فإن الكتاب أود أن أشكر Lonza Walkersville على المساعدة التي قدموها لديهم معرفة نظام مغلق ، وتصميم الحقيبة ، والقروض من السدادات حقيبة واللحام ، فضلا عن خلق حقيبة الخطط HYPERStack.

تتناول الغاز سفينة HYPERStack نفاذية التكنولوجيا بموجب براءة الاختراع الأمريكية # : 7745209. الكتاب والعاملين في علوم الحياة كورنينج ، وشركة التي تنتج الأداة المستخدمة في هذه المقالة.

HYPERStack السفينة قد نمت بنجاح هندسيا ، والخلايا الجذعية الأولية و. وقد أجريت الإضافات السائل في الإناء ، عبر اتصالات كيس العقيم بواسطة الجاذبية ، وكذلك تغذية عن طريق الضخ من وسائل الاعلام وعاء معقم. السفينة يوفر زيادة أكبر من النمو في منطقة 2.5X مقابل منتج لوحة مكدسة من البصمة الحجمي نفسه. وHYPERStack 6000 - 12 ومنطقة نمو الطول 2 ، HYPERStack 18000 - 36 ومنطقة نمو الطول 2 ، وHYPERStack 120 و60000 سم 2 من مساحة النمو. من خلال زيادة مساحة السطح ، مستخدمين قادرون على انتاج المزيد من خلايا من السكان نفس الخلية أو كثيرا ، والحد من التقلبات. كما أنها قادرة على انقاذ الفضاء و / أو العمل باستخدام عدد أقل من السفن لتحقيق انتاج الخلية نفسها ، أو زيادة انتاج الخلية دون إضافة الناس ، وأجنحة غرف الأبحاث ، أو الحاضنات. ويتم إنتاج النظام مع انخفاض طرق التجميع والجسيمات دون استخدام مواد لاصقة. بل هو نظام مغلق وهو مجمعة سلفا مع مجموعات الأنابيب والمرشحات ، وقدم الثلاثي حصل العقيمة.

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		<table border="1">
		<thead>
		<tr>
		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
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<tr>
<td>1.5L Bagged Media</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Lonza</td>
<td>TBD</td>
<td>1350ml media + 150ml serum (if required)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>4.0L Bagged Media</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Lonza</td>
<td>TBD</td>
<td>3600ml media + 400ml serum (if required)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>HYPERStack Vessel-12</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Corning</td>
<td>10012</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>HYPERStack Vessel-36</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Corning</td>
<td>10036</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Filling Wedge</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Corning</td>
<td>10040</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Stack Manipulator</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Corning</td>
<td>TBD</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>HyQtainer Sub-Assembly Sampling Device</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>HyClone/LonzA</td>
<td>SH3B0324.01</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>600ml Bagged Media Quencher (10% FBS IMDM)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Lonza</td>
<td>TBD</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>600ml Cell Dissociation Solution</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Lonza</td>
<td>TBD</td>
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closed system cell culture protocol using hyperstack vessels with gas permeable material technology

ثقافة كبيرة حجم الخلية ملتصقة حاليا موحدة على المنتجات المكدسة لوحة نمو الخلايا عندما الخرز microcarrier ليست الخيار الأمثل. سفن HYPERStack تسمح مغلقة جدول النظام حتى من المنتجات الحالية وتوفر لوحة مكدسة&gt; 2.5X المزيد من الخلايا في نفس البصمة الحجمي. السفن HYPERStack ظيفة عبر الغاز نفاذية المواد التي يسمح تبادل الغاز لتحدث ، وبالتالي القضاء على الحاجة إلى فراغ الرأس الداخلية داخل السفينة. القضاء على فراغ الرأس يسمح للمقصورة حيث تحدث لنمو الخلايا يمكن التقليل للحد من الفضاء ، والسماح لمزيد من طبقات من نمو الخلايا مساحة داخل نفس البصمة الحجمي. للعديد من التطبيقات مثل العلاج بالخلايا أو إنتاج اللقاحات ، وهناك حاجة إلى نظام مغلق لنمو الخلايا والحصاد. السفينة HYPERStack يسمح الخلية والكاشف إضافة وإزالة الأنابيب عبر وسائل الاعلام من أكياس أو أساليب أخرى. وهذا البروتوكول يفسر التكنولوجيا وراء المادة نفاذية الغاز المستخدمة في السفن HYPERStack ، نشر النتائج الغاز لتلبية احتياجات التمثيل الغذائي للخلايا ، أغلقت بروتوكولات نمو الخلية النظام ، وطرق الحصاد المختلفة.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Closed System Cell Culture Protocol Using HYPERStack Vessels with Gas Permeable Material Technology at JoVE.com

Closed System Cell Culture Protocol Using HYPERStack Vessels with Gas Permeable Material Technology

مقدمة في البروتوكول ، والتكنولوجيا ، والتعامل مع السفن HYPERStack كورنينج والاكسسوارات المستخدمة لزراعة الخلايا عالية الغلة ملتصقة. فإن بروتوكول تظهر كيفية استخدام السفن نظام مغلق لحصاد الخلية الحالية على زيادة المنتجات المسطحة مكدسة.

مغلق الثقافة خلية بروتوكول النظام باستخدام السفن HYPERStack مع تقنية الغاز مادة نافذ

Large volume adherent cell culture is currently standardized on stacked plate cell growth products when microcarrier beads are not an optimal choice.   ...

closed-system-cell-culture-protocol-using-hyperstack-vessels-with-gas

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

18.7K Views.  Corning Life Science. مقدمة في البروتوكول ، والتكنولوجيا ، والتعامل مع السفن HYPERStack كورنينج والاكسسوارات المستخدمة لزراعة الخلايا عالية الغلة ملتصقة. فإن بروتوكول تظهر كيفية استخدام السفن نظام مغلق لحصاد الخلية الحالية على زيادة المنتجات المسطحة مكدسة.

Video: Closed System Cell Culture Protocol Using HYPERStack Vessels with Gas Permeable Material Technology

Principles of Site-Specific Recombinase (SSR) Technology

Site-specific recombinase (SSR) technology allows the manipulation of gene structure to explore gene function and has become an integral tool of molecular biology. Site-specific recombinases are proteins that bind to distinct DNA target sequences. The Cre/lox system was first described in bacteriophages during the 1980's. Cre recombinase is a Type I topoisomerase that catalyzes site-specific recombination of DNA between two loxP (locus of X-over P1) sites. The Cre/lox system does not require any cofactors. LoxP sequences contain distinct binding sites for Cre recombinases that surround a directional core sequence where recombination and rearrangement takes place. When cells contain loxP sites and express the Cre recombinase, a recombination event occurs. Double-stranded DNA is cut at both loxP sites by the Cre recombinase, rearranged, and ligated ("scissors and glue"). Products of the recombination event depend on the relative orientation of the asymmetric sequences.
SSR technology is frequently used as a tool to explore gene function. Here the gene of interest is flanked with Cre target sites loxP ("floxed"). Animals are then crossed with animals expressing the Cre recombinase under the control of a tissue-specific promoter. In tissues that express the Cre recombinase it binds to target sequences and excises the floxed gene. Controlled gene deletion allows the investigation of gene function in specific tissues and at distinct time points. Analysis of gene function employing SSR technology --- conditional mutagenesis -- has significant advantages over traditional knock-outs where gene deletion is frequently lethal.

Principles of Site-Specific Recombinase SSR Technology

The advent of site-specific recombinase (SSR) technology and the Cre/lox system has led to numerous advances in molecular biology, and has proven itself as a valuable tool for assessing gene function in transgenic animals. This interview discusses the mechanism of site specific recombination by Cyclization recombinase (Cre) and how the use of this enzyme has led to the development of conditional mutagenesis, which has significant advantages over traditional knock out strategies.

مبادئ في مواقع محددة التكنولوجيا (SSR) Recombinase

Site-specific recombinase (SSR) technology allows the manipulation of gene structure to explore gene function and has become an integral tool of molecular ...

Engineering Cell-permeable Protein

The protein transduction technique enables the direct delivery of biologically active material into mammalian cells [for review see 1,2]. For this one can make use of the translocating ability of so-called cell penetrating peptides (CPPs), also designated as protein transduction domains (PTDs). The TAT-CPP derived from the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Tat (trans-activator of transcription) protein has been widely used. The positively charged TAT promotes cell permeability thereby overcoming the barriers of the cellular membrane by endocytosis or/and direct membrane penetration2. In combination with a nuclear localization signal (NLS) fusion proteins are able to enter the nucleus exhibiting functionality. Our video presentation demonstrates, as an exemplification for the engineering of cell-permeable proteins, the construction, production and application of a cell-permeable version of the DNA-modifying enzyme Cre.
Cre is a site-specific recombinase that is able to recognize and recombine 34 base pair loxP sites in mammalian cells in vitro and in vivo. Therefore the Cre/loxP system is widely used to conditionally induce mutations in the genome of living cells3,4. The delivery of active Cre recombinase to cells, however, represents a limitation.
We describe the pSESAME vector system, which allows a direct insertion of the gene-of-interest and provides a platform to rapidly clone different domains and tags used within the vector in a convenient and standardized manner. Rearranging of the different tags has been shown to modify the biochemical properties of the fusion proteins providing a possibility to achieve higher yield and better solubility. We demonstrate how to express and purify recombinant cell-permeant proteins in and from E. coli. The functionality of the recombinant Cre protein is finally validated in cell culture by assessing its intracellular recombinase activity.

Protein transduction enables the direct delivery of biologically active proteins into cells. In contrast to conventional methods such as DNA transfection or viral transduction this non-invasive paradigm allows highly efficient cellular manipulation in a titratable manner circumventing cellular toxicity and the risk of oncogenic transformation by permanent genetic modification.

هندسة الخلايا المنفذة للبروتين

The protein transduction technique enables the direct delivery of biologically active material into mammalian cells [for review see 1,2]. For this one can ...

The Method of Rodent Whole Embryo Culture using the Rotator-type Bottle Culture System

Whole embryo culture (WEC) technique has been developed in 1950's by New and his colleagues, and applied for developmental biology 1. Although development and growth of mammalian embryos are critically dependent on the function of the placenta, WEC technique allows us to culture mouse and rat embryos ex vivo condition during limited periods corresponding to midgestation stages during embryonic day (E) 6.5-E12.5 in the mouse or E8.5-E14.5 in the rat 2, 3, 4. In WEC, we can directly target desired areas of embryos using fine glass capillaries because embryos can be manipulated under the microscope. Therefore, rodent WEC is very useful technique when we want to study dynamic developmental processes of postimplanted mammalian embryos. Up to date, several types of WEC systems have been developed 1. Among those, the rotator-type bottle culture system is most popular and suitable for long-term culture of embryos at midgestation, i.e., after E9.5 and E11.5 in the mouse and rat, respectively 1. In this video protocol, we demonstrate our standard procedures of rat WEC after E12.5 using a refined model of the original rotator system, which was designed by New and Cockroft 5, 6, and introduce various applications of WEC technique for studies in mammalian developmental biology.

Whole embryo culture technique allows us to culture mouse and rat embryos ex vivo condition during limited periods corresponding to midgestation stages. In this video protocol, we demonstrate our standard procedures of rat whole embryo culture after E12.5 using the rotator-type bottle culture system.

الطريقة الثقافة القوارض باستخدام الأجنة الجامع للثقافة الدوار زجاجة من نوع النظام

Whole embryo culture (WEC) technique has been developed in 1950's by New and his colleagues, and applied for developmental biology 1. Although development ...

Determining Cell Number During Cell Culture using the Scepter Cell Counter

Counting cells is often a necessary but tedious step for in vitro cell culture. Consistent cell concentrations ensure experimental reproducibility and accuracy. Cell counts are important for monitoring cell health and proliferation rate, assessing immortalization or transformation, seeding cells for subsequent experiments, transfection or infection, and preparing for cell-based assays. It is important that cell counts be accurate, consistent, and fast, particularly for quantitative measurements of cellular responses.
Despite this need for speed and accuracy in cell counting, 71% of 400 researchers surveyed1 who count cells using a hemocytometer. While hemocytometry is inexpensive, it is laborious and subject to user bias and misuse, which results in inaccurate counts. Hemocytometers are made of special optical glass on which cell suspensions are loaded in specified volumes and counted under a microscope. Sources of errors in hemocytometry include: uneven cell distribution in the sample, too many or too few cells in the sample, subjective decisions as to whether a given cell falls within the defined counting area, contamination of the hemocytometer, user-to-user variation, and variation of hemocytometer filling rate2.
To alleviate the tedium associated with manual counting, 29% of researchers count cells using automated cell counting devices; these include vision-based counters, systems that detect cells using the Coulter principle, or flow cytometry1. For most researchers, the main barrier to using an automated system is the price associated with these large benchtop instruments1.
The Scepter cell counter is an automated handheld device that offers the automation and accuracy of Coulter counting at a relatively low cost. The system employs the Coulter principle of impedance-based particle detection3 in a miniaturized format using a combination of analog and digital hardware for sensing, signal processing, data storage, and graphical display. The disposable tip is engineered with a microfabricated, cell- sensing zone that enables discrimination by cell size and cell volume at sub-micron and sub-picoliter resolution. Enhanced with precision liquid-handling channels and electronics, the Scepter cell counter reports cell population statistics graphically displayed as a histogram.

The Scepter Cell Counter is a handheld automated device that can be used to count cells, monitor cell diameter and volume, and be used to check the health and quality of cellular populations from one culture to the next.

تحديد عدد الخلايا خلال زراعة الخلايا باستخدام خلية مكافحة الصولجان

Counting cells is often a necessary but tedious step for in vitro cell culture. Consistent cell concentrations ensure experimental reproducibility and ...

A Chemical Screening Procedure for Glucocorticoid Signaling with a Zebrafish Larva Luciferase Reporter System

Glucocorticoid stress hormones and their artificial derivatives are widely used drugs to treat inflammation, but long-term treatment with glucocorticoids can lead to severe side effects. Test systems are needed to search for novel compounds influencing glucocorticoid signaling in vivo or to determine unwanted effects of compounds on the glucocorticoid signaling pathway. We have established a transgenic zebrafish assay which allows the measurement of glucocorticoid signaling activity in vivo and in real-time, the GRIZLY assay (Glucocorticoid Responsive In vivo Zebrafish Luciferase activitY). The luciferase-based assay detects effects on glucocorticoid signaling with high sensitivity and specificity, including effects by compounds that require metabolization or affect endogenous glucocorticoid production. We present here a detailed protocol for conducting chemical screens with this assay. We describe data acquisition, normalization, and analysis, placing a focus on quality control and data visualization. The assay provides a simple, time-resolved, and quantitative readout. It can be operated as a stand-alone platform, but is also easily integrated into high-throughput screening workflows. It furthermore allows for many applications beyond chemical screening, such as environmental monitoring of endocrine disruptors or stress research.

We describe the procedure and data analysis of a chemical screening system for glucocorticoid stress hormone signaling using zebrafish larvae: the Glucocorticoid Responsive In vivo Zebrafish Luciferase activitY (GRIZLY) assay. The assay sensitively and specifically detects effects on glucocorticoid signaling by compounds that require metabolization or affect endogenous glucocorticoid production.

Glucocorticoid stress hormones and their artificial derivatives are widely used drugs to treat inflammation, but long-term treatment with glucocorticoids ...

An Ex vivo Culture System to Study Thyroid Development

The thyroid is a bilobated endocrine gland localized at the base of the neck, producing the thyroid hormones T3, T4, and calcitonin. T3 and T4 are produced by differentiated thyrocytes, organized in closed spheres called follicles, while calcitonin is synthesized by C-cells, interspersed in between the follicles and a dense network of blood capillaries. Although adult thyroid architecture and functions have been extensively described and studied, the formation of the &#8220;angio-follicular&#8221; units, the distribution of C-cells in the parenchyma and the paracrine communications between epithelial and endothelial cells is far from being understood.
This method describes the sequential steps of mouse embryonic thyroid anlagen dissection and its culture on semiporous filters or on microscopy plastic slides. Within a period of four days, this culture system faithfully recapitulates in vivo thyroid development. Indeed, (i) bilobation of the organ occurs (for e12.5 explants), (ii) thyrocytes precursors organize into follicles and polarize, (iii) thyrocytes and C-cells differentiate, and (iv) endothelial cells present in the microdissected tissue proliferate, migrate into the thyroid lobes, and closely associate with the epithelial cells, as they do in vivo.
Thyroid tissues can be obtained from wild type, knockout or fluorescent transgenic embryos. Moreover, explants culture can be manipulated by addition of inhibitors, blocking antibodies, growth factors, or even cells or conditioned medium. Ex vivo development can be analyzed in real-time, or at any time of the culture by immunostaining and RT-qPCR.
In conclusion, thyroid explant culture combined with downstream whole-mount or on sections imaging and gene expression profiling provides a powerful system for manipulating and studying morphogenetic and differentiation events of thyroid organogenesis.

An Ex vivo Culture System to Study Thyroid Development

This protocol describes dissection of mouse embryonic thyroid anlagen and the culture of explants on semiporous filters or on microscopy plastic slides. This system is ideal to study morphogenetic or differentiation events occurring during thyroid development of wild type or knockout embryos, and is amenable to gain- and loss-of-function experiments.

و<em&gt; خارج الحي</em&gt; نظام الثقافة لدراسة التنمية الغدة الدرقية

The thyroid is a bilobated endocrine gland localized at the base of the neck, producing the thyroid hormones T3, T4, and calcitonin. T3 and T4 are ...

A Video Protocol of Retroviral Infection in Primary Intestinal Organoid Culture

Lgr5-positive stem cells can be supplemented with the essential growth factors Egf, Noggin, and R-Spondin, which allows us to culture ever-expanding primary 3D epithelial structures in vitro. Both the architecture and physiological properties of these &#39;mini-guts&#39;, also called organoids, closely resemble their in vivo counterparts. This makes them an attractive model system for the small intestinal epithelium. Using retroviral transduction, functional genetics can now be performed by conditional gene overexpression or knockdown. This video demonstrates the procedure of organoid culture, the generation of retroviruses, and the retroviral transduction of organoids to assist phenotypic analysis of the small intestinal epithelium in vitro. This novel organotypic model system in combination with retroviral mediated gene expression provides a valuable tool for rapid analysis of gene function in vitro without the need of costly and time-consuming generation for transgenic animals.

This protocol explains primary Lgr5-positve organoid culture and the subsequent performance of retroviral transduction. This enables Cre-inducible overexpression or knockdown of the delivered transgene and allows functional studies to be carried out in the novel in vitro organotypic model system.

بروتوكول الفيديو من عدوى فيروسات الرجعية في الابتدائية المعوية عضي الثقافة

Lgr5-positive stem cells can be supplemented with the essential growth factors Egf, Noggin, and R-Spondin, which allows us to culture ever-expanding ...

Direct Protein Delivery to Mammalian Cells Using Cell-permeable Cys2-His2 Zinc-finger Domains

Due to their modularity and ability to be reprogrammed to recognize a wide range of DNA sequences, Cys2-His2 zinc-finger DNA-binding domains have emerged as useful tools for targeted genome engineering. Like many other DNA-binding proteins, zinc-fingers also possess the innate ability to cross cell membranes. We recently demonstrated that this intrinsic cell-permeability could be leveraged for intracellular protein delivery. Genetic fusion of zinc-finger motifs leads to efficient transport of protein and enzyme cargo into a broad range of mammalian cell types. Unlike other protein transduction technologies, delivery via zinc-finger domains does not inhibit enzyme activity and leads to high levels of cytosolic delivery. Here a detailed step-by-step protocol is presented for the implementation of zinc-finger technology for protein delivery into mammalian cells. Key steps for achieving high levels of intracellular zinc-finger-mediated delivery are highlighted and strategies for maximizing the performance of this system are discussed.

Direct Protein Delivery to Mammalian Cells Using Cell-permeable Cys2-His2 Zinc-finger Domains

Zinc-finger domains are intrinsically cell-permeable and capable of mediating protein delivery into a broad range of mammalian cell types. Here, a detailed step-by-step protocol for implementing zinc-finger technology for intracellular protein delivery is presented.

البروتين التسليم المباشر للخلايا الثدييات عن طريق خلية قابلة للاختراق السيستئين<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt; العاهل<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt; مجالات الزنك الاصبع

Due to their modularity and ability to be reprogrammed to recognize a wide range of DNA sequences, Cys2-His2 zinc-finger DNA-binding domains have emerged ...

Development of an Insert Co-culture System of Two Cellular Types in the Absence of Cell-Cell Contact

The role of secreted soluble factors in the modification of cellular responses is a recurrent theme in the study of all tissues and systems. In an attempt to make straightforward the very complex relationships between the several cellular subtypes that compose multicellular organisms, in vitro techniques have been developed to help researchers acquire a detailed understanding of single cell populations. One of these techniques uses inserts with a permeable membrane allowing secreted soluble factors to diffuse. Thus, a population of cells grown in inserts can be co-cultured in a well or dish containing a different cell type for evaluating cellular changes following paracrine signaling in the absence of cell-cell contact. Such insert co-culture systems offer various advantages over other co-culture techniques, namely bidirectional signaling, conserved cell polarity and population-specific detection of cellular changes. In addition to being utilized in the field of inflammation, cancer, angiogenesis and differentiation, these co-culture systems are of prime importance in the study of the intricate relationships that exist between the different cellular subtypes present in the central nervous system, particularly in the context of neuroinflammation. This article offers general methodological guidelines in order to set up an experiment in order to evaluating cellular changes mediated by secreted soluble factors using an insert co-culture system. Moreover, a specific protocol to measure the neuroinflammatory effects of cytokines secreted by lipopolysaccharide-activated N9 microglia on neuronal PC12 cells will be detailed, offering a concrete understanding of insert co-culture methodology.

In multicellular organisms, secreted soluble factors elicit responses from different cell types as a result of paracrine signaling. Insert co-culture systems offer a simple way to assess the changes mediated by secreted soluble factors in the absence of cell-cell contact.

تطوير نظام إدراج المشارك ثقافة نوعين الخلوية في غياب خلية خلية الاتصال

The role of secreted soluble factors in the modification of cellular responses is a recurrent theme in the study of all tissues and systems. In an attempt ...

Laboratory Protocol for Genetic Gut Content Analyses of Aquatic Macroinvertebrates Using Group-specific rDNA Primers

Analyzing food webs is essential for a better understanding of ecosystems. For example, food web interactions can undergo severe changes caused by the invasion of non-indigenous species. However, an exact identification of field predator-prey interactions is difficult in many cases. These analyses are often based on a visual evaluation of gut content or the analysis of stable isotope ratios (&#948;15N and &#948;13C). Such methods require comprehensive knowledge about, respectively, morphologic diversity or isotopic signature from individual prey organisms, leading to obstacles in the exact identification of prey organisms. Visual gut content analyses especially underestimate soft bodied prey organisms, because maceration, ingestion and digestion of prey organisms make identification of specific species difficult. Hence, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based strategies, for example the use of group-specific primer sets, provide a powerful tool for the investigation of food web interactions. Here, we describe detailed protocols to investigate the gut contents of macroinvertebrate consumers from the field using group-specific primer sets for nuclear ribosomal deoxyribonucleic acid (rDNA). DNA can be extracted either from whole specimens (in the case of small taxa) or out of gut contents of specimens collected in the field. Presence and functional efficiency of the DNA templates need to be confirmed directly from the tested individual using universal primer sets targeting the respective subunit of DNA. We also demonstrate that consumed prey can be determined further down to species level via PCR with unmodified group-specific primers combined with subsequent single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analyses using polyacrylamide gels. Furthermore, we show that the use of different fluorescent dyes as labels enables parallel screening for DNA fragments of different prey groups from multiple gut content samples via automated fragment analysis.

Most common gut content analyses of macroinvertebrates are visual. Requiring intense knowledge about morphological diversity of prey organisms, they miss soft bodied prey and, due to strong comminution of prey, are nearly impossible for some organisms, including amphipods. We provide detailed, novel genetic approaches for macroinvertebrate prey identification in the diet of amphipods.

بروتوكول مختبر لتحليل محتوى الأمعاء الوراثية ماكروينفيرتيبراتيس المائية استخدام مجموعة محددة المتاشب كبسولة تفجير

Analyzing food webs is essential for a better understanding of ecosystems. For example, food web interactions can undergo severe changes caused by the ...