وأيدت الدراسات الحالية القومي للقلب والرئة والدم المعهد المنحة R01 - HL0921 ، R01 - R01 - DK083385 وHL098294 Eltzschig لهونج كونج ، و1K08HL102267 - 01 إلى Eckle T. ، ومؤسسة للتعليم التخدير والمنح لبحوث ت. Eckle وهونج كونج Eltzschig ، وجمعية القلب الأميركية منحة للEckle T. Eltzschig وهونج كونج وجمعية الألمانية للبحوث زمالة أبحاث (DFG) لKoeppen م. نشكر شيلي Eltzschig للعمل الفني.

الإعلان عن أي تضارب في المصالح.

هذه الدراسة توضح أسلوب الرواية على أداء الملكية الفكرية في موديلا لأحد الفئران سليمة باستخدام نظام شنقا الوزن وبالتالي تجنب انسداد الشريان التاجي بواسطة عقدة. في الواقع ، فإن هذه الدراسة تبين أحجام استنساخه احتشاء القلب العالية وحماية الملكية الفكرية من قبل ، وبالتالي تقليل التفاوت المقترنة عقدة المستندة إلى النماذج انسداد الشريان التاجي. يمكن للمحققين الذين يعتبرون دراسة cardioprotection الملكية الفكرية في الفئران عن طريق الاستفادة من هذا النموذج.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Sodium Pentobarbital (Fatal Plus)</td><td>Vortech Pharmaceutical Ls, Ltd</td><td>V.P.L. 9372</td><td>4mg/mL in saline</td></tr><tr><td>TTC</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>17779 Fluka</td><td>1.5 % in PBS</td></tr><tr><td>Evans Blue</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>E2129</td><td>10g in 1 L PBS</td></tr><tr><td>Insyte 22 G</td><td>BD Biosciences</td><td>n/a</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Suture, silk 4.0</td><td>Harvard Apparatus</td><td>517698</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Suture, Prolene 8.0</td><td>Ethicon Inc.</td><td>M8739</td><td>reusable</td></tr><tr><td>Heart Matrix</td><td>Zivic Instruments</td><td># HSMS001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Siemens 900 C</td><td>DRE Veterinary</td><td># 336</td><td>refurbished</td></tr><tr><td>dissecting microscope (SZX10 )</td><td>Olympus Corporation</td><td>n/a</td><td>consider generous working distance</td></tr><tr><td>Heating Table</td><td>Rt, Effenberger, Germany</td><td>n/a</td><td>only and single provider</td></tr><tr><td>Blood pressure device</td><td>Cyber Sense, Inc</td><td>BPM02</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>I STAT</td><td>Abbott Laboratories</td><td>n/a</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

use of a hanging weight system for coronary artery occlusion in mice

دراسات الفئران من الاصابة الحادة هي مجال التحقيق المكثف ، والفئران خروج المغلوب للجينات مختلفة أصبحت متاحة على نحو متزايد 1-38. Cardioprotection شروط مسبقة من قبل الدماغية (IP) لا تزال منطقة من التحقيق المكثف. لمزيد من توضيح الأساس الجزيئي ، واستخدام الماوس خروج المغلوب من الدراسات له أهمية خاصة 7 ، 14 ، 30 ، 39. على الرغم من أن دراسات سابقة أجريت بنجاح بالفعل نقص التروية القلبية وضخه في الفئران ، وهذا النموذج من الناحية التقنية صعبة للغاية. خاصة ، وتحديد البصرية من الشريان التاجي ، والتنسيب للخياطة في جميع أنحاء السفينة وانسداد الشريان التاجي عن طريق ربط قبالة السفينة مع عقدة معتمدة من الصعب من الناحية الفنية. بالإضافة إلى ذلك ، إعادة فتح عقدة لضخه متقطعة من الشريان التاجي خلال الملكية الفكرية دون أن تسبب صدمة جراحية يضيف تحديا إضافيا. وعلاوة على ذلك ، إذا لم يتم ربط عقدة قوية ضخه باستمرار ، وهو ما يكفي غير مقصودة نتيجة لانسداد الشريان التاجي للالمنقوصة تؤثر على النتائج. في الواقع ، وهذا يمكن أن يحدث بسهولة نظرا لحركة القلب النابض. بناء على المشاكل المحتملة المرتبطة باستخدام نظام معقد انسداد الشريان التاجي ، اعتمدنا نموذجا سبق نشرها من القلب المزمن على أساس نظام الوزن معلقة لفترات متقطعة انسداد الشريان التاجي خلال 39 IP. في الواقع ، ويمكن بالتالي انسداد الشريان التاجي يمكن أن يتحقق دون الاضطرار الى انسداد الشرايين التاجية بواسطة عقدة. وعلاوة على ذلك ، يمكن ضخه للسفينة يتحقق بسهولة من خلال دعم الأوزان المعلقة التي هي في الترجمة عن بعد من أنسجة القلب. نحن اختبار هذا النظام بشكل منهجي ، بما في ذلك الاختلاف من الأوقات نقص التروية وضخه ، أفواج شروط مسبقة ، ودرجة حرارة الجسم والخلفيات الوراثية 39. بالإضافة إلى احتشاء تلطيخ ، نحن اختبار القلب تروبونين الأول (cTnI) كعلامة من احتشاء عضلة القلب في هذا النموذج. في الواقع ، ومستويات البلازما من cTnI ترتبط مع أحجام احتشاء (R2 = 0.8). وأخيرا ، فإننا يمكن أن تظهر في العديد من الدراسات أن هذه الطريقة تؤدي أحجام احتشاء استنساخه للغاية خلال IP الفئران واحتشاء عضلة القلب 6 ، 8 ، 30 ، 40 ، 41. لذلك ، قد تكون هذه التقنية مفيدة للباحثين الذين يسعون الى المشاركة في الآليات الجزيئية التي cardioprotection IP باستخدام نهج الجينية في الفئران مع حذف الجينات المستهدفة. قد مزيد من الدراسات حول الملكية الفكرية القلب باستخدام الفئران المعدلة وراثيا النظر في هذا الأسلوب.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Use of a Hanging Weight System for Coronary Artery Occlusion in Mice at JoVE.com

Use of a Hanging Weight System for Coronary Artery Occlusion in Mice

نموذج الفئران لنقص التروية القلبية والدماغية شروط مسبقة هو دراسة آليات أمراض القلب أداة هامة<em&gt; في الجسم الحي</em&gt;. هنا ، نحن تقرير اجب التطبيق سهل<em&gt; في الموقع</em&gt; نموذج للملكية الفكرية القلب باستخدام نظام شنقا الوزن لانسداد الشريان التاجي.

استخدام نظام وزن المعلقة لانسداد الشريان التاجي في الفئران

Murine studies of acute injury are an area of intense investigation, as knockout mice for different genes are becoming increasingly available 1-38. ...

use-of-a-hanging-weight-system-for-coronary-artery-occlusion-in-mice

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

21.6K Views.  University of Colorado Denver. نموذج الفئران لنقص التروية القلبية والدماغية شروط مسبقة هو دراسة آليات أمراض القلب أداة هامة في الجسم الحي. هنا ، نحن تقرير اجب التطبيق سهل في الموقع نموذج للملكية الفكرية القلب باستخدام نظام شنقا الوزن لانسداد الشريان التاجي.

Video: Use of a Hanging Weight System for Coronary Artery Occlusion in Mice

Use of a Hanging-weight System for Isolated Renal Artery Occlusion

In hospitalized patients, over 50% of cases of acute kidney injury (AKI) are caused by renal ischemia 1-3. A recent study of hospitalized patients revealed that only a mild increase in serum creatinine levels (0.3 to 0.4 mg/dl) is associated with a 70% greater risk of death than in persons without any increase 1. Along these lines, surgical procedures requiring cross-clamping of the aorta and renal vessels are associated with a renal failure rates of up to 30% 4. Similarly, AKI after cardiac surgery occurs in over 10% of patients under normal circumstances and is associated with dramatic increases in mortality. AKI are also common complications after liver transplantation. At least 8-17% of patients end up requiring renal replacement therapy 5. Moreover, delayed graft function due to tubule cell injury during kidney transplantation is frequently related to ischemia-associated AKI 6. Moreover, AKI occurs in approximately 20% of patients suffering from sepsis 6.The occurrence of AKI is associated with dramatic increases of morbidity and mortality 1. Therapeutic approaches are very limited and the majority of interventional trials in AKI have failed in humans. Therefore, additional therapeutic modalities to prevent renal injury from ischemia are urgently needed 3, 7-9. 
To elucidate mechanisms of renal injury due to ischemia and possible therapeutic strategies murine models are intensively required 7-13. Mouse models provide the possibility of utilizing different genetic models including gene-targeted mice and tissue specific gene-targeted mice (cre-flox system). However, murine renal ischemia is technically challenging and experimental details significantly influence results. We performed a systematic evaluation of a novel model for isolated renal artery occlusion in mice, which specifically avoids the use of clamping or suturing the renal pedicle 14. This model requires a nephrectomy of the right kidney since ischemia can be only performed in one kidney due to the experimental setting. In fact, by using a hanging-weight system, the renal artery is only instrumented once throughout the surgical procedure. In addition, no venous or urethral obstruction occurs with this technique. We could demonstrate time-dose-dependent and highly reproducible renal injury with ischemia by measuring serum creatinine. Moreover, when comparing this new model with conventional clamping of the whole pedicle, renal protection by ischemic preconditioning is more profound and more reliable. Therefore his new technique might be useful for other researchers who are working in the field of acute kidney injury.

A precise murine model for acute kidney injury (AKI) due to ischemia is an important tool to investigate acute kidney injury and possibly find therapeutic tools to treat renal injury. The hanging weight system offers a tool for immediate and reliable renal artery occlusion and reperfusion without causing renal congestion.

استخدام نظام تعليق الوزن المعزولة عن انسداد الشريان الكلوي

In hospitalized patients, over 50% of cases of acute kidney injury (AKI) are caused by renal ischemia 1-3. A recent study of hospitalized patients ...

Use of a Hanging-weight System for Liver Ischemia in Mice

Acute liver injury due to ischemia can occur during several clinical procedures e.g. liver transplantation, hepatic tumor resection or trauma repair and can result in liver failure which has a high mortality rate1-2. Therefore murine studies of hepatic ischemia have become an important field of research by providing the opportunity to utilize pharmacological and genetic studies3-9. Specifically, conditional mice with tissue specific deletion of a gene (cre, flox system) provide insights into the role of proteins in particular tissues10-13 . Because of the technical difficulty associated with manually clamping the portal triad in mice, we performed a systematic evaluation using a hanging-weight system for portal triad occlusion which has been previously described3. By using a hanging-weight system we place a suture around the left branch of the portal triad without causing any damage to the hepatic lobes, since also the finest clamps available can cause hepatic tissue damage because of the close location of liver tissue to the vessels. Furthermore, the right branch of the hepatic triad is still perfused thus no intestinal congestion occurs with this technique as blood flow to the right hepatic lobes is preserved. Furthermore, the portal triad is only manipulated once throughout the entire surgical procedure. As a result, procedures like pre-conditioning, with short times of ischemia and reperfusion, can be easily performed. Systematic evaluation of this model by performing different ischemia and reperfusion times revealed a close correlation of hepatic ischemia time with liver damage as measured by alanine (ALT) and aspartate (AST) aminotransferase serum levels3,9. Taken together, these studies confirm highly reproducible liver injury when using the hanging-weight system for hepatic ischemia and intermittent reperfusion. Thus, this technique might be useful for other investigators interested in liver ischemia studies in mice. Therefore the video clip provides a detailed step-by-step description of this technique.

We established a novel murine model of a hanging weight system for portal triad occlusion. This technique may be useful for future investigations of ischemia in murine hepatic models.

استخدام نظام اعدام الوزن لالإسكيمية الكبد في الفئران

Acute liver injury due to ischemia can occur during several clinical procedures e.g. liver transplantation, hepatic tumor resection or trauma repair and ...

Coronary Artery Ligation and Intramyocardial Injection in a Murine Model of Infarction

Mouse models are a valuable tool for studying acute injury and chronic remodeling of the myocardium in vivo. With the advent of genetic modifications to the whole organism or the myocardium and an array of biological and/or synthetic materials, there is great potential for any combination of these to assuage the extent of acute ischemic injury and impede the onset of heart failure pursuant to myocardial remodeling. 
Here we present the methods and materials used to reliably perform this microsurgery and the modifications involved for temporary (with reperfusion) or permanent coronary artery occlusion studies as well as intramyocardial injections. The effects on the heart that can be seen during the procedure and at the termination of the experiment in addition to histological evaluation will verify efficacy. 
Briefly, surgical preparation involves anesthetizing the mice, removing the fur on the chest, and then disinfecting the surgical area. Intratracheal intubation is achieved by transesophageal illumination using a fiber optic light. The tubing is then connected to a ventilator. An incision made on the chest exposes the pectoral muscles which will be cut to view the ribs. For ischemia/reperfusion studies, a 1 cm piece of PE tubing placed over the heart is used to tie the ligature to so that occlusion/reperfusion can be customized. For intramyocardial injections, a Hamilton syringe with sterile 30gauge beveled needle is used. When the myocardial manipulations are complete, the rib cage, the pectoral muscles, and the skin are closed sequentially. Line block analgesia is effected by 0.25% marcaine in sterile saline which is applied to muscle layer prior to closure of the skin. The mice are given a subcutaneous injection of saline and placed in a warming chamber until they are sternally recumbent. They are then returned to the vivarium and housed under standard conditions until the time of tissue collection. At the time of sacrifice, the mice are anesthetized, the heart is arrested in diastole with KCl or BDM, rinsed with saline, and immersed in fixative. Subsequently, routine procedures for processing, embedding, sectioning, and histological staining are performed. 
Nonsurgical intubation of a mouse and the microsurgical manipulations described make this a technically challenging model to learn and achieve reproducibility. These procedures, combined with the difficulty in performing consistent manipulations of the ligature for timed occlusion(s) and reperfusion or intramyocardial injections, can also affect the survival rate so optimization and consistency are critical.

Numerous genetic manipulations and/or intramyocardial injections of genes, proteins, cells, and/or biomaterials are superimposed upon the dimension of time in studies of acute ischemia/ reperfusion injury and chronic remodeling in mice. This video illustrates the microsurgical procedures for ischemia/reperfusion, permanent coronary artery ligation, and intramyocardial injection studies.

الشريان التاجي ربط Intramyocardial وحقن الفئران في نموذج من احتشاء

Mouse models are a valuable tool for studying acute injury and chronic remodeling of the myocardium in vivo.  With the advent of genetic modifications to ...

Modified Technique for Coronary Artery Ligation in Mice

Myocardial infarction (MI) is one of the most important causes of mortality in humans1-3. In order to improve morbidity and mortality in patients with MI we need better knowledge about pathophysiology of myocardial ischemia. This knowledge may be valuable to define new therapeutic targets for innovative cardiovascular therapies4. Experimental MI model in mice is an increasingly popular small-animal model in preclinical research in which MI is induced by means of permanent or temporary ligation of left coronary artery (LCA)5. In this video, we describe the step-by-step method of how to induce experimental MI in mice.
The animal is first anesthetized with 2% isoflurane. The unconscious mouse is then intubated and connected to a ventilator for artificial ventilation. The left chest is shaved and 1.5 cm incision along mid-axillary line is made in the skin. The left pectoralis major muscle is bluntly dissociated until the ribs are exposed. The muscle layers are pulled aside and fixed with an eyelid-retractor. After these preparations, left thoracotomy is performed between the third and fourth ribs in order to visualize the anterior surface of the heart and left lung. The proximal segment of LCA artery is then ligated with a 7-0 ethilon suture which typically induces an infarct size ~40% of left ventricle. At the end, the chest is closed and the animals receive postoperative analgesia (Temgesic, 0.3 mg/50 ml, ip). The animals are kept in a warm cage until spontaneous recovery.

The surgical procedure used to induce experimental myocardial infarction in mice begins with left thoracotomy between the third and the fourth ribs in order to visualize the anterior surface of the heart and left lung. The left coronary artery is ligated, the chest is closed and the mouse is allowed to recover spontaneously.

تقنية لربط تعديل الشريان التاجي في الفئران

Myocardial infarction (MI) is one of the most important causes of mortality in humans1-3. In order to improve morbidity and mortality in patients with MI ...

A Murine Closed-chest Model of Myocardial Ischemia and Reperfusion

Surgical trauma by thoracotomy in open-chest models of coronary ligation induces an immune response which modifies different mechanisms involved in ischemia and reperfusion. Immune response includes cytokine expression and release or secretion of endogenous ligands of innate immune receptors. Activation of innate immunity can potentially modulate infarct size. We have modified an existing murine closed-chest model using hanging weights which could be useful for studying myocardial pre- and postconditioning and the role of innate immunity in myocardial ischemia and reperfusion. This model allows animals to recover from surgical trauma before onset of myocardial ischemia.
Volatile anesthetics have been intensely studied and their preconditioning effect for the ischemic heart is well known. However, this protective effect precludes its use in open chest models of coronary artery ligation. Thus, another advantage could be the use of the well controllable volatile anesthetics for instrumentation in a chronic closed-chest model, since their preconditioning effect lasts up to 72 hours. Chronic heart diseases with intermittent ischemia and multiple hit models are other possible applications of this model.
For the chronic closed-chest model, intubated and ventilated mice undergo a lateral blunt thoracotomy via the 4th intercostal space. Following identification of the left anterior descending a ligature is passed underneath the vessel and both suture ends are threaded through an occluder. Then, both suture ends are passed through the chest wall, knotted to form a loop and left in the subcutaneous tissue. After chest closure and recovery for 5 days, mice are anesthetized again, chest skin is reopened and hanging weights are hooked up to the loop under ECG control.
At the end of the ischemia/reperfusion protocol, hearts can be stained with TTC for infarct size assessment or undergo perfusion fixation to allow morphometric studies in addition to histology and immunohistochemistry.

Surgical trauma induces an inflammatory response. Cytokines and endogenous ligands are known to modulate myocardial infarct size following ischemia and reperfusion. We present a modified closed-chest model of murine ischemia and reperfusion using hanging weights to minimize effects of thoracotomy.

والفئران مغلقة الصدر نموذج نقص التروية القلبية وإعادة إشباع الخلايا

Surgical trauma by thoracotomy in open-chest models of coronary ligation induces an immune response which modifies different mechanisms involved in ...

Permanent Ligation of the Left Anterior Descending Coronary Artery in Mice: A Model of Post-myocardial Infarction Remodelling and Heart Failure

Heart failure is a syndrome in which the heart fails to pump blood at a rate commensurate with cellular oxygen requirements at rest or during stress. It is characterized by fluid retention, shortness of breath, and fatigue, in particular on exertion. Heart failure is a growing public health problem, the leading cause of hospitalization, and a major cause of mortality. Ischemic heart disease is the main cause of heart failure.
Ventricular remodelling refers to changes in structure, size, and shape of the left ventricle. This architectural remodelling of the left ventricle is induced by injury (e.g., myocardial infarction), by pressure overload (e.g., systemic arterial hypertension or aortic stenosis), or by volume overload. Since ventricular remodelling affects wall stress, it has a profound impact on cardiac function and on the development of heart failure. A model of permanent ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery in mice is used to investigate ventricular remodelling and cardiac function post-myocardial infarction. This model is fundamentally different in terms of objectives and pathophysiological relevance compared to the model of transient ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery. In this latter model of ischemia/reperfusion injury, the initial extent of the infarct may be modulated by factors that affect myocardial salvage following reperfusion. In contrast, the infarct area at 24 hr after permanent ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery is fixed. Cardiac function in this model will be affected by 1) the process of infarct expansion, infarct healing, and scar formation; and 2) the concomitant development of left ventricular dilatation, cardiac hypertrophy, and ventricular remodelling.
Besides the model of permanent ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery, the technique of invasive hemodynamic measurements in mice is presented in detail.

Heart failure is the leading cause of hospitalization and a major cause of mortality. A model of permanent ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery in mice is applied to investigate ventricular remodelling and cardiac dysfunction post-myocardial infarction. The technique of invasive hemodynamic measurements in mice is presented.

ربط دائم في الشريان التاجي الأيسر الأمامي تنازلي في الفئران: نموذج ما بعد إعادة تشكيل عضلة القلب احتشاء وقصور القلب

Heart failure is a syndrome in which the heart fails to pump blood at a rate commensurate with cellular oxygen requirements at rest or during stress. It ...

Minimally Invasive Transverse Aortic Constriction in Mice

Minimally invasive transverse aortic constriction (MTAC) is a more desirable method for the constriction of the transverse aorta in mice than standard open-chest transverse aortic constriction (TAC). Although transverse aortic constriction is a highly functional method for the induction of high pressure in the left ventricle, it is a more difficult and lengthy procedure due to its use of artificial ventilation with tracheal intubation. TAC is oftentimes also less survivable, as the newer method, MTAC, neither requires the cutting of the ribs and intercostal muscles nor tracheal intubation with a ventilation setup. In MTAC, as opposed to a thoracotomy to access to the chest cavity, the aortic arch is reached through a midline incision in the anterior neck. The thyroid is pulled back to reveal the sternal notch. The sternum is subsequently cut down to the second rib level, and the aortic arch is reached simply by separating the connective tissues and thymus. From there, a suture can be wrapped around the arch and tied with a spacer, and then the sternal cut and skin can be closed. MTAC is a much faster and less invasive way to induce left ventricular hypertension and enables the possibility for high-throughput studies. The success of the constriction can be verified using high-frequency trans-thoracic echocardiography, particularly color Doppler and pulsed-wave Doppler, to determine the flow velocities of the aortic arch and left and right carotid arteries, the dimension of the blood vessels, and the left ventricular function and morphology. A successful constriction will also trigger significant histopathological changes, such as cardiac muscle cell hypertrophy with interstitial and perivascular fibrosis. Here, the procedure of MTAC is described, demonstrating how the resulting flow changes in the carotid arteries can be examined with echocardiography, gross morphology, and histopathological changes in the heart.

Minimally invasive transverse aortic constriction (MTAC) conserves the essentials of regular transverse aortic constriction (TAC) while eliminating the use of a ventilator with tracheal intubation. It proves to be a highly desirable method for high-throughput studies on left ventricular overload, particularly in translational studies.

المناظير مستعرض الأورطي انقباض في الفئران

Minimally invasive transverse aortic constriction (MTAC) is a more desirable method for the constriction of the transverse aorta in mice than standard ...

Murine Myocardial Infarction Model using Permanent Ligation of Left Anterior Descending Coronary Artery

Myocardial infarction (MI) and acute coronary diseases are among the most prominent causes of death in population with western lifestyle. The murine models of MI with permanent ligation of left-anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery closely mimics MI in humans. Murine models benefit from the extensive genetic engineering available nowadays. Here we propose a reproducible murine surgical model of myocardial infarction by permanent LAD coronary ligation. Our technique comprises anesthesia with ketamine/xylazine that can be rapidly reversed by administration of an antagonist, intubation without tracheotomy for mechanical-assisted ventilation, ventilation with application of extrinsic positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) to avoid alveolar collapse, a thoracotomy method limiting to the minimum surgical lesions made to skeletal muscles, and lung inflation without thoracentesis. This method is sparsely invasive, reproducible and reduces post-surgery mortality and complications.

Herein we describe a surgical procedure showing how to achieve permanent ligation of the left-anterior descending coronary artery in mice. This model is of high relevance to investigate the pathophysiology of myocardial infarction and the concomitant biological processes.

نموذج احتشاء عضلة القلب Murine باستخدام الربط الدائم للشريان التاجي الأمامي الأيسر

Myocardial infarction (MI) and acute coronary diseases are among the most prominent causes of death in population with western lifestyle. The murine ...

Induction of Myocardial Infarction and Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Mice

Acute myocardial infarction is a common cardiovascular disease with high mortality. Myocardial reperfusion injury can counteract the beneficial effects of heart reflow and induce secondary myocardial injury. A simple and reproducible model of myocardial infarction and myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury is a good tool for researchers. Here, a customizable method to create a myocardial infarction (MI) model and MIRI by precision ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) through micromanipulation is described. Accurate and reproducible ligature positioning of the LAD helps obtain consistent results for heart injury. ST-segment changes can help to identify model accuracy. The serum level of cardiac troponin T (cTnT) is used to assess the myocardial injury, cardiac ultrasound is employed to evaluate the myocardial systolic function, and Evans-Blue/triphenyl tetrazolium chloride staining is used to measure infarct size. In general, this protocol reduces procedure duration, ensures controllable infarct size, and improves mouse survival.

Here we describe a simple and reproducible method that can induce myocardial infarction or myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice by precision ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery through micromanipulation.

تحريض احتشاء عضلة القلب وإصابة نقص تروية عضلة القلب في الفئران

Acute myocardial infarction is a common cardiovascular disease with high mortality. Myocardial reperfusion injury can counteract the beneficial effects of ...

Left Coronary Artery Ligation: A Surgical Murine Model of Myocardial Infarction

Ischemic heart disease and subsequent myocardial infarction (MI) is one of the leading causes of mortality in the United States and around the world. In order to explore the pathophysiological changes after myocardial infarction and design future treatments, research models of MI are required. Permanent ligation of the left coronary artery (LCA) in mice is a popular model to investigate cardiac function and ventricular remodeling post MI. Here we describe a less invasive, reliable, and reproducible surgical murine MI model by permanent ligation of the LCA. Our surgical model comprises of an easily reversible general anesthesia, endotracheal intubation that does not require a tracheotomy, and a thoracotomy. Electrocardiography and troponin measurement should be performed to ensure MI. Echocardiography at day 28 after MI will discern heart function and heart failure parameters. The degree of cardiac fibrosis can be evaluated by Masson's trichrome staining and cardiac MRI. This MI model is useful for studying the pathophysiological and immunological alterations after MI.

Presented here is a surgical procedure for permanent ligation of the left coronary artery in mice. This model can be used to investigate the pathophysiology and associated inflammatory response after myocardial infarction.

ربط الشريان التاجي الأيسر: نموذج الفئران الجراحي لاحتشاء عضلة القلب

Ischemic heart disease and subsequent myocardial infarction (MI) is one of the leading causes of mortality in the United States and around the world. In ...