We want to thank Ms Wanting Li for the digital technology support.&#160;This work was supported by&#160;Inner Mongolia Medical Fund (2022QNWN0010, 2023SGGZ047, 2023SGGZ0010).

The study was approved by the Academic Ethics Committee of the Inner Mongolia Mental Health Center (The Third Hospital of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Brain Hospital of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region) in Hohhot, China. An informed consent form was signed by all study participants.
1. PSG procedure
<ol>
	<li>Data collection
	<ol>
		<li>Include patients with MDD who were diagnosed according to the DSM-V. 
		NOTE: This study included 22 patients with MDD who were diagnosed according to the DSM-V. Due to the low educational level, 2 patients with MDD refused to participate. Because both of them found it was not easy to read characters while completing TMT-B in the cognitive screening tool.</li>
		<li>Exclude participants who were diagnosed with severe dementia, anxiety, delirium, and other diseases, which made them unable to complete PSG for the whole night.</li>
		<li>Collect participants&#39; demographics, including name, nationality, gender, age, date of birth, marriage, complaints, symptoms, main diagnosis, history, department, temperature, pulse, respiratory rate, blood pressure, height, weight, body mass index, abdominal circumference, and upper chest circumference, were collected.</li>
		<li>Each participant was instructed to complete the Epworth Sleeping Scale16.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Connecting derivations
	<ol>
		<li>After collecting the participants&#39; information, lead the participant to the sleep monitoring room.</li>
		<li>Collect all the derivations of electroencephalogram (EEG), electrooculogram (EOG), chin electromyogram (EMG), and electrocardiogram (ECG) step-by-step. 
		NOTE: The participant should keep his/her face, skin, and hair clean and dry.</li>
		<li>Connect 15 electrodes of EEG according to the international 10-20 system of electrode placement (Figure 1)17.</li>
		<li>Connect two derivations of EOG (E1, E2) as shown in Figure 2.</li>
		<li>Connect three derivations of chin EMG (Chin1, Chin2, ChinZ) as shown in Figure 3.</li>
		<li>Connect two derivations of ECG (+, &#8722;) as shown in Figure 4.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Starting the data acquisition system
	<ol>
		<li>Double-click Device Manager to start the software.</li>
		<li>Double-click the Room option and add the personal information of the participant. 
		NOTE: The personal information includes name, gender, date of birth, file name, file path, etc. More details can be added as needed (for example, height, body weight, neck circumference, doctor, technician, hospital, address, marital status, profession, and guardian [if the participant is a child]).</li>
		<li>Click the OK button.</li>
		<li>Click the Start Recording button.</li>
		<li>Click the Calibration button and instruct the participant to perform according to the step-by-step calibration procedure (see Supplementary Figure 1). 
		NOTE: The calibration step-by-step procedure is listed in Table 1. During the calibration, the remote call system should be turned on so the participant can be guided to perform according to the doctors&#39; instructions.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Collecting data all night long
	<ol>
		<li>Keep the derivations in the correct position all night long. 
		NOTE: This will be done by the duty technician. The duty technician should have emergency management training for conditions like asthma, unstable angina, etc.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Post calibration
	<ol>
		<li>Awaken the participant and turn on the light of the sleep monitoring room.</li>
		<li>The wake-up time is usually at 6:00 am. Stop the monitoring if the participant wakes up before 6:00 am and does not want to continue.</li>
		<li>If the participant is in a rapid eye movement (REM) sleep period at 6:00 am, continue monitoring until the REM sleep period ends.</li>
		<li>Repeat step 1.3.5 once again for post-calibration.</li>
		<li>Click the Close button to stop recording.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Remove all the derivations gently to avoid skin damage.</li>
	<li>Scoring
	<ol>
		<li>Double-click the ProFusion PSG4 button to start the scoring system.</li>
		<li>Double-click the name of the participant to select the participant.</li>
		<li>Click the Scoring button and select the Scoring Automatically option to score sleep phases and arousals. 
		NOTE: Sleep phases and arousals were scored according to The AASM Manual for the Scoring of Sleep and Associated Events: Rules, Terminology, and Technical Specifications18. Scoring can be manually modified by a technician, too.</li>
		<li>Click the Create button and layout the results (Figure 5).</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Definitions and equations
	<ol>
		<li>Get variables including time in bed (TIB), total sleep time (TST), sleep latency (SL), wake after sleep onset (WASO), sleep efficiency (SE, equals TST/TB), and REM latency according to the PSG data and waves (as shown in Table 2).</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
2. Using the cognitive screening tool
<ol>
	<li>Double-click the THINC-it button to start the software on the computer, enter the personal information, and instruct the participant to complete each subtest step by step.
	<ol>
		<li>Click the Chinese button to select the simplified Chinese version.</li>
		<li>Click the Plus button to add a new participant.</li>
		<li>Type in name, age, gender, dominant hand, educational level, and location at the corresponding blanks.</li>
		<li>Click the BEGIN TEST button to begin the subtests step by step (see Supplementary Figure 2).</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Complete the perception deficits questionnaire (PDQ-5, subjective cognitive deficits).
	<ol>
		<li>Read aloud, &#34;During the past 7 days, how often did you have trouble getting things organized?&#34; and instruct the participant to choose one of the 5 response options: Never in the past 7 days, Rarely (once or twice), Sometimes (3 - 5 times), Often (about once a day), and Very often (more than once a day).</li>
		<li>Read aloud, &#34;During the past 7 days, how often did you have trouble concentrating on what you were reading?&#34; and instruct the participant to choose one of the 5 response options described in step 2.2.1.</li>
		<li>Read aloud, &#34;During the past 7 days, how often did you forget the date unless you looked it up?&#34; and instruct the participant to choose one of the 5 response options described in step 2.2.1.</li>
		<li>Read aloud, &#34;During the past 7 days, how often did you forget what you talked about after a telephone conversation?&#34; and instruct the participant to choose one of the 5 response options described in step 2.2.1.</li>
		<li>Read aloud, &#34;During the past 7 days, how often did you feel like your mind went totally blank?&#34; and and instruct the participant to choose one of the 5 response options described in step 2.2.1.</li>
		<li>Click the OK button to start other subtests.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Complete the spotter test (SPO, reflection of attention).
	<ol>
		<li>Click the Tutorial button and the Next button to read the step-by-step instructions.</li>
		<li>Click the Start button to begin the SPO test. 
		NOTE: The SPO test is used to assess attention; the participant needs to touch the suddenly appearing symbol as quickly as possible. 
		NOTE: This software will automatically show the Best Reaction Time (milliseconds), Correct Responses, Longest Streak, and Index on screen.</li>
		<li>Click the OK button to begin the next subtest.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Complete the symbol check test (SC, reflection of working memory).
	<ol>
		<li>Click the Tutorial and Next buttons to read the step-by-step instructions.</li>
		<li>Click the Start button to begin the SC test. 
		NOTE: The SC test is used to assess working memory. The participant needs to identify the symbol hidden before the timer runs out and recall the next hidden symbol. This software will automatically show the Fastest Reaction Time (milliseconds), Correct Answers, Longest Streak, and Index on screen.</li>
		<li>Click the OK button to begin the next subtest.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Complete the code breaker test (CB, reflection of information processing speed).
	<ol>
		<li>Click the Tutorial and Next buttons to read the step-by-step instructions.</li>
		<li>Click the Start button to begin the CB test. 
		NOTE: The CB test is used to assess information processing speed. The participant needs to click the correct symbol to fit the indicated circle (each symbol is identified into a certain number inside the circle). This software will show the Fastest Reaction Time (milliseconds), Correct Nodes, Longest Streak, as well as Index automatically on the screen.</li>
		<li>Click the OK button to enter the next subtest.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Complete the TMT-B (trails, reflection of executive function).
	<ol>
		<li>Click the Tutorial and Next buttons to read the step-by-step instructions.</li>
		<li>Click the Start button to begin the CB test. 
		NOTE: Trails test is used to assess executive function. The participant needs to trace a line beginning from a character to number 1 without lifting his/her finger, then continue from the number 1 to another character, then continue from this character to number 2, and continue it till 9, as fast as possible. This software automatically shows the Completion Time (milliseconds), Errors, Longest Streak, and Index on screen.</li>
		<li>Click the OK button to complete the last subtest. 
		NOTE: The software will automatically show participant performance on each test; download these results.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
3. Statistical analysis
<ol>
	<li>Use the Students&#39; t-tests to assess group differences. Perform the Pearson correlation analysis to evaluate the relation between sleep quality and cognitive function. Consider P &#60; 0.05 as statistically significant. 
	NOTE: All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 25.0.</li>
</ol>

Assessing Sleep Quality and Cognitive Function in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder

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	<li>Liu, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Altered+gamma+oscillations+and+beta-gamma+coupling+in+drug-naive+first-episode+major+depressive+disorder:+Association+with+sleep+and+cognitive+disturbance.">Altered gamma oscillations and beta-gamma coupling in drug-naive first-episode major depressive disorder: Association with sleep and cognitive disturbance.</a> J Affect Disord. 316, 99-108 (2022).</li><li>Cha, D. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Perceived+sleep+quality+predicts+cognitive+function+in+adults+with+major+depressive+disorder+independent+of+depression+severity.">Perceived sleep quality predicts cognitive function in adults with major depressive disorder independent of depression severity.</a> Ann Clin Psychiatry. 31 (1), 17-26 (2019).</li><li>Waters, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+clinical+utility+of+newer+antidepressant+agents:+Understanding+the+role+in+management+of+MDD.">The clinical utility of newer antidepressant agents: Understanding the role in management of MDD.</a> Ment Health Clin. 12 (5), 309-319 (2022).</li><li>Chen, R. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sleep+disorder+as+a+clinical+risk+factor+of+major+depression:+associated+with+cognitive+impairment.">Sleep disorder as a clinical risk factor of major depression: associated with cognitive impairment.</a> Asian J Psychiatr. 76, 103228 (2022).</li><li>Pearson, O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+relationship+between+sleep+disturbance+and+cognitive+impairment+in+mood+disorders:+A+systematic+review.">The relationship between sleep disturbance and cognitive impairment in mood disorders: A systematic review.</a> J Affect Disord. 327, 207-216 (2023).</li><li>Biddle, D. J., Naismith, S. L., Griffiths, K. M., Christensen, H., Hickie, I. B., Glozier, N. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Associations+of+objective+and+subjective+sleep+disturbance+with+cognitive+function+in+older+men+with+comorbid+depression+and+insomnia.">Associations of objective and subjective sleep disturbance with cognitive function in older men with comorbid depression and insomnia.</a> Sleep Health. 3 (3), 178-183 (2017).</li><li>Li, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sleep+1uality+evaluation+based+on+Single-Lead+wearable+cardiac+cycle+acquisition+device.">Sleep 1uality evaluation based on Single-Lead wearable cardiac cycle acquisition device.</a> Sensors. 23 (1), 328 (2022).</li><li>Withrow, D., Roth, T., Koshorek, G., Roehrs, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Relation+between+ambulatory+actigraphy+and+laboratory+polysomnography+in+insomnia+practice+and+research.">Relation between ambulatory actigraphy and laboratory polysomnography in insomnia practice and research.</a> J Sleep Res. 28 (4), e12854 (2019).</li><li>Orsolini, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Current+and+future+perspectives+on+the+major+depressive+disorder:+Focus+on+the+new+multimodal+antidepressant+vortioxetine.">Current and future perspectives on the major depressive disorder: Focus on the new multimodal antidepressant vortioxetine.</a> CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets. 16 (1), 65-92 (2017).</li><li>De Berardis, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adjunctive+vortioxetine+for+SSRI-resistant+major+depressive+disorder:+a+&amp;#34;real-world&amp;#34;+chart+review+study.">Adjunctive vortioxetine for SSRI-resistant major depressive disorder: a &amp;#34;real-world&amp;#34; chart review study.</a> Braz J Psychiatry. 42 (3), 317-321 (2020).</li><li>Fiorillo, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessment+and+management+of+cognitive+and+psychosocial+dysfunctions+in+patients+with+major+depressive+disorder:+A+clinical+review.">Assessment and management of cognitive and psychosocial dysfunctions in patients with major depressive disorder: A clinical review.</a> Front Psychiatry. 9, 493 (2018).</li><li>Hou, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=PSYCHOMETRIC+properties+of+the+Chinese+version+of+the+THINC-it+tool+for+cognitive+symptoms+in+patients+with+major+depressive+disorder.">PSYCHOMETRIC properties of the Chinese version of the THINC-it tool for cognitive symptoms in patients with major depressive disorder.</a> J Affect Disord. 273, 586-591 (2020).</li><li>McIntyre, R. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+THINC-Integrated+Tool+(THINC-it)+screening+assessment+for+cognitive+dysfunction:+validation+in+patients+with+major+depressive+disorder.">The THINC-Integrated Tool (THINC-it) screening assessment for cognitive dysfunction: validation in patients with major depressive disorder.</a> J Clin Psychiatry. 78 (7), 873-881 (2017).</li><li>Han, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+relationship+between+cognitive+dysfunction+through+THINC-Integrated+Tool+(THINC-it)+and+psychosocial+function+in+Chinese+patients+with+major+depressive+disorder.">The relationship between cognitive dysfunction through THINC-Integrated Tool (THINC-it) and psychosocial function in Chinese patients with major depressive disorder.</a> Front Psychiatry. 12, 763603 (2021).</li><li>Chen, N. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Validation+of+a+Chinese+version+of+the+Epworth+sleepiness+scale.">Validation of a Chinese version of the Epworth sleepiness scale.</a> Qual Life Res. 11 (8), 817-821 (2002).</li><li>Swarnkar, V., Abeyratne, U. R., Hukins, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inter-hemispheric+asynchrony+of+the+brain+during+events+of+apnoea+and+EEG+arousals.">Inter-hemispheric asynchrony of the brain during events of apnoea and EEG arousals.</a> Physiol Meas. 28 (8), 869-880 (2007).</li><li>Berry, R. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+AASM+Manual+for+the+Scoring+of+Sleep+and+Associated+Events:+Rules,+Terminology+and+Technical+Specifications.+Version+2.5.">The AASM Manual for the Scoring of Sleep and Associated Events: Rules, Terminology and Technical Specifications. Version 2.5.</a> American Academy of Sleep Medicine. , (2018).</li><li>McCall, C., McCall, W. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Objective+vs.+subjective+measurements+of+sleep+in+depressed+insomniacs:+first+night+effect+or+reverse+first+night+effect.">Objective vs. subjective measurements of sleep in depressed insomniacs: first night effect or reverse first night effect.</a> J Clin Sleep Med. 8 (1), 59-65 (2012).</li><li>Tamaki, M., Nittono, H., Hayashi, M., Hori, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Examination+of+the+first-night+effect+during+the+sleep-onset+period.">Examination of the first-night effect during the sleep-onset period.</a> Sleep. 28 (2), 195-202 (2005).</li><li>Wichniak, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+antidepressants+on+sleep.">Effects of antidepressants on sleep.</a> Curr Psychiatry Rep. 19 (9), 63 (2017).</li><li>Zuurbier, L. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cerebral+small+vessel+disease+is+related+to+disturbed+24-h+activity+rhythms:+a+population-based+study.">Cerebral small vessel disease is related to disturbed 24-h activity rhythms: a population-based study.</a> Eur J Neurol. 22 (11), 1482-1487 (2015).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

This two-part protocol has critical steps that demand attention. For PSG, scoring is the most important step; thus, PSG technicians need to be certified and experienced. In addition, before PSG, communication between technicians and participants is necessary because patients might feel uncomfortable and quit during PSG. For the cognitive screening tool, the critical step is evaluating the cognitive function with digitized equipment. Doctors need to introduce the procedures step by step to ensure the participant understan...

Major depressive disorder (MDD), a serious mood disorder that causes significant morbidity and mortality, affects over 300 million people worldwide1. MDD is characterized by low mood, reduced drive, loss of interest, and thoughts of self-harm or suicide2. Cognitive symptoms and sleep disturbance (SD) are two non-mood-related symptoms of MDD3,4. Previous studies have shown that the prevalence of SD is 60-90% in patients with MDD, while the prevalence of sleep disorders among these patients in the Chinese population is 85.22%5. 
Although few studies have investigated the causal relationship between cognitive symptoms and SD, preliminary evidence suggests a significant association between sleep disorders and cognitive symptoms in individuals with MDD6. For example, Cha et al.3 found that subjective sleep quality predicted both subjective cognitive performance and objective cognitive impairments, which were partially mediated by depression severity. Biddle et al.7 also found that among older men with MDD, poor sleep efficiency (SE), measured by actigraphy, was associated with worse cognitive function independent of depression severity. The observed discrepancies may be caused by methodological differences. 
Within this literature, researchers have used various tools to evaluate sleep and cognition. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was commonly selected as a subjective tool. Actigraphic devices have also been used. However, PSG, regarded as the gold standard for detecting sleep disorders8, is a sensitive, objective SD assessment9. To our knowledge, among the studies of the relationship between sleep and cognition in patients with MDD, few have used PSG to evaluate sleep quality.
Cognitive symptoms in MDD might be multidimensional and addressed in some cases by new pharmacological strategies10,11. Several cognitive assessment tools suitable for MDD have emerged in recent years12. THINC-integrated tool (THINC-it; henceforth referred to as the cognitive screening tool), a validated cognitive screening tool developed by Hou et al.13, is composed of a subjective questionnaire (perceived deficits questionnaire, PDQ-5) and four objective cognitive tests (choice reaction time, 1-back, digit symbol substitution, and trail making part-B). It is considered a time-efficient, acceptable method for detecting cognitive deficits in patients with MDD14. There are two other tools commonly used to assess cognitive function in patients with MDD: the Screen for Cognitive Impairments in Psychiatry-D (SCIP-D) and Cognitive Complaints in Bipolar Disorder Rating Assessment (COBRA)12. The former is an objective tool lacking self-instructed testing, and the latter is a subjective tool lacking an objective version. The constituent tests also differ between these tools. The SCIP-D is comprised of five objective tests: verbal learning, working memory, verbal fluency, delayed memory, and processing speed. The COBRA includes executive function, processing speed and attention, verbal learning and memory, and visual memory12. The recently developed Chinese version of the cognitive screening tool has been confirmed to be a good tool for evaluating cognitive deficits in Chinese patients with MDD15. Thus, using the cognitive screening tool software and PSG, the current study tried to reveal the relationship between cognitive symptoms and SD in MDD patients.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Computer</td>
			<td>Surface</td>
			<td>Surface pro2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Derivation</td>
			<td>Compumedics</td>
			<td>Grael</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electrode</td>
			<td>Compumedics</td>
			<td>Grael</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polysomnography</td>
			<td>Compumedics</td>
			<td>Grael</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Software</td>
			<td>Compumedics</td>
			<td>Compumedics Profusion PSG4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

association between sleep quality and cognitive symptoms in patients with major depressive disorder

Cognitive symptoms and sleep disturbance (SD) are common non-mood-related symptoms of major depressive disorder (MDD). In clinical practice, both cognitive symptoms and SD are related to MDD progression. However, there are only a few studies investigating the connection between cognitive symptoms and SD in patients with MDD, and only preliminary evidence suggests a significant association between cognitive symptoms and SD in patients with mood disorders. This study investigates the relationship between cognitive symptoms and sleep quality in patients with major depressive disorder. Patients (n = 20) with MDD were enrolled; their mean Hamilton Depression Scale-17 score was 21.95 (&plusmn;2.76). Gold standard polysomnography (PSG) was used to assess sleep quality, and the validated THINC-integrated tool (the cognitive screening tool) was used to evaluate cognitive function in MDD patients. Overall, the results showed significant correlations between the cognitive screening tool's total score and sleep latency, wake-after-sleep onset, and sleep efficiency. These findings indicate that cognitive symptoms are associated with poor sleep quality among patients with MDD.

The male/female ratio was 11/9 for the participants. For all the individuals, the age reached 35.35 &#177; 6.83 years, educational level was 14.80 &#177; 3.29 years, Hamilton depression scale-17 (HAMD-17) score was 21.95 &#177; 2.76 points, SE was 76.71 &#177; 8.57%. Regarding the cognitive screening tool scores, PDQ-5, SPO, SC, CB, TMT-B, and total scores were 1756.35 &#177; 395.49, 2046.75 &#177; 684.45, 852.15 &#177; 651.81, 845.75 &#177; 641.15, 911.45 &#177; 619.13 and 4140.80 &#177; 1298.14 points, respectively (<s...

Read this Scientific Article Protocol about Author Spotlight: Unveiling the Connection Between Sleep Disorders and Cognitive Symptoms in Depression at JoVE.com

Author Spotlight: Unveiling the Connection Between Sleep Disorders and Cognitive Symptoms in Depression

Here, we present a protocol that investigates the relationship between cognitive symptoms and sleep quality in patients with major depressive disorder. The THINC-integrated tool and polysomnography were used to evaluate cognitive symptoms and sleep quality.

Association Between Sleep Quality and Cognitive Symptoms in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder

Cognitive symptoms and sleep disturbance (SD) are common non-mood-related symptoms of major depressive disorder (MDD). In clinical practice, both ...

association-between-sleep-quality-cognitive-symptoms-patients-with

Research

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Medicine

517 Views.  Sleep Medicine Center of Inner Mongolia Mental Health Center (The Third Hospital of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Brain Hospital of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region). Here, we present a protocol that investigates the relationship between cognitive symptoms and sleep quality in patients with major depressive disorder. The THINC-integrated tool and polysomnography were used to evaluate cognitive symptoms and sleep quality.

Video: Author Spotlight: Unveiling the Connection Between Sleep Disorders and Cognitive Symptoms in Depression

A Novel Capsulorhexis Technique Using Shearing Forces with Cystotome

Purpose:
To demonstrate a capsulorhexis technique using predominantly shearing forces with a cystotome on a virtual reality simulator and on a human eye.
Method:
Our technique involves creating the initial anterior capsular tear with a cystotome to raise a flap. The flap left unfolded on the lens surface. The cystotome tip is tilted horizontally and is engaged on the flap near the leading edge of the tear. The cystotome is moved in a circular fashion to direct the vector forces. The loose flap is constantly swept towards the centre so that it does not obscure the view on the tearing edge.
Results:
Our technique has the advantage of reducing corneal wound distortion and subsequent anterior chamber collapse. The capsulorhexis flap is moved away from the tear leading edge allowing better visualisation of the direction of tear. This technique offers superior control of the capsulorhexis by allowing the surgeon to change the direction of the tear to achieve the desired capsulorhexis size.
Conclusions:
The EYESI Surgical Simulator is a realistic training platform for surgeons to practice complex capsulorhexis techniques. The shearing forces technique is a suitable alternative and in some cases a far better technique in achieving the desired capsulorhexis.

This video demonstrates a novel capsulorhexis technique in modern cataract surgery. Capsulorhexis is the most difficult and important part of phacoemulsification surgery.

Purpose:
To demonstrate a capsulorhexis technique using predominantly shearing forces with a cystotome on a virtual reality simulator and on a human eye....

Evaluation of Respiratory Muscle Activation Using Respiratory Motor Control Assessment (RMCA) in Individuals with Chronic Spinal Cord Injury

During breathing, activation of respiratory muscles is coordinated by integrated input from the brain, brainstem, and spinal cord. When this coordination is disrupted by spinal cord injury (SCI), control of respiratory muscles innervated below the injury level is compromised1,2 leading to respiratory muscle dysfunction and pulmonary complications. These conditions are among the leading causes of death in patients with SCI3. Standard pulmonary function tests that assess respiratory motor function include spirometrical and maximum airway pressure outcomes: Forced Vital Capacity (FVC), Forced Expiratory Volume in one second (FEV1), Maximal Inspiratory Pressure (PImax) and Maximal Expiratory Pressure (PEmax)4,5. These values provide indirect measurements of respiratory muscle performance6. In clinical practice and research, a surface electromyography (sEMG) recorded from respiratory muscles can be used to assess respiratory motor function and help to diagnose neuromuscular pathology. However, variability in the sEMG amplitude inhibits efforts to develop objective and direct measures of respiratory motor function6. Based on a multi-muscle sEMG approach to characterize motor control of limb muscles7, known as the voluntary response index (VRI)8, we developed an analytical tool to characterize respiratory motor control directly from sEMG data recorded from multiple respiratory muscles during the voluntary respiratory tasks. We have termed this the Respiratory Motor Control Assessment (RMCA)9. This vector analysis method quantifies the amount and distribution of activity across muscles and presents it in the form of an index that relates the degree to which sEMG output within a test-subject resembles that from a group of healthy (non-injured) controls. The resulting index value has been shown to have high face validity, sensitivity and specificity9-11. We showed previously9 that the RMCA outcomes significantly correlate with levels of SCI and pulmonary function measures. We are presenting here the method to quantitatively compare post-spinal cord injury respiratory multi-muscle activation patterns to those of healthy individuals.

Evaluation of Respiratory Muscle Activation Using Respiratory Motor Control Assessment RMCA in Individuals with Chronic Spinal Cord Injury

The purpose of this publication is to present our original work on a multi-muscle surface electromyographic approach to quantitatively characterize respiratory muscle activation patterns in individuals with chronic spinal cord injury using vector-based analysis.

During breathing, activation of respiratory muscles is coordinated by integrated input from the brain, brainstem, and spinal cord. When this coordination ...

Utilizing Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to Improve Language Function in Stroke Patients with Chronic Non-fluent Aphasia

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has been shown to significantly improve language function in patients with non-fluent aphasia1. In this experiment, we demonstrate the administration of low-frequency repetitive TMS (rTMS) to an optimal stimulation site in the right hemisphere in patients with chronic non-fluent aphasia. A battery of standardized language measures is administered in order to assess baseline performance. Patients are subsequently randomized to either receive real rTMS or initial sham stimulation. Patients in the real stimulation undergo a site-finding phase, comprised of a series of six rTMS sessions administered over five days; stimulation is delivered to a different site in the right frontal lobe during each of these sessions. Each site-finding session consists of 600 pulses of 1 Hz rTMS, preceded and followed by a picture-naming task. By comparing the degree of transient change in naming ability elicited by stimulation of candidate sites, we are able to locate the area of optimal response for each individual patient. We then administer rTMS to this site during the treatment phase. During treatment, patients undergo a total of ten days of stimulation over the span of two weeks; each session is comprised of 20 min of 1 Hz rTMS delivered at 90% resting motor threshold. Stimulation is paired with an fMRI-naming task on the first and last days of treatment. After the treatment phase is complete, the language battery obtained at baseline is repeated two and six months following stimulation in order to identify rTMS-induced changes in performance. The fMRI-naming task is also repeated two and six months following treatment. Patients who are randomized to the sham arm of the study undergo sham site-finding, sham treatment, fMRI-naming studies, and repeat language testing two months after completing sham treatment. Sham patients then cross over into the real stimulation arm, completing real site-finding, real treatment, fMRI, and two- and six-month post-stimulation language testing.

We explore the use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to improve language abilities in patients with chronic stroke and non-fluent aphasia. After identifying a site in the right frontal gyrus for each patient that responds optimally to stimulation, we target this site during ten days of rTMS treatment.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has been shown to significantly improve language function in patients with non-fluent aphasia1. In this ...

Computerized Dynamic Posturography for Postural Control Assessment in Patients with Intermittent Claudication

Computerized dynamic posturography with the EquiTest is an objective technique for measuring postural strategies under challenging static and dynamic conditions. As part of a diagnostic assessment, the early detection of postural deficits is important so that appropriate and targeted interventions can be prescribed. The Sensory Organization Test (SOT) on the EquiTest determines an individual&#39;s use of the sensory systems (somatosensory, visual, and vestibular) that are responsible for postural control. Somatosensory and visual input are altered by the calibrated sway-referenced support surface and visual surround, which move in the anterior-posterior direction in response to the individual&#39;s postural sway. This creates a conflicting sensory experience. The Motor Control Test (MCT) challenges postural control by creating unexpected postural disturbances in the form of backwards and forwards translations. The translations are graded in magnitude and the time to recover from the perturbation is computed.
Intermittent claudication, the most common symptom of peripheral arterial disease, is characterized by a cramping pain in the lower limbs and caused by muscle ischemia secondary to reduced blood flow to working muscles during physical exertion. Claudicants often display poor balance, making them susceptible to falls and activity avoidance. The Ankle Brachial Pressure Index (ABPI) is a noninvasive method for indicating the presence of peripheral arterial disease and intermittent claudication, a common symptom in the lower extremities. ABPI is measured as the highest systolic pressure from either the dorsalis pedis or posterior tibial artery divided by the highest brachial artery systolic pressure from either arm. This paper will focus on the use of computerized dynamic posturography in the assessment of balance in claudicants.

Individuals with intermittent claudication exhibit poor balance compared to healthy controls. Computerized dynamic posturography is an objective method for measuring an individual's postural responses to balance disturbances. This provides an objective reflection of the person&#x2019;s ability to respond to situations under which sensory stimuli are altered and unexpected perturbations occur.

Computerized dynamic posturography with the EquiTest is an objective technique for measuring postural strategies under challenging static and dynamic ...

Assessment of Vascular Function in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease

Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have significantly increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) compared to the general population, and this is only partially explained by traditional CVD risk factors. Vascular dysfunction is an important non-traditional risk factor, characterized by vascular endothelial dysfunction (most commonly assessed as impaired endothelium-dependent dilation [EDD]) and stiffening of the large elastic arteries. While various techniques exist to assess EDD and large elastic artery stiffness, the most commonly used are brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMDBA) and aortic pulse-wave velocity (aPWV), respectively. Both of these noninvasive measures of vascular dysfunction are independent predictors of future cardiovascular events in patients with and without kidney disease. Patients with CKD demonstrate both impaired FMDBA, and increased aPWV. While the exact mechanisms by which vascular dysfunction develops in CKD are incompletely understood, increased oxidative stress and a subsequent reduction in nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability are important contributors. Cellular changes in oxidative stress can be assessed by collecting vascular endothelial cells from the antecubital vein and measuring protein expression of markers of oxidative stress using immunofluorescence. We provide here a discussion of these methods to measure FMDBA, aPWV, and vascular endothelial cell protein expression.

The degree of vascular dysfunction and contributing physiological mechanisms can be assessed in patients with chronic kidney disease by measuring brachial artery flow-mediated dilation, aortic pulse-wave velocity, and vascular endothelial cell protein expression.

Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have significantly increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) compared to the general population, and this ...

MRI-guided dmPFC-rTMS as a Treatment for Treatment-resistant Major Depressive Disorder

Here we outline the protocol for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) guided repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to the dorsal medial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). Technicians used a neuronavigation system to process patient MRIs to generate a 3-dimensional head model. The head model was subsequently used to identify patient-specific stimulatory targets. The dmPFC was stimulated daily for 20 sessions. Stimulation intensity was titrated to address scalp pain associated with rTMS. Weekly assessments were conducted on the patients using the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HamD17) and Beck Depression Index II (BDI-II). Treatment-resistant MDD patients achieved significant improvements on both HAMD and BDI-II. Of note, angled, double-cone coil rTMS at 120% resting motor threshold allows for optimal stimulation of deeper midline prefrontal regions, which results in a possible therapeutic application for MDD. One major limitation of the rTMS field is the heterogeneity of treatment parameters across studies, including duty cycle, number of pulses per session and intensity. Further work should be done to clarify the effect of stimulation parameters on outcome. Future dmPFC-rTMS work should include sham-controlled studies to confirm its clinical efficacy in MDD.

Here we outline the procedure for MRI-guided repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation to the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex as an experimental treatment for major depressive disorder.

Here we outline the protocol for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) guided repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to the dorsal medial ...

A Multimodal Imaging- and Stimulation-based Method of Evaluating Connectivity-related Brain Excitability in Patients with Epilepsy

Resting-state functional connectivity MRI (rs-fcMRI) is a technique that identifies connectivity between different brain regions based on correlations over time in the blood-oxygenation level dependent signal. rs-fcMRI has been applied extensively to identify abnormalities in brain connectivity in different neurologic and psychiatric diseases. However, the relationship among rs-fcMRI connectivity abnormalities, brain electrophysiology and disease state is unknown, in part because the causal significance of alterations in functional connectivity in disease pathophysiology has not been established. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is a technique that uses electromagnetic induction to noninvasively produce focal changes in cortical activity. When combined with electroencephalography (EEG), TMS can be used to assess the brain's response to external perturbations. Here we provide a protocol for combining rs-fcMRI, TMS and EEG to assess the physiologic significance of alterations in functional connectivity in patients with neuropsychiatric disease. We provide representative results from a previously published study in which rs-fcMRI was used to identify regions with abnormal connectivity in patients with epilepsy due to a malformation of cortical development, periventricular nodular heterotopia (PNH). Stimulation in patients with epilepsy resulted in abnormal TMS-evoked EEG activity relative to stimulation of the same sites in matched healthy control patients, with an abnormal increase in the late component of the TMS-evoked potential, consistent with cortical hyperexcitability. This abnormality was specific to regions with abnormal resting-state functional connectivity. Electrical source analysis in a subject with previously recorded seizures demonstrated that the origin of the abnormal TMS-evoked activity co-localized with the seizure-onset zone, suggesting the presence of an epileptogenic circuit. These results demonstrate how rs-fcMRI, TMS and EEG can be utilized together to identify and understand the physiological significance of abnormal brain connectivity in human diseases.

Resting-state functional-connectivity MRI has identified abnormalities in patients with a wide range of neuropsychiatric disorders, including epilepsy due to malformations of cortical development. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in combination with EEG can demonstrate that patients with epilepsy have cortical hyperexcitability in regions with abnormal connectivity.

Resting-state functional connectivity MRI (rs-fcMRI) is a technique that identifies connectivity between different brain regions based on correlations ...

Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE) with Target Controlled Infusion (TCI) and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea

The aim of this study was to establish a standardized protocol for drug-induced sleep endoscopy (DISE) to differentiate obstruction patterns in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Target-controlled infusion (TCI) of the sedative propofol was combined with real-time monitoring of the depth of sedation using bispectral analysis.
In an observational study 57 patients (mean age 44.8 years, &#177; SD 10.5; mean apnea hypopnea Index (AHI) 30.8/hr, &#177; SD 21.6, mean BMI 28.2 kg/m2, &#177; SD 5.3) underwent cardiorespiratory polysomnography followed by DISE with TCI and bispectral analysis. Sleep was induced solely by the intravenous infusion of propofol with a TCI-pump, with an initial target plasma level of 2.0 &#181;g/ml. Under continuous monitoring of the patient&#39;s respiration, state of consciousness and value of the bispectral analysis, the target plasma propofol level was raised in steps of 0.2 &#181;g/ml/2 min until the desired depth of sedation was reached. The mean value of the bispectral analysis at the target depth of sedation was determined and the obstruction patterns during DISE-TCI-bispectral analysis then classified according to the VOTE-system. Subsequently the results were analyzed according to polysomnographic and anthropometric data. The occurrence of multilevel obstruction sites across all degrees of severity of OSA clarifies the need for sleep endoscopy prior to upper airway surgery.
The advantage of this technique is the reproducibility of the protocol even for heterogeneous groups of patients. In addition, the gradual controlled and standardized increase of the plasma level of propofol with real-time control of the bispectral index leads to a precisely controllable depth of sedation. The DISE-TCI-bispectral analysis procedure is a step towards a required reproducible protocol of sleep endoscopy &#8212; capable of standardization. However it is not yet known whether these observed obstruction patterns also correspond to findings in natural sleep.

Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy DISE with Target Controlled Infusion TCI and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea

The aim of this study was to establish a standardized protocol for sleep endoscopy to differentiate obstruction patterns in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Target-controlled infusion (TCI) of the sedative was combined with real-time monitoring of the depth of sedation using bispectral analysis.

The aim of this study was to establish a standardized protocol for drug-induced sleep endoscopy (DISE) to differentiate obstruction patterns in ...

Semi-quantitative Assessment Using [18F]FDG Tracer in Patients with Severe Brain Injury

Patients with severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI) have difficulty knowing whether they are accurately expressing their thoughts and emotions because of disorders of consciousness, disrupted higher brain function, and verbal disturbances. As a consequence of an insufficient ability to communicate, objective evaluations are needed from family members, medical staff, and caregivers. One such evaluation is the assessment of functioning brain areas. Recently, multimodal brain imaging has been used to explore the function of damaged brain areas. [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography-computed tomography ([18F]FDG-PET/CT) is a successful tool for examining brain function. However, the assessment of brain glucose metabolism based on [18F]FDG-PET/CT is not standardized and depends on several varying parameters, as well as the patient&#39;s condition. Here, we describe a series of semiquantitative assessment protocols for a region-of-interest (ROI) image analysis using self-produced [18F]FDG tracers in patients with sTBI. The protocol focuses on screening the participants, preparing the [18F]FDG tracer in the hot lab, scheduling the acquisition of [18F]FDG-PET/CT brain images, and measuring glucose metabolism using the ROI analysis from a targeted brain area.

Semi-quantitative Assessment Using [18F]FDG Tracer in Patients with Severe Brain Injury

[18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography-computed tomography is useful for studying glucose metabolism related to brain function. Here, we present a protocol for an [18F]FDG tracer set-up and semiquantitative assessment of the region-of-interest analysis for targeted brain areas associated with clinical manifestations in patients with severe traumatic brain injury.

Patients with severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI) have difficulty knowing whether they are accurately expressing their thoughts and emotions because of ...

Using a Chemical Biopsy for Graft Quality Assessment

Kidney transplantation is a life-saving treatment for a large number of people with end-stage renal dysfunction worldwide. The procedure is associated with an increased survival rate and greater quality of patient&#8217;s life when compared to conventional dialysis. Regrettably, transplantology suffers from a lack of reliable methods for organ quality assessment. Standard diagnostic techniques are limited to macroscopic appearance inspection or invasive tissue biopsy, which do not provide comprehensive information about the graft. The proposed protocol aims to introduce solid phase microextraction (SPME) as an ideal analytical method for comprehensive metabolomics and lipidomic analysis of all low molecular compounds present in kidneys allocated for transplantation. The small size of the SPME probe enables performance of a chemical biopsy, which enables extraction of metabolites directly from the organ without any tissue collection. The minimum invasiveness of the method permits execution of multiple analyses over time: directly after organ harvesting, during its preservation, and immediately after revascularization at the recipient&#8217;s body. It is hypothesized that the combination of this novel sampling method with a high-resolution mass spectrometer will allow for discrimination of a set of characteristic compounds that could serve as biological markers of graft quality and indicators of possible development of organ dysfunction.

The protocol presents utilization of the chemical biopsy approach followed by comprehensive metabolomic and lipidomic analysis for quality assessment of kidney grafts allocated for transplantation.

Kidney transplantation is a life-saving treatment for a large number of people with end-stage renal dysfunction worldwide. The procedure is associated ...