Name: high-throughput cardiotoxicity screening using mature human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocyte monolayers
Uploaded: 2023-03-24T14:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about High-Throughput Cardiotoxicity Screening Using Mature Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocyte Monolayers at JoVE.com

This work has been supported by NIH grants HL148068-04 and R44ES027703-02 (TJH).

hiPSC usage in this protocol was approved by the University of Michigan HPSCRO Committee (Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Oversight Committee). See the Table of Materials for a list of materials and equipment. See Table 1 for media and their compositions.
1. Thawing and plating commercially available cryopreserved hiPSC-CMs for maturation on a maturation-inducing extracellular matrix (MECM)
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	<li>Warm all the reagents to room temperature and...

<ol>
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E., Anzai, T., Chanthra, N., Uosaki, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+brief+review+of+current+maturation+methods+for+human+induced+pluripotent+stem+cells-derived+cardiomyocytes.">A brief review of current maturation methods for human induced pluripotent stem cells-derived cardiomyocytes.</a> Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology. 8, 178 (2020).</li><li>Guo, Y., Pu, W. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cardiomyocyte+maturation:+new+phase+in+development.">Cardiomyocyte maturation: new phase in development.</a> Circulation Research. 126 (8), 1086-1106 (2020).</li><li>Yang, X., Pabon, L., Murry, C. 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There are several different approaches to in vitro cardiotoxicity screening using hiPSC-CMs. A recent &#34;Best Practices&#34; paper on the use of hiPSC-CMs presented the various in vitro assays, their primary readouts, and importantly, each assay&#39;s granularity to quantify human cardiac electrophysiological function20. In addition to using membrane-piercing electrodes, the most direct measure of human cardiac electrophysiological function is provided by VSDs. VSD assay readou...

Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) have been validated on an international scale, and are available for in vitro cardiotoxicity screening1. Highly pure hiPSC-CMs can be generated in virtually unlimited numbers, cryopreserved, and thawed. Upon replating, they also reanimate and begin contracting with a rhythm reminiscent of the human heart2,3. Remarkably, individual hiPSC-CMs couple to each other and form functional syncytia that beat as a single tissue. Nowadays, hiPSCs are routinely derived from patient blood samples, so any person can be represented using in vitro hiPSC-CM cardiotoxicity screening assays4,5. This creates the opportunity to perform &#34;Clinical Trials in a Dish&#34;, with significant representation from diverse populations6.
One critical advantage over existing animal and animal cell cardiotoxicity screening approaches is that hiPSC-CMs utilize the full human genome and offer an in vitro system with genetic similarities to the human heart. This is especially attractive for pharmacogenomics and personalized medicine - the use of hiPSC-CMs for medication and other therapy development is predicted to provide more accurate, precise, and safe medication prescriptions. Indeed, two-dimensional (2D) hiPSC-CM monolayer assays have proven to be predictive of medication cardiotoxicity, using a panel of clinically used medications with a known risk of causing arrhythmias1,7,8,9. Despite the vast potential of hiPSC-CMs and the promise to streamline and make drug development cheaper, there has been a reluctance to use these novel assays10,11,12.
Until now, one major limitation of widespread adoption and acceptance of hiPSC-CM screening assays is their immature, fetal-like appearance, as well as their function. The critical issue of hiPSC-CM maturation has been reviewed and debated in the scientific literature ad nauseum13,14,15,16. Likewise, many approaches have been employed to promote hiPSC-CM maturation, including extracellular matrix (ECM) manipulations in 2D monolayers and the development of 3D engineered heart tissues (EHTs)17,18. At the moment, there is a widely held belief that the use of 3D EHTs will provide superior maturation relative to 2D monolayer-based approaches. However, 2D monolayers provide a higher efficiency of cell utilization and increased success in plating compared to 3D EHTs; 3D EHTs utilize greater numbers of cells, and often require the inclusion of other cell types that can confound results. Therefore, in this article, the focus is on using a simple method to mature hiPSC-CMs cultured as 2D monolayers of electrically and mechanically coupled cells.
Advanced hiPSC-CM maturation can be achieved in 2D monolayers using an ECM. The 2D monolayers of hiPSC-CMs can be matured using a soft, flexible polydimethylsiloxane coverslip, coated with basement membrane matrix secreted by an Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm mouse sarcoma cell (mouse ECM). In 2016, reports showed that hiPSC-CMs cultured on this soft ECM condition matured functionally, displaying action potential conduction velocities near adult heart values (~50 cm/s)18. Further, these mature hiPSC-CMs displayed many other electrophysiological characteristics reminiscent of the adult heart, including hyperpolarized resting membrane potential and expression of Kir2.1. More recently, reports identified a human perinatal stem cell-derived ECM coating that promotes the structural maturation of 2D hiPSC-CMs19. Here, easy-to-use methods are presented to structurally mature 2D hiPSC-CM monolayers for use in high-throughput electrophysiological screens. Further, we provide validation of an optical mapping instrument for the automated acquisition and analysis of 2D hiPSC-CM monolayer electrophysiological function, using voltage-sensitive dyes (VSDs) and calcium-sensitive probes and proteins.

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			<td>0.25% Trypsin EDTA</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>25200-056</td>
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			<td>0.5 mg/mL BSA (7.5 &#181;mol/L)</td>
			<td>Millipore Sigma</td>
			<td>A3294</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>2.9788 g/500 mL HEPES (25 mmol/L)</td>
			<td>Millipore Sigma</td>
			<td>H4034</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>AdGCaMP6m</td>
			<td>Vector biolabs</td>
			<td>1909</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Albumin human</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A9731-1G</td>
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			<td>alpha actinin antibody</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>MA1-22863</td>
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			<td>B27</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>17504-044</td>
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			<td>Blebbistatin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>B0560</td>
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			<td>CalBryte 520AM</td>
			<td>AAT Bioquest</td>
			<td>20650</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>CELLvo MatrixPlus 96wp</td>
			<td>StemBiosys</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>https://www.stembiosys.com/products/cellvo-matrix-plus</td>
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		<tr>
			<td>CHIR99021</td>
			<td>LC Laboratories</td>
			<td>c-6556</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Clear Assay medium (fluorobrite)</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>A1896701</td>
			<td>For adenovirus transduction</td>
		</tr>
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			<td>DAPI</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>62248</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM:F12</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>11330-032</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FBS (Fetal Bovine Serum)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>F4135-500ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FluoVolt</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>F10488</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HBSS</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>14025-092</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>iCell CM maintenance media</td>
			<td>FUJIFILM/Cellular Dynamics</td>
			<td>M1003</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>iCell2 CMs</td>
			<td>FUJIFILM</td>
			<td>1434</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Incucyte Zoom&#160;</td>
			<td>Sartorius</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>iPS DF19-9-11T.H</td>
			<td>WiCell</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoproterenol</td>
			<td>MilliporeSigma</td>
			<td>CAS-51-30-9</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IWP4</td>
			<td>Tocris</td>
			<td>5214</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate sesquimagnesium salt hydrate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A8960-5g</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-glutamine</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>A2916801</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LS columns</td>
			<td>Miltenyii Biotec</td>
			<td>130-042-401</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MACS Buffer (autoMACS Running Buffer)</td>
			<td>Miltenyii Biotec</td>
			<td>130-091-221</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Matrigel</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>354234</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MitoTracker Red</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>M7512</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nautilus HTS Optical Mapping&#160;</td>
			<td>CuriBio</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>https://www.curibio.com/products-overview</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nikon A1R Confocal Microscope</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>nonessential amino acids</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>11140-050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pre-separation filter</td>
			<td>Miltenyii Biotec</td>
			<td>130-041-407</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PSC-Derived Cardiomyocyte Isolation Kit, human</td>
			<td>Miltenyii Biotec</td>
			<td>130-110-188</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pulse</td>
			<td>CuriBio</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>https://www.curibio.com/products-overview</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Quadro MACS separator (Magnet)</td>
			<td>Miltenyii Biotec</td>
			<td>130-091-051</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Retinoic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>R2625</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RPMI 1640&#160;</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>11875-093</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RPMI 1640 (+HEPES, +L-Glutamine)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>22400-089</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>StemMACS iPS-Brew XF</td>
			<td>Miltenyii Biotec</td>
			<td>130-107-086</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TnI antibody (pan TnI)</td>
			<td>Millipore Sigma</td>
			<td>MAB1691&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Versene (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid - EDTA solution)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15040-066</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Y-27632 dihydrochloride</td>
			<td>Tocris</td>
			<td>1254</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#946;-mercaptoethanol</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>21985023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
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high-throughput cardiotoxicity screening using mature human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocyte monolayers

Human induced stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) are used to replace and reduce the dependence on animals and animal cells for preclinical cardiotoxicity testing. In two-dimensional monolayer formats, hiPSC-CMs recapitulate the structure and function of the adult human heart muscle cells when cultured on an optimal extracellular matrix (ECM). A human perinatal stem cell-derived ECM (maturation-inducing extracellular matrix-MECM) matures the hiPSC-CM structure, function, and metabolic state in 7 days after plating. 
Mature hiPSC-CM monolayers also respond as expected to clinically relevant medications, with a known risk of causing arrhythmias and cardiotoxicity. The maturation of hiPSC-CM monolayers was an obstacle to the widespread adoption of these valuable cells for regulatory science and safety screening, until now. This article presents validated methods for the plating, maturation, and high-throughput, functional phenotyping of hiPSC-CM electrophysiological and contractile function. These methods apply to commercially available purified cardiomyocytes, as well as stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes generated in-house using highly efficient, chamber-specific differentiation protocols. 
High-throughput electrophysiological function is measured using either voltage-sensitive dyes (VSDs; emission: 488 nm), calcium-sensitive fluorophores (CSFs), or genetically encoded calcium sensors (GCaMP6). A high-throughput optical mapping device is used for optical recordings of each functional parameter, and custom dedicated software is used for electrophysiological data analysis. MECM protocols are applied for medication screening using a positive inotrope (isoprenaline) and human Ether-a-go-go-related gene (hERG) channel-specific blockers. These resources will enable other investigators to successfully utilize mature hiPSC-CMs for high-throughput, preclinical cardiotoxicity screening, cardiac medication efficacy testing, and cardiovascular research.

hiPSC-CM maturation characterized by phase contrast and immunofluorescent confocal imaging 
The timeline for ECM-mediated maturation of commercially available hiPSC-CMs using MECM coated 96-well plates is presented in Figure 1A. These data are collected using commercially available cardiomyocytes that arrive in the laboratory as cryopreserved vials of cells. Each vial contains &#62;5 &#215; 106 viable cardiomyocytes. The cells are ~98% pure and rigorously tes...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about High-Throughput Cardiotoxicity Screening Using Mature Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocyte Monolayers at JoVE.com

High-Throughput Cardiotoxicity Screening Using Mature Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocyte Monolayers

Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) offer an alternative to using animals for preclinical cardiotoxicity screening. A limitation to the widespread adoption of hiPSC-CMs in preclinical toxicity screening is the immature, fetal-like phenotype of the cells. Presented here are protocols for robust and rapid maturation of hiPSC-CMs.

Human induced stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) are used to replace and reduce the dependence on animals and animal cells for preclinical ...

Research

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Bioengineering

Candida albicans Biofilm Chip (CaBChip) for High-throughput Antifungal Drug Screening

Candida albicans Biofilm Chip CaBChip for High-throughput Antifungal Drug Screening

Candida  albicans remains the main etiological agent of candidiasis, which  currently represents the fourth most common nosocomial bloodstream infection ...

Development, Expansion, and In vivo Monitoring of Human NK Cells from Human Embryonic Stem Cells (hESCs) and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs)

Development, Expansion, and In vivo Monitoring of Human NK Cells from Human Embryonic Stem Cells hESCs and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells iPSCs

We present a method for deriving natural killer (NK) cells from undifferentiated hESCs and iPSCs using a feeder-free approach. This method gives rise to ...

Transplantation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Mesoangioblast-like Myogenic Progenitors in Mouse Models of Muscle Regeneration

Patient-derived iPSCs could be an invaluable source of cells for future autologous cell therapy protocols. iPSC-derived myogenic stem/progenitor cells ...

3D Microtissues for Injectable Regenerative Therapy and High-throughput Drug Screening

To upgrade traditional 2D cell culture to 3D cell culture, we have integrated microfabrication with cryogelation technology to produce macroporous ...

Isolation of Adult Human Dermal Fibroblasts from Abdominal Skin and Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Using a Non-Integrating Method

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) could be considered, to date, a promising source of pluripotent cells for the management of currently untreatable ...

Scalable Generation of Mature Cerebellar Organoids from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells and Characterization by Immunostaining

The cerebellum plays a critical role in the maintenance of balance and motor coordination, and a functional defect in different cerebellar neurons can ...

Guided Differentiation of Mature Kidney Podocytes from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Under Chemically Defined Conditions

Kidney disease affects more than 10% of the global population and costs billions of dollars in federal expenditures. The most severe forms of kidney ...

Single-Cell Optical Action Potential Measurement in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes

Conventional intracellular microelectrode techniques to quantify cardiomyocyte electrophysiology are extremely complex, labor intensive, and typically ...

Isogenic Kidney Glomerulus Chip Engineered from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects 15% of the U.S. adult population, but the establishment of targeted therapies has been limited by the lack of ...

Evaluation of Cardiac Contractility Modulation Therapy in 2D Human Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes

Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) are currently being explored for multiple in vitro applications and have been used ...