finite-sized particles to migrate to lateral equilibrium positions in channel flow. Inertial ordering refers to the tendency of the particles and cells to passively organize into equally spaced, staggered, constant velocity trains. Both focusing and ordering require sufficiently high flow rates (high Reynolds number) and particle sizes (high Particle Reynolds number).17,18 Here, the Reynolds number Re =uDh/&nu; and particle Reynolds number Rep =Re(a/Dh)2, where u is a characteristic flow velocity, Dh [=2wh/(w+h)] is the hydraulic diameter, &nu; is the kinematic viscosity, a is the particle diameter, w is the channel width, and h is the channel height. Empirically, the length required to achieve fully ordered trains decreases as Re and Rep increase. Note that the high Re and Rep requirements (for this study on the order of 5 and 0.5, respectively) may conflict with the need to keep aqueous flow rates low to avoid jetting at the drop generation nozzle. Additionally, high flow rates lead to higher shear stresses on cells, which are not addressed in this protocol. The previous ordered encapsulation study demonstrated that over 90% of singly encapsulated HL60 cells under similar flow conditions to those in this study maintained cell membrane integrity.12 However, the effect of the magnitude and time scales of shear stresses will need to be carefully considered when extrapolating to different cell types and flow parameters. The overlapping of the cell ordering, drop generation, and cell viability aqueous flow rate constraints provides an ideal operational regime for controlled encapsulation of single and multiple cells.
Because very few studies address inter-particle train spacing,19,20 determining the spacing is most easily done empirically and will depend on channel geometry, flow rate, particle size, and particle concentration. Nonetheless, the equal lateral spacing between trains implies that cells arrive at predictable, consistent time intervals. When drop generation occurs at the same rate at which ordered cells arrive at the nozzle, the cells become encapsulated within the drop in a controlled manner. This technique has been utilized to encapsulate single cells with throughputs on the order of 15 kHz,12 a significant improvement over previous studies reporting encapsulation rates on the order of 60-160 Hz.4,15 In the controlled encapsulation work, over 80% of drops contained one and only one cell, a significant efficiency improvement over Poisson (random) statistics, which predicts less than 40% efficiency on average.12
In previous controlled encapsulation work,12 the average number of particles per drop &lambda; was tuned to provide single-cell encapsulation. We hypothesize that through tuning of flow rates, we can efficiently encapsulate any number of cells per drop when &lambda; is equal or close to the number of desired cells per drop. While single-cell encapsulation is valuable in determining individual cell responses from stimuli, multiple-cell encapsulation provides information relating to the interaction of controlled numbers and types of cells. Here we present a protocol, representative results using polystyrene microspheres, and discussion for controlled encapsulation of multiple cells using a passive inertial ordering channel and drop generation nozzle.

Combining monodisperse drop generation with inertial ordering of cells and particles, we describe a method to encapsulate a desired number of cells or particles in a single drop at kHz rates. We demonstrate efficiencies twice exceeding those of unordered encapsulation for single- and double-particle drops.

Microfluidic encapsulation methods have been previously utilized to capture cells in picoliter-scale aqueous, monodisperse drops, providing confinement ...

Using Tomoauto: A Protocol for High-throughput Automated Cryo-electron Tomography

Cryo-electron tomography (Cryo-ET) is a powerful three-dimensional (3-D) imaging technique for visualizing macromolecular complexes in their native context at a molecular level. The technique involves initially preserving the sample in its native state by rapidly freezing the specimen in vitreous ice, then collecting a series of micrographs from different angles at high magnification, and finally computationally reconstructing a 3-D density map. The frozen-hydrated specimen is extremely sensitive to the electron beam and so micrographs are collected at very low electron doses to limit the radiation damage. As a result, the raw cryo-tomogram has a very low signal to noise ratio characterized by an intrinsically noisy image. To better visualize subjects of interest, conventional imaging analysis and sub-tomogram averaging in which sub-tomograms of the subject are extracted from the initial tomogram and aligned and averaged are utilized to improve both contrast and resolution. Large datasets of tilt-series are essential to understanding and resolving the complexes at different states, conditions, or mutations as well as obtaining a large enough collection of sub-tomograms for averaging and classification. Collecting and processing this data can be a major obstacle preventing further analysis. Here we describe a high-throughput cryo-ET protocol based on a computer-controlled 300kV cryo-electron microscope, a direct detection device (DDD) camera and a highly effective, semi-automated image-processing pipeline software wrapper library tomoauto developed in-house. This protocol has been effectively utilized to visualize the intact type III secretion system (T3SS) in Shigella flexneri minicells. It can be applicable to any project suitable for cryo-ET.

We present a protocol on how to utilize high-throughput cryo-electron tomography to determine high resolution in situ structures of molecular machines. The protocol permits large amounts of data to be processed, avoids common bottlenecks and reduces resource downtime, allowing the user to focus on important biological questions.

Cryo-electron tomography (Cryo-ET) is a powerful three-dimensional (3-D) imaging technique for visualizing macromolecular complexes in their native ...

Generic Protocol for Optimization of Heterologous Protein Production Using Automated Microbioreactor Technology

A core business in industrial biotechnology using microbial production cell factories is the iterative process of strain engineering and optimization of bioprocess conditions. One important aspect is the improvement of cultivation medium to provide an optimal environment for microbial formation of the product of interest. It is well accepted that the media composition can dramatically influence overall bioprocess performance. Nutrition medium optimization is known to improve recombinant protein production with microbial systems and thus, this is a rewarding step in bioprocess development. However, very often standard media recipes are taken from literature, since tailor-made design of the cultivation medium is a tedious task that demands microbioreactor technology for sufficient cultivation throughput, fast product analytics, as well as support by lab robotics to enable reliability in liquid handling steps. Furthermore, advanced mathematical methods are required for rationally analyzing measurement data and efficiently designing parallel experiments such as to achieve optimal information content.
The generic nature of the presented protocol allows for easy adaption to different lab equipment, other expression hosts, and target proteins of interest, as well as further bioprocess parameters. Moreover, other optimization objectives like protein production rate, specific yield, or product quality can be chosen to fit the scope of other optimization studies. The applied Kriging Toolbox (KriKit) is a general tool for Design of Experiments (DOE) that contributes to improved holistic bioprocess optimization. It also supports multi-objective optimization which can be important in optimizing both upstream and downstream processes.

This manuscript describes a generic approach for tailor-made design of microbial cultivation media. This is enabled by an iterative workflow combining Kriging-based experimental design and microbioreactor technology for sufficient cultivation throughput, which is supported by lab robotics to increase reliability and speed in liquid handling media preparation.

A core business in industrial biotechnology using microbial production cell factories is the iterative process of strain engineering and optimization of ...

Automated Slide Scanning and Segmentation in Fluorescently-labeled Tissues Using a Widefield High-content Analysis System

Automated slide scanning and segmentation of fluorescently-labeled tissues is the most efficient way to analyze whole slides or large tissue sections. Unfortunately, many researchers spend large amounts of time and resources developing and optimizing workflows that are only relevant to their own experiments. In this article, we describe a protocol that can be used by those with access to a widefield high-content analysis system (WHCAS) to image any slide-mounted tissue, with options for customization within pre-built modules found in the associated software. Not originally intended for slide scanning, the steps detailed in this article make it possible to acquire slide scanning images in the WHCAS which can be imported into the associated software. In this example, the automated segmentation of brain tumor slides is demonstrated, but the automated segmentation of any fluorescently-labeled nuclear or cytoplasmic marker is possible. Furthermore, there are a variety of other quantitative software modules including assays for protein localization/translocation, cellular proliferation/viability/apoptosis, and angiogenesis that can be run. This technique will save researchers time and effort and create an automated protocol for slide analysis.

Here we describe a protocol for the automated segmentation of fluorescently labeled tissues on slides using a widefield high-content analysis system (WHCAS). This protocol has wide-ranging applications in any field which involves the quantitation of fluorescent markers in biological tissues including the biological sciences, medical engineering, and health sciences.

Automated slide scanning and segmentation of fluorescently-labeled tissues is the most efficient way to analyze whole slides or large tissue sections. ...

Comprehensive Evaluation of the Effectiveness and Safety of Placenta-Targeted Drug Delivery Using Three Complementary Methods

No effective treatments currently exist for placenta-associated pregnancy complications, and developing strategies for the targeted delivery of drugs to the placenta while minimizing fetal and maternal side effects remains challenging. Targeted nanoparticle carriers provide new opportunities to treat placental disorders. We recently demonstrated that a synthetic placental chondroitin sulfate A binding peptide (plCSA-BP) could be used to guide nanoparticles to deliver drugs to the placenta. In this protocol, we describe in detail a system for assessing the efficiency of drug delivery to the placenta by plCSA-BP that employs three separate methods used in combination: in vivo imaging, high-frequency ultrasound (HFUS), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Using in vivo imaging, plCSA-BP-guided nanoparticles were visualized in the placentas of live animals, while HFUS and HPLC demonstrated that plCSA-BP-conjugated nanoparticles efficiently and specifically delivered methotrexate to the placenta. Thus, a combination of these methods can be used as an effective tool for the targeted delivery of drugs to the placenta and development of new treatment strategies for several pregnancy complications.

We describe a system that utilizes three methods to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of placenta-targeted drug delivery: in vivo imaging to monitor nanoparticle accumulation, high-frequency ultrasound to monitor placental and fetal development, and HPLC to quantify drug delivery to tissue.

No effective treatments currently exist for placenta-associated pregnancy complications, and developing strategies for the targeted delivery of drugs to ...

Use of High-Throughput Automated Microbioreactor System for Production of Model IgG1 in CHO Cells

Automated microscale bioreactors (15 mL) can be a useful tool for cell culture engineers. They facilitate the simultaneous execution of a wide variety of experimental conditions while minimizing potential process variability. Applications of this approach include: clone screening, temperature and pH shifts,&#160;media and supplement optimization. Furthermore, the small reactor volumes are conducive to large Design of Experiments that investigate a wide range of conditions. This allows upstream processes to be significantly optimized before scale-up where experimentation is more limited in scope due to time and economic constraints. Automated microscale bioreactor systems offer various advantages over traditional small scale cell culture units, such as shake flasks or spinner flasks. However, during pilot scale process development&#160;significant care must be taken to ensure that these advantages are realized. When run with care, the system can enable high level automation, can be programmed to run DOE&#39;s with a higher number of variables&#160;and can reduce sampling time when integrated with a nutrient analyzer or cell counter. Integration of the expert-derived heuristics presented here, with current automated microscale bioreactor experiments can minimize common pitfalls that hinder meaningful results. In the extreme, failure to adhere to the principles laid out here can lead to equipment damage that requires expensive repairs. Furthermore, the microbioreactor systems have small culture volumes&#160;making characterization of cell culture conditions difficult. The number and amount of samples taken in-process in batch mode culture is limited as operating volumes cannot fall below 10 mL. This method will discuss the benefits and drawbacks of microscale bioreactor systems.

A detailed protocol for the concurrent operation of 48 parallel cell cultures under varied conditions in a microbioreactor system is presented. Cell culture process, harvest and subsequent antibody titer analysis are described.

Automated microscale bioreactors (15 mL) can be a useful tool for cell culture engineers. They facilitate the simultaneous execution of a wide variety of ...

Purification and Analytics of a Monoclonal Antibody from Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells Using an Automated Microbioreactor System

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are one of the most popular and well-characterized biological products manufactured today. Most commonly produced using Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, culture and process conditions must be optimized to maximize antibody titers and achieve target quality profiles. Typically, this optimization uses automated microscale bioreactors (15 mL) to screen multiple process conditions in parallel. Optimization criteria include culture performance and the critical quality attributes (CQAs) of the monoclonal antibody (mAb) product, which may impact its efficacy and safety. Culture performance metrics include cell growth and nutrient consumption, while the CQAs include the mAb's N-glycosylation and aggregation profiles, charge variants, and molecular weight. This detailed protocol describes how to purify and subsequently analyze HCCF samples produced by an automated microbioreactor system to gain valuable performance metrics and outputs. First, an automated protein A fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) method is used to purify the mAb from harvested cell culture samples. Once concentrated, the glycan profiles are analyzed by mass spectrometry using a specific platform (refer to the Table of Materials). Antibody molecular weights and aggregation profiles are determined using size exclusion chromatography-multiple angle light scattering (SEC-MALS), while charge variants are analyzed using microchip capillary zone electrophoresis (mCZE). In addition to the culture performance metrics captured during the bioreactor process (i.e., culture viability, cell counts, and common metabolites including glutamine, glucose, lactate, and ammonia), spent media is analyzed to identify limiting nutrients to improve the feeding strategies and overall process design. Therefore, a detailed protocol for the absolute quantification of amino acids by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) of spent media is also described. The methods used in this protocol take advantage of high-throughput platforms that are compatible for large numbers of small-volume samples.

A detailed protocol for the purification and subsequent analysis of a monoclonal antibody from harvested cell culture fluid (HCCF) of automated microbioreactors has been described. Use of analytics to determine critical quality attributes (CQAs) and maximizing limited sample volume to extract vital information is also presented.

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are one of the most popular and well-characterized biological products manufactured today. Most commonly produced using ...

Generation of Dynamical Environmental Conditions using a High-Throughput Microfluidic Device

Mimicking in vivo environmental conditions is crucial for in vitro studies on complex life machinery. However, current techniques targeting live cells and organs are either highly expensive, like robotics, or lack nanoliter volume and millisecond time accuracy in liquid manipulation. We herein present the design and fabrication of a microfluidic system, which consists of 1,500 culture units, an array of enhanced peristaltic pumps and an on-site mixing modulus. To demonstrate the capacities of the microfluidic device, neural stem cell (NSC) spheres are maintained in the proposed system. We observed that when the NSC sphere is exposed to CXCL in day 1 and EGF in day 2, the round-shaped conformation is well maintained. Variation in the input order of 6 drugs causes morphological changes to the NSC sphere and the expression level representative marker for NSC stemness (i.e., Hes5 and Dcx). These results indicate that dynamic and complex environmental conditions have great effects on NSC differentiation and self-renewal, and the proposed microfluidic device is a suitable platform for high throughput studies on the complex life machinery.

We present a microfluidic system for high throughput studies on complex life machinery, which consists of 1500 culture units, an array of enhanced peristaltic pumps and an on-site mixing modulus. The microfluidic chip allows for the analysis of the highly complex and dynamic micro-environmental conditions in vivo.

Mimicking in vivo environmental conditions is crucial for in vitro studies on complex life machinery. However, current techniques targeting live cells and ...

Automated Microbial Cultivation and Adaptive Evolution using Microbial Microdroplet Culture System (MMC)

Conventional microbial cultivation methods usually have cumbersome operations, low throughput, low efficiency, and large consumption of labor and reagents. Moreover, microplate-based high-throughput cultivation methods developed in recent years have poor microbial growth status and experiment parallelization because of their low dissolved oxygen, poor mixture, and severe evaporation and thermal effect. Due to many advantages of micro-droplets, such as small volume, high throughput, and strong controllability, the droplet-based microfluidic technology can overcome these problems, which has been used in many kinds of research of high-throughput microbial cultivation, screening, and evolution. However, most prior studies remain&#160;at the stage of laboratory construction and application. Some key issues, such as high operational requirements, high construction difficulty, and lack of automated integration technology, restrict the wide application of droplet microfluidic technology in microbial research. Here, an automated Microbial Microdroplet Culture system (MMC) was successfully developed based on droplet microfluidic technology, achieving the integration of functions such as inoculation, cultivation, online monitoring, sub-cultivation, sorting, and sampling required by the process of microbial droplet cultivation. In this protocol, wild-type Escherichia coli (E. coli) MG1655 and a methanol-essential E. coli strain (MeSV2.2) were taken as examples to introduce how to use the MMC to conduct automated and relatively high-throughput microbial cultivation and adaptive evolution in detail. This method is easy to operate, consumes less labor and reagents, and has high experimental throughput and good data parallelity, which has great advantages compared with conventional cultivation methods. It provides a low-cost, operation-friendly, and result-reliable experimental platform for scientific researchers to conduct related microbial research.

Automated Microbial Cultivation and Adaptive Evolution using Microbial Microdroplet Culture System MMC

This protocol describes how to use the Microbial Microdroplet Culture system (MMC) to conduct automated microbial cultivation and adaptive evolution. MMC can cultivate and sub-cultivate microorganisms automatically and continuously and monitor online their growth with relatively high throughput and good parallelization, reducing labor and reagent consumption.