Name: investigating stress-relaxation and failure responses in the trachea
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Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Investigating Stress-relaxation and Failure Responses in the Trachea at JoVE.com

Research reported in this publication was supported by the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number R15HD093024 and the National Science Foundation CAREER Award Number 1752513.

All methods described were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) at Drexel University. All cadaveric animals were acquired from a United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)-approved farm located in Pennsylvania, USA. A cadaver of a male Yorkshire pig (3 weeks old) was used for the present study.
1. Tissue harvest
<ol>
	<li>Acquire a cadaver of a pig from an approved farm and perform the experiments within 2 h from euthanasia. Keep the cadave...

<ol>
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Very few studies have reported the stress-relaxation properties of the trachea21,23. Studies are needed to further strengthen our understanding of the time-dependent responses of the tracheal tissue. This study offers detailed steps to perform such investigations; however, the following critical steps within the protocol must be ensured for reliable testing: (1) proper tissue hydration, (2) similar tissue-type (number of cartilaginous rings and muscle) distributi...

Despite its critical role in pulmonary disease, the largest airway structure, the trachea, has limited studies detailing its viscoelastic properties1. An in-depth understanding of the time-dependent, viscoelastic behavior of the trachea is critical to pulmonary mechanics research since understanding the airway-specific material properties can help advance the science of injury prevention, diagnosis, and clinical intervention for pulmonary diseases, which are the third leading cause of death in the United States2,3,4.
Available tissue characterization studies have reported the stiffness properties of the trachea5,6,7,8. The time-dependent mechanical responses have been minimally investigated despite their importance in tissue remodeling, which is also altered by pathology9,10. Moreover, the lack of time-dependent response data also limits the predictive capabilities of the pulmonary mechanics computational models that currently resort to using the generic constitutive laws. There is a need to address this gap by performing stress-relaxation studies that can provide the required material characteristics to inform biophysical studies of the trachea. The current study offers details of testing methods, data acquisition, and data analyses to investigate the stress-relaxation behavior of the porcine trachea.

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			<td>Disposable safety scalpels</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools Inc</td>
			<td>10000-10</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>eXpert 7600</td>
			<td>ADMET Inc.</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Norwood, MA</td>
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			<td>Forceps</td>
			<td>&#160;Fine Science Tools Inc</td>
			<td>11006-12 and 11027-12 or 11506-12</td>
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			<td>Gauge Safe</td>
			<td>ADMET Inc.</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Free Download</td>
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			<td>Image J</td>
			<td>NIH</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Open Source</td>
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			<td>Proramming Software - MATLAB&#160;</td>
			<td>Mathworks</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
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			<td>Scissors</td>
			<td>&#160;Fine Science Tools Inc</td>
			<td>14094-11 or 14060-09</td>
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			<td>Sterile phosphate buffer solution&#160;</td>
			<td>Millipore, Thomas Scientific</td>
			<td>MFCD00131855</td>
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investigating stress-relaxation and failure responses in the trachea

The biomechanical properties of the trachea directly affect the airflow and contribute to the biological function of the respiratory system. Understanding these properties is critical to understanding the injury mechanism in this tissue. This protocol describes an experimental approach to study the stress-relaxation behavior of porcine trachea that were pre-stretched to 0% or 10% strain for 300 s, followed by mechanical tensile loading until failure. This study provides details of the experimental design, data acquisition, analyses, and preliminary results from the porcine tracheae biomechanical testing. Using the detailed steps provided in this protocol and the data analysis MATLAB code, future studies can investigate the time-dependent viscoelastic behavior of trachea tissue, which is critical to understanding its biomechanical responses during physiological, pathological, and traumatic conditions. Furthermore, in-depth studies of the biomechanical behavior of the trachea will critically aid in improving the design of related medical devices such as endotracheal implants that are widely used during surgeries.

Figure 1 shows the failed tissue near the clamping site and the presence of tissue within the clamp, confirming no slip during tensile testing. Figure 2 indicates various failure sites, including the top or bottom clamping sites or along the length of the tissue, that were observed during tensile testing among the tested samples. Data analysis results are summarized in Figures 3-4 and Tables...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Investigating Stress-relaxation and Failure Responses in the Trachea at JoVE.com

Investigating Stress-relaxation and Failure Responses in the Trachea

The present protocol determines the tensile stress-relaxation and failure properties of porcine tracheae. Results from such methods can help improve the understanding of the viscoelastic and failure thresholds of the trachea and help advance the capabilities of computational models of the pulmonary system.

The biomechanical properties of the trachea directly affect the airflow and contribute to the biological function of the respiratory system. Understanding ...

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