Name: digital hybrid model preparation for virtual planning of reconstructive dentoalveolar surgical procedures
Uploaded: 2021-08-05T14:15:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Digital Hybrid Model Preparation for Virtual Planning of Reconstructive Dentoalveolar Surgical Procedures at JoVE.com

This study was conducted in complete accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Before manuscript preparation, written informed consent was provided and signed by the patient. The patient granted permission for data usage for the demonstration of the protocol.
1. Radiographic image processing
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	<li>Load DICOM files into the software
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		<li>Download the newest version of the medical imaging software and open it. 
		NOTE: After opening the software, the home screen will appear....

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	<li>Jacobs, R., Salmon, B., Codari, M., Hassan, B., Bornstein, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cone+beam+computed+tomography+in+implant+dentistry:+recommendations+for+clinical+use.">Cone beam computed tomography in implant dentistry: recommendations for clinical use.</a> BMC Oral Health. 18 (1), 88 (2018).</li><li>Mangano, F., Gandolfi, A., Luongo, G., Logozzo, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intraoral+scanners+in+dentistry:+a+review+of+the+current+literature.">Intraoral scanners in dentistry: a review of the current literature.</a> BMC Oral Health. 17 (1), 149 (2017).</li><li>Pauwels, R., Araki, K., Siewerdsen, J. H., Thongvigitmanee, S. 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Part 2: three-dimensional cephalometry.</a> International Journal of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery. 44 (12), 1441-1450 (2015).</li><li>Lee, C. Y., Ganz, S. D., Wong, N., Suzuki, J. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+cone+beam+computed+tomography+and+a+laser+intraoral+scanner+in+virtual+dental+implant+surgery:+part+1.">Use of cone beam computed tomography and a laser intraoral scanner in virtual dental implant surgery: part 1.</a> Implant Dentistry. 21 (4), 265-271 (2012).</li><li>Ganz, S. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three-dimensional+imaging+and+guided+surgery+for+dental+implants.">Three-dimensional imaging and guided surgery for dental implants.</a> Dental Clinics of North America. 59 (2), 265-290 (2015).</li><li>G&#252;th, J. F., Kauling, A. E. 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With the presented protocol, periodontal and alveolar defect morphologies can be visualized in three dimensions (3D), providing a more accurate depiction of the clinical situation than can be achieved by 2D diagnostic methods and 3D models generated with thresholding algorithms. The protocol can be divided into three major phases: (1) semi-automatic segmentation of CBCT datasets, (2) spatial registration of CBCT and IOS, and (3) free-form surface modeling. Technically, segmentation can be performed on any three-dimension...

Technological advancements in dentistry have enabled computer-aided treatment planning and simulation of surgical procedures and prosthetic rehabilitation. Two essential methods for 3D data acquisition in digital dentistry are: (1) cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT)1 and (2) intraoral optical scanning (IOS)2. Digital information of all relevant anatomical structures (alveolar bone, teeth, soft tissues) can be acquired using these tools to plan reconstructive dentoalveolar surgical procedures.
Cone-beam technology was first introduced in 1996 by an Italian research group. Delivering significantly lower radiation dose and higher resolution (compared to conventional computed tomography), CBCT has quickly become the most frequently used 3D imaging modality in dentistry and oral surgery3. CBCT is often used to plan different surgical procedures (e.g., periodontal regenerative surgery, alveolar ridge augmentation, dental implant placement, orthognathic surgery)1. CBCT datasets are viewed and can be processed in radiographic imaging software that provides 2D images, and 3D renders-however, most imaging software use threshold-based algorithms for 3D image reconstruction. Thresholding methods set the upper and lower bounds of a voxel grey value interval. Voxels that fall in between these bounds will be rendered in 3D. This method allows speedy model acquisition; however, since the algorithm cannot differentiate anatomical structures from metal artifacts and scattering, the 3D renders are highly inaccurate and have very little diagnostic value4,5. For the reasons mentioned above, many fields within dentistry still rely on conventional 2D radiographs (intraoral radiographs, panoramic X-ray) or the 2D images of CBCT datasets5. Our research group presented a semi-automatic image segmentation method in a recently published article, using open-source radiographic image processing software6 wherein anatomically based 3D reconstruction of CBCT datasets is performed7. With the help of this method, anatomical structures were differentiated from metal artifacts, and, more importantly, alveolar bone and teeth could be separated. Therefore, a realistic virtual model of hard tissues could be acquired. 3D models were used to evaluate intrabony periodontal defects and for treatment planning before regenerative periodontal surgeries.
Intraoral optical surface scanners provide digital information on clinical conditions (clinical crown of the teeth and soft tissues). The original intended purpose of these devices was to directly acquire digital models of patients for the planning and fabrication of dental prostheses with computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) technologies8. However, due to the wide range of applications, their use was quickly implemented in other fields of dentistry. Maxillo-facial surgeons combine IOS and CBCT into a hybrid setup that can be utilized for virtual osteotomy and digital planning of orthognathic surgeries9,10. Dental implantology is probably the field that uses digital planning and guided execution most commonly. Navigated surgery eliminates most complications related to implant mispositioning. The combination of CBCT datasets and stereolithography (.stl) files of IOS is routinely used to plan the guided implant placement and the fabrication of static implant drilling guides11,12. Intraoral scans superimposed over CBCT datasets have also been used to prepare esthetic crown lengthening13; however, soft tissues were superimposed only over CBCT datasets reconstructed with thresholding algorithms. Yet, to perform accurate 3D virtual planning of regenerative-reconstructive surgical interventions and dental implant placement, realistic 3D hybrid models of patients must be composed of CBCT and IOS data.
Hence, this article aims to present a step-by-step method to acquire realistic hybrid digital models for virtual surgical planning before reconstructive dentoalveolar surgical interventions.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>3DSlicer</td>
			<td>3DSlicer (The software was first developed at Queen&#8217;s University Canada and since it is open source it is constantly developed by it&#8217;s community)</td>
			<td>4.13.0-2021-03-19</td>
			<td>Open source radiographic image processing software platform. Software is primarily intended for general medicine, however the wide range of segmentation an modelling tools allow it&#8217;s use for dental purposes as well</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Meshmixer</td>
			<td>Autodesk Inc.</td>
			<td>3.5</td>
			<td>Open source free form surface modelling software developed for prototype development and basic 3D sculpting. However, due to the usefulness of tools for dental purpose, not just 3D models, but even static guides for navigated surgery can be designed.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

digital hybrid model preparation for virtual planning of reconstructive dentoalveolar surgical procedures

Virtual, hybrid three-dimensional (3D) model acquisition is presented in this article, utilizing the sequence of radiographic image segmentation, spatial registration, and free-form surface modeling. Firstly cone-beam computed tomography datasets were reconstructed with a semi-automatic segmentation method. Alveolar bone and teeth are separated into different segments, allowing 3D morphology, and localization of periodontal intrabony defects to be assessed. The severity, extent, and morphology of acute and chronic alveolar ridge defects are validated concerning adjacent teeth. On virtual complex tissue models, positions of dental implants can be planned in 3D. Utilizing spatial registration of IOS and CBCT data and subsequent free-form surface modeling, realistic 3D hybrid models can be acquired, visualizing alveolar bone, teeth, and soft tissues. With the superimposition of IOS and CBCT soft tissue, thickness above the edentulous ridge can be assessed about the underlying bone dimensions; therefore, flap design and surgical flap management can be determined, and occasional complications may be avoided.

Virtual allowing three-dimensional (3D) models can be generated using radiographic image segmentation, spatial registration, and free-form modeling. The models digitally depict the clinical situation, making three-dimensional planning of various surgical interventions possible. With separate segmentation of bone and teeth, the boundary between the two anatomical structures is visible, 3D morphology and localization of periodontal intrabony defects are to be assessed. The severity, extent, and morphology of acute and chro...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Digital Hybrid Model Preparation for Virtual Planning of Reconstructive Dentoalveolar Surgical Procedures at JoVE.com

Digital Hybrid Model Preparation for Virtual Planning of Reconstructive Dentoalveolar Surgical Procedures

A workflow for creating three-dimensional (3D) virtual hybrid models has been designed based on cone-beam computed tomography dataset and intraoral optical scans utilizing radiographic image segmentation methods and free-form surface modeling. Digital models are used for the virtual planning of reconstructive dentoalveolar surgical procedures.

Virtual, hybrid three-dimensional (3D) model acquisition is presented in this article, utilizing the sequence of radiographic image segmentation, spatial ...

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