Name: detection of sars-cov-2 neutralizing antibodies using high-throughput fluorescent imaging of pseudovirus infection
Uploaded: 2021-06-05T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibodies using High-Throughput Fluorescent Imaging of Pseudovirus Infection at JoVE.com

We would like to thank the Whelan lab for generously providing the VSV-S-eGFP virus used in this protocol (described in Case et al. 2020). We also thank Drs. Bill Cameron and Juthaporn Cowan (and team) for collecting the patient blood samples (REB protocol ID 20200371-01H). The authors disclose receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This work was funded by the generous support from the Ottawa Hospital Foundation and a grant from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (#448323) and a Fast Grant from the Thistledown foundation for COVID-19 Science to C.S.I. T.R.J. is funded by an Ontario Graduate Scholarship and cluster Mitacs fellowship. JP is funded by a cluster Mitacs fellowship. T.A. is funded by a CIHR Banting Fellowship. We would also like to thank all the individuals who participated and donated their blood samples for this study.

1. Plating cells (Day 1) for the production and quantification of SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus
<ol>
	<li>Preparation for tissue culture
	<ol>
		<li>Warm 1x Dulbecco&#39;s Phosphate-Buffered Saline (DPBS); Dulbecco&#39;s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) containing 10% Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) and 1% penicillin/streptomycin (optional); and 0.25% trypsin-ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) to 37 &#176;C in a water bath for approximately 15 min.</li>
		<li>Disinfect a tissue culture hood with 70% ethanol, and place tissue cultur...

<ol>
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The method described here may be adapted to suit varying lab environments and resources as needed. Importantly, the main limitation of this protocol is the necessity for a containment level 2 space and tissue culture hood. The application of a replicating RNA virus pseudotyped with the SARS-CoV-2 spike, such as VSV-S-eGFP, is a formidable alternative to the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which requires a containment level 3 working area, but may remain a limitation for some groups. All other steps described here are quite flexible an...

In December 2019, a novel coronavirus was identified, which we now know as SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)1. SARS-CoV-2 is a betacoronavirus belonging to the Coronaviridae family. These enveloped viruses comprise a large positive-sense RNA genome and are responsible for respiratory and intestinal infections in both humans and animals2. As of May 2021&#160;there have been more than 157 million reported cases of COVID-19 globally and more than 3.2&#160;million deaths3. The development of an effective vaccine has become the primary goal of researchers around the globe with at least 77&#160;preclinical vaccines under investigation and 90&#160;currently undergoing clinical trials4.
Coronaviruses encode four structural proteins including the spike protein (S), nucleocapsid (N), envelope protein (E), and the membrane protein (M). Entry of SARS-CoV-2 requires interaction of the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of S with the host receptor, human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2), and subsequent membrane fusion following proteolytic cleavage by host cellular serine protease, transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2)5,6,7,8,9,10. Humoral immunodominance of the S protein of SARS-CoV has been previously reported and has now been shown also for SARS-CoV-211,12,13. Indeed, neutralizing antibody responses against S have been detected in convalescent serum from SARS-CoV patients 24 months after infection14, highlighting their critical role in the long-term immune response. The S protein has been identified as a promising vaccine target and has thus become a key component of most vaccines under development15,16.
While the rapid detection of neutralizing antibodies is a critical aspect of vaccine development, it may also shed light on the rate of infection and sero-epidemiologic surveillance in impacted areas17. A replication-competent VSV pseudotyped with the SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein, in place of the wild-type VSV glycoprotein, to study SARS-CoV-2 infection in biosafety level 2 settings was kindly donated by Whelan and co-workers18. VSV expressing spike (VSV-S) will be utilized to determine the neutralizing antibody response against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. As the VSV-S used here also expresses enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP), eGFP foci may be detected within 24 h to quantify infection, whereas plaque formation can take 48 to 72 h. Summarized here is a simple and effective protocol to determine the ability of convalescent patient serum to neutralize VSV-S-eGFP infection. This method may also be easily adapted to interrogate other potential therapeutics that aim to disrupt the host-viral interaction of SARS-CoV-2 S protein.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>0.25% trypsin-EDTA (Gibco)</td>
			<td>Fisher scientific</td>
			<td>LS25200114</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ArrayScan VTI HCS</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Automated fluorescent imager</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>carboxymethyl cellulose</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>C5678</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco&#39;s modified Eagle&#39;s medium (Gibco)</td>
			<td>Fisher scientific</td>
			<td>10-013-CV</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco&#39;s modified Eagle&#39;s medium (Powder) (Gibco)</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>12-800-017</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco&#8217;s Phosphate-Buffered Saline (DPBS)</td>
			<td>Fisher scientific</td>
			<td>21-031-CV</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES</td>
			<td>Fisher scientific</td>
			<td>BP-310-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IgG Isotype Control (mouse)</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>31903</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin/streptomycin</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>15070063</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SARS-CoV-2 (2019-nCoV) Spike Neutralizing Antibody, Mouse Mab</td>
			<td>SinoBiological</td>
			<td>40592-MM57</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vero E6 cells</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>&#160;CRL-1586</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

detection of sars-cov-2 neutralizing antibodies using high-throughput fluorescent imaging of pseudovirus infection

As the COVID-19 pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continues to evolve, it has become evident that the presence of neutralizing antibodies against the virus may provide protection against future infection. Thus, as the creation and translation of effective COVID-19 vaccines continues at an unprecedented speed, the development of fast and effective methods to measure neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 will become increasingly important to determine long-term protection against infection for both previously infected and immunized individuals. This paper describes a high-throughput protocol using vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) pseudotyped with the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein to measure the presence of neutralizing antibodies in convalescent serum from patients who have recently recovered from COVID-19. The use of a replicating pseudotyped virus eliminates the necessity for a containment level 3 facility required for SARS-CoV-2 handling, making this protocol accessible to virtually any containment level 2 lab. The use of a 96-well format allows for many samples to be run at the same time with a short turnaround time of 24 h.

This protocol outlines a rapid and effective method for detecting neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 S protein via inhibition of VSV-S-eGFP pseudovirus infection (quantifiable by loss of eGFP foci detected). A schematic representation of the protocol is depicted in Figure 1. It is recommended that a commercially available antibody be used as a positive control each time the assay is run to ensure the consistency of the assay. Here, we demonstrate a dilution curve using a commercially...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibodies using High-Throughput Fluorescent Imaging of Pseudovirus Infection at JoVE.com

Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibodies using High-Throughput Fluorescent Imaging of Pseudovirus Infection

The protocol described here outlines a fast and effective method for measuring neutralizing antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein by evaluating the ability of convalescent serum samples to inhibit infection by an enhanced green fluorescent protein-labeled vesicular stomatitis virus pseudotyped with spike glycoprotein.

As the COVID-19 pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continues to evolve, it has become evident that the ...

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