نريد ان نشكر بشكل خاص مونيك Nenniger Tosato لدعمها فنية ممتازة وكذلك Chatton جان إيف لله النصائح العلمية ومنصة سيف التصوير من UNIL للمعدات المجهر. تم توفير التمويل من قبل مؤسسة العلوم الوطنية السويسرية.

<ol>
	<li>Karlson, P., L&#252;scher, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term="Pheromones"+a+new+term+for+a+class+of+biologically+active+substances.">"Pheromones" a new term for a class of biologically active substances.</a> Nature. 183, 55-56 (1959).</li><li>Cavaggioni, A., Mucignat-Caretta, C., Redaelli, M., Zagotto, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+scent+of+urine+spots+of+male+mice,+Mus+musculus:+Changes+in+chemical+composition+over+time.">The scent of urine spots of male mice, Mus musculus: Changes in chemical composition over time.</a> Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 20, 3741-3746 (2006).</li><li>Novotny, M., Harvey, S., Jemiolo, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chemistry+of+male+dominance+in+the+house+mouse,+Mus+domesticus.">Chemistry of male dominance in the house mouse, Mus domesticus.</a> Experientia. 46, 109-113 (1990).</li><li>Leinders-Zufall, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultrasensitive+pheromone+detection+by+mammalian+vomeronasal+neurons.">Ultrasensitive pheromone detection by mammalian vomeronasal neurons.</a> Nature. 405, 792-796 (2000).</li><li>Leinders-Zufall, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MHC+class+I+peptides+as+chemosensory+signals+in+the+vomeronasal+organ.">MHC class I peptides as chemosensory signals in the vomeronasal organ.</a> Science. 306, 1033-1037 (2004).</li><li>Leinders-Zufall, T., Ishii, T., Mombaerts, P., Zufall, F., Boehm, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structural+requirements+for+the+activation+of+vomeronasal+sensory+neurons+by+MHC+peptides.">Structural requirements for the activation of vomeronasal sensory neurons by MHC peptides.</a> Nat. Neurosci. 12, 1551-1558 (2009).</li><li>Jemiolo, B., Xie, T. M., Novotny, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Socio-sexual+olfactory+preference+in+female+mice:+attractiveness+of+synthetic+chemosignals.">Socio-sexual olfactory preference in female mice: attractiveness of synthetic chemosignals.</a> Physiol. Behav. 50, 1119-1122 (1991).</li><li>Achiraman, S., Archunan, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+urinary+volatiles+in+Swiss+male+mice+(Mus+musculus):+bioassay+of+identified+compounds.">Characterization of urinary volatiles in Swiss male mice (Mus musculus): bioassay of identified compounds.</a> J. Biosci. 27, 679-686 (2002).</li><li>Dulac, C., Torello, A. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+detection+of+pheromone+signals+in+mammals:+from+genes+to+behaviour.">Molecular detection of pheromone signals in mammals: from genes to behaviour.</a> Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 4, 551-562 (2003).</li><li>Brennan, P. A., Zufall, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pheromonal+communication+in+vertebrates.">Pheromonal communication in vertebrates.</a> Nature. 444, 308-315 (2006).</li><li>Mondor, E. B., Roitberg, B. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inclusive+fitness+benefits+of+scent-marking+predators.">Inclusive fitness benefits of scent-marking predators.</a> Proc. Biol. Sci. 271, 341-343 (2004).</li><li>Holy, T. E., Dulac, C., Meister, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Responses+of+vomeronasal+neurons+to+natural+stimuli.">Responses of vomeronasal neurons to natural stimuli.</a> Science. 289, 1569-1572 (2000).</li><li>Keverne, E. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Vomeronasal+Organ.">The Vomeronasal Organ.</a> Science. 286, 716-720 (1999).</li><li>Weiler, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Postnatal+development+of+the+rat+vomeronasal+organ.">Postnatal development of the rat vomeronasal organ.</a> Chem. Senses. 30, 127-128 (2005).</li><li>Zufall, F., Kelliher, K. R., Leinders-Zufall, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pheromone+detection+by+mammalian+vomeronasal+neurons.">Pheromone detection by mammalian vomeronasal neurons.</a> Microsc. Res. Tech. 58, 251-260 (2002).</li><li>Ciges, M., Labella, T., Gayoso, M., Sanchez, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultrastructure+of+the+organ+of+Jacobson+and+comparative+study+with+olfactory+mucosa.">Ultrastructure of the organ of Jacobson and comparative study with olfactory mucosa.</a> Acta. Otolaryngol. 83, 47-58 (1977).</li><li>Munger, S. D., Leinders-Zufall, T., Zufall, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Subsystem+organization+of+the+mammalian+sense+of+smell.">Subsystem organization of the mammalian sense of smell.</a> Annu. Rev. Physiol. 71, 115-140 (2009).</li><li>Mombaerts, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genes+and+ligands+for+odorant,+vomeronasal+and+taste+receptors.">Genes and ligands for odorant, vomeronasal and taste receptors.</a> Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 5, 263-278 (2004).</li><li>Ryba, N. J. P., Tirindelli, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+multigene+family+of+putative+pheromone+receptors.">A new multigene family of putative pheromone receptors.</a> Cell. 19, 371-379 (1997).</li><li>Matsunami, H., Buck, L. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+multigene+family+encoding+a+diverse+array+of+putative+pheromone+receptors+in+mammals.">A multigene family encoding a diverse array of putative pheromone receptors in mammals.</a> Cell. 90, 775-784 (1997).</li><li>Herrada, G., Dulac, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+family+of+putative+pheromone+receptors+in+mammals+with+a+topographycally+organized+and+sexually+dimorphic+distribution.">A novel family of putative pheromone receptors in mammals with a topographycally organized and sexually dimorphic distribution.</a> Cell. 90, 763-773 (1997).</li><li>Dulac, C., Axel, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+family+of+genes+encoding+putative+pheromone+receptors+in+mammals.">A novel family of genes encoding putative pheromone receptors in mammals.</a> Cell. 83, 195-206 (1995).</li><li>Young, J. M., Massa, H. F., Hsu, L., Trask, B. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Extreme+variability+among+mammalian+V1R+gene+families.">Extreme variability among mammalian V1R gene families.</a> Genome. Res. 20, 10-18 (2009).</li><li>Yang, H., Shi, P., Zhang, Y. P., Zhang, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Composition+and+evolution+of+the+V2r+vomeronasal+receptor+gene+repertoire+in+mice+and+rats.">Composition and evolution of the V2r vomeronasal receptor gene repertoire in mice and rats.</a> Genomics. 86, 306-315 (2005).</li><li>Levai, O., Feistel, T., Breer, H., Strotmann, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cells+in+the+vomeronasal+organ+express+odorant+receptors+but+project+to+the+accessory+olfactory+bulb.">Cells in the vomeronasal organ express odorant receptors but project to the accessory olfactory bulb.</a> J. Comp. Neurol. 498, 476-490 (2006).</li><li>Riviere, S., Challet, L., Fluegge, D., Spehr, M., Rodriguez, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Formyl+peptide+receptor-like+proteins+are+a+novel+family+of+vomeronasal+chemosensors.">Formyl peptide receptor-like proteins are a novel family of vomeronasal chemosensors.</a> Nature. 459, 574-577 (2009).</li><li>Liberles, S. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Formyl+peptide+receptors+are+candidate+chemosensory+receptors+in+the+vomeronasal+organ.">Formyl peptide receptors are candidate chemosensory receptors in the vomeronasal organ.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106, 9842-9847 (2009).</li><li>Liman, E. R., Corey, D. P., Dulac, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=TRP2:+A+candidate+transduction+channel+for+mammalian+pheromone+sensory+signaling.">TRP2: A candidate transduction channel for mammalian pheromone sensory signaling.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96, 5791-5796 (1999).</li><li>Kelliher, K. R., Spehr, M., Li, X. H., Zufall, F., Leinders-Zufall, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pheromonal+recognition+memory+induced+by+TRPC2-independent+vomeronasal+sensing.">Pheromonal recognition memory induced by TRPC2-independent vomeronasal sensing.</a> Eur. J. Neurosci. 23, 3385-3390 (2006).</li><li>Rodriguez, I., Feinstein, P., Mombaerts, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Variable+patterns+of+axonal+projections+of+sensory+neurons+in+the+mouse+vomeronasal+system.">Variable patterns of axonal projections of sensory neurons in the mouse vomeronasal system.</a> Cell. 97, 199-208 (1999).</li><li>Boschat, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pheromone+detection+mediated+by+a+V1r+vomeronasal+receptor.">Pheromone detection mediated by a V1r vomeronasal receptor.</a> Nature. Neuroscience. 5, 1261-1262 (2002).</li><li>Brechbühl, J., Klaey, M., Broillet, M. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Grueneberg+ganglion+cells+mediate+alarm+pheromone+detection+in+mice.">Grueneberg ganglion cells mediate alarm pheromone detection in mice.</a> Science. 321, 1092-1095 (2008).</li></ol>

الإعلان عن أي تضارب في المصالح.

أسلوب التصوير الكالسيوم المقدمة هنا يمكن أن تسجل ، في إعداد شريحة الحادة ، ردود pheromonal من الخلايا العصبية الماوس VNO. مع هذا النهج ، من تشريح الحيوانات والخلايا العصبية الميكعي هو ، مع بعض الممارسة ، يمكن تحقيقه بسهولة ويوفر إعداد طويلة الأنسجة الحية. انها تستغرق وقتا طويلا يسمح التجارب الدوائية مثل التحقيقات أو دراسة pheromonal الترميز. مع هذه التقنية الفسيولوجية ، يمكن تحليل عدد كبير من السكان ، فضلا عن المجموعات السكانية الفرعية العصبية دقيقة على وجه التحديد. بالإضافة ، يمكن هذا الأسلوب تتكيف بسهولة مع النهج المناعى أو التجارب القائمة على الأصباغ الكالسيوم الأخرى. سيتم استخدام هذه المنهجيات مجتمعة تسمح بالتأكيد تحديد يغاندس pheromonal جديدة لكثير من المستقبلات الكيميائية اليتيمة التي أعرب عنها في الماوس الميكعي الجهاز.

<table border="1" style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><tbody><tr><td> اسم الكاشف </td><td> شركة </td><td> فهرس العدد </td><td> تعليقات </td></tr><tr><td> الأدينوزين ثلاثي الفوسفات 5&#39; - محلول الملح ثنائي الصوديوم (ATP) </td><td> سيغما الدريخ </td><td> A6559 - 25UMO </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> آغار </td><td> سيغما الدريخ </td><td> A7002 - 100G </td><td> تفضيلي لالمناعية </td></tr><tr><td> آغار (منخفضة الذوبان) </td><td> سيغما الدريخ </td><td> A0701 - 25G </td><td> تفضيلي للتصوير الكالسيوم </td></tr><tr><td> CL - 100 درجة حرارة القطبين المراقب </td><td> نذير الآلات </td><td> W64 - 0352 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> مبائر مجهر </td><td> لايكا مايكروسيستمز </td><td> SP5 AOBS </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Cy5 - AffiniPure الماعز المضادة للماوس مفتش </td><td> جاكسون ImmunoResearch </td><td> 115-175-071 </td><td> الحماية من الضوء </td></tr><tr><td> DMSO (سلفوكسيد ثنائي ميثيل) </td><td> ميرك </td><td> 317275 - 100ML </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> تضمين قوالب ، التقشير - A - الطريق </td><td> Polysciences </td><td> 18646A - 1 </td><td> 22 × 22 × 20 مم </td></tr><tr><td> تصاعد الفلورسنت وسائل الإعلام (Vectashield مع دابي ، 10 مل) </td><td> Rectolab </td><td> H - 1200 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> FURA ، 02:00 </td><td> Teflabs </td><td> 0103 </td><td> الحماية من الضوء </td></tr><tr><td> Glisseal N (الشحوم فراغ ، 60 ز) </td><td> حفار كيمي </td><td> Glisseal N </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> غرفة كبيرة تسجيل حمام (RC - 26G) </td><td> نذير الآلات </td><td> 64-0235 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> MetaFluor (برنامج للتصوير الكالسيوم ؛ v.7.6.5.0) </td><td> نظم Visitron </td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> وحيدة النسيلة المضادة للتويولين ، acetylateد ماوس الأضداد </td><td> سيغما الدريخ </td><td> T6793 -.2ML </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> مصل طبيعي الماعز (م و ع ، 10 مل) </td><td> Interchim </td><td> UP379030 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> منبر للغرف (P - 1) </td><td> نذير الآلات </td><td> 64-0277 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Pluronic F - 127 ، 2 ز </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> P - 6867 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> روتي كول (زجاجة الجرعات ، 10 ز) </td><td> كارل روث </td><td> 0258.1 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> SC - 20 المزدوج سخان الحل في خط / تبريد </td><td> نذير الآلات </td><td> W64 - 0353 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> مرساة شريحة (SHD - 26GKIT) </td><td> نذير الآلات </td><td> 64-0266 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Stereofluorescence المجهر </td><td> لايكا مايكروسيستمز </td><td> MZ16FA </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> السوبر PEN PAP (مسعورركلة جزاء) </td><td> بيلكو الدولية </td><td> 22309 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> تريتون X - 100 </td><td> Fluka </td><td> 93420 - 250ML </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> تهتز شفرة مشراح VT 1200S </td><td> لايكا مايكروسيستمز </td><td> 14048142066 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> VisiChrome polychromator عالية السرعة نظام </td><td> نظم Visitron </td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> بيانات 3D التصور (Imaris ؛ v.6.3.1) </td><td> Bitplane البرامج العلمية </td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

imaging pheromone sensing in a mouse vomeronasal acute tissue slice preparation

وتستخدم بيتر Karlson Lüscher مارتن فرمون الأجل للمرة الأولى في عام 1959 من 1 إلى وصف المواد الكيميائية المستخدمة في داخل الأنواع الاتصالات. الفيرومونات متقلبة وغير متقلبة قصيرة الأجل جزيئات 2. يفرز و / أو وارد في السوائل البيولوجية 3،4 ، مثل البول وسائل معروفة لتكون المصدر الرئيسي للالفيرومونات 3 متورط Pheromonal الاتصالات في مجموعة متنوعة من طرائق الحيوانية الرئيسية مثل التفاعلات 5،6 القربى ، والمنظمات الهرمية (3) والتفاعل الجنسي 7،8 وبالتالي فهي مرتبطة مباشرة مع بقاء نوع معين 9،10،11. في الفئران ، هو أساسا بوساطة القدرة على كشف الفيرومونات بواسطة الجهاز الميكعي (VNO) 10،12 ، بنية الاقتران يقع في قاعدة تجويف الأنف ، والمغلقة في كبسولة الغضروفية. كل VNO وقد شكل أنبوبي مع تجويف 13،14 السماح للاتصال الخارجيالكيميائية العالم. وتتألف أساسا من الخلايا العصبية الحسية الظهارة العصبية القطبين الميكعي الحسية (VSNs) 15. كل VSN يمد تغصن واحدة لتنتهي في التجويف مقبض شجيري كبيرة تحمل ما يصل الى 100 ​​الزغيبات الصغيرة المتورطين في الكشف عن المواد الكيميائية 16. العديد من المجموعات السكانية الفرعية VSNs موجودة. ومتباينة من قبل مستقبلة كيميائية وبالتالي أنها تعبر ربما عن طريق ليجند (ق) يعترفون 17،18. وتتألف عائلة مستقبلات الرئيسيان الميكعي ، وV1Rs V2Rs 19،20،21،22 ، على التوالي 240 23 و 120 من 24 عضوا ، ويتم التعبير عنها في طبقات منفصلة من الظهارة العصبية. المستقبلات الشمية (ORS) 25 ومستقبلات الببتيد فورميل (FPRs) وأعرب أيضا عن 26،27 في VSNs. اذا كانت هذه المجموعات السكانية الفرعية العصبية استخدام نفس المسار يشير المتلقين للاستشعار عن الفيرومونات غير معروف. على الرغم من الدور الكبير الذي لعبته قناة الكالسيوم نفاذية - (وقد TRPC2) موجودة في الزغيبات الصغيرة من الخلايا العصبية الناضجة 28 TRPC2 قنوات مستقلة تنبيغ اقترح 6،29. نظرا لارتفاع عدد المجموعات السكانية الفرعية العصبية والتشكل غريبة من الجهاز ، والتحقيقات الدوائية والفيزيولوجية من العناصر الموجودة في إشارة VNO معقدة. هنا ، نقدم شريحة الأنسجة الحادة إعداد الماوس VNO لإجراء تحقيقات التصوير الكالسيوم. يسمح هذا النهج الفسيولوجية الملاحظات ، في البيئة الطبيعية من الأنسجة الحية ، من المجموعات السكانية الفرعية العامة أو الفردية VSNs تحميلها مسبقا مع Fura ، 02:00 ، صبغة الكالسيوم. هذا الأسلوب هو أيضا مناسبة لدراسة أي مستقبلات فرمون GFP الموسومة ويمكن تكييفه لاستخدام المجسات الأخرى الكالسيوم الفلورسنت. كمثال على ذلك ، ونحن نستخدم هنا ماوس VG الخط 30 ، وهو ما يرتبط في ترجمة مستقبلات V1rb2 فرمون إلى التعبير من خلال تبني إستراتيجية GFP متعدد المقارين. </p&gt;

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Imaging Pheromone Sensing in a Mouse Vomeronasal Acute Tissue Slice Preparation at JoVE.com

Imaging Pheromone Sensing in a Mouse Vomeronasal Acute Tissue Slice Preparation

في الفئران ، هو أساسا بوساطة القدرة على كشف الفيرومونات بواسطة الجهاز الميكعي (VNO). هنا ، وصفت شريحة الأنسجة الحادة إعداد VNO لأداء التصوير الكالسيوم. يسمح هذا النهج الفسيولوجية ملاحظات المجموعات السكانية الفرعية و / أو الخلايا العصبية الفردية في الأنسجة الحية وغير مناسب لمستقبلات يجند تحديد الهوية.

التصوير فرمون الاستشعار في الميكعي ماوس الحادة الأنسجة إعداد شريحة

Peter Karlson and Martin L&uuml;scher used the term pheromone for the first time in 19591 to describe chemicals used for intra-species communication. ...

imaging-pheromone-sensing-mouse-vomeronasal-acute-tissue-slice

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

16.1K Views.  University of Lausanne. في الفئران ، هو أساسا بوساطة القدرة على كشف الفيرومونات بواسطة الجهاز الميكعي (VNO). هنا ، وصفت شريحة الأنسجة الحادة إعداد VNO لأداء التصوير الكالسيوم. يسمح هذا النهج الفسيولوجية ملاحظات المجموعات السكانية الفرعية و / أو الخلايا العصبية الفردية في الأنسجة الحية وغ?...

Video: Imaging Pheromone Sensing in a Mouse Vomeronasal Acute Tissue Slice Preparation

Multielectrode Array Recordings of the Vomeronasal Epithelium

Understanding neural circuits requires methods to record from many neurons simultaneously. For in vitro studies, one currently available technology is planar multielectrode array (MEA) recording. Here we document the use of MEAs to study the mouse vomeronasal organ (VNO), which plays an essential role in the detection of pheromones and social cues via a diverse population of sensory neurons expressing hundreds of types of receptors. Combining MEA recording with a robotic liquid handler to deliver chemical stimuli, the sensory responses of a large and diverse population of neurons can be recorded. The preparation allows us to remove the intact neuroepithelium of the VNO from the mouse and stimulate with a battery of chemicals or potential ligands while monitoring the electrical activity of the neurons for several hours. Therefore, this technique serves as a useful method for assessing ligand activity as well as exploring the properties of receptor neurons. We present the techniques needed to prepare the vomeronasal epithelium, MEA recording, and chemical stimulation.

Multielectrode array (MEA) recordings provide a method for studying the electrical activity of large populations of neurons. Here, we present the details of a MEA preparation to record from the mouse vomeronasal epithelium while simultaneously stimulating the tissue.

تسجيلات صفيف Multielectrode من الطلائية الميكعي

Understanding neural circuits requires methods to record from many neurons simultaneously. For in vitro studies, one currently available technology is ...

Chronic Imaging of Mouse Visual Cortex Using a Thinned-skull Preparation

In vivo imaging using two-photon laser scanning microscopy (2PLSM) allows the study of living cells and neuronal processes in the intact brain. The technique presented here allows the imaging of the same area of the brain at several time points (chronic imaging) with microscopic resolution allowing the tracking of dendritic spines which are the small structures that represent the majority of postsynaptic excitatory sites in the CNS. The ability to clearly resolve fine cortical structures over several time points has many advantages, specifically in the study of brain plasticity in which morphological changes at synapses and circuit remodeling may help explain underlying mechanisms. In this video and supplementary material, we show a protocol for chronic in vivo imaging of the intact brain using a thinned-skull preparation. The thinned-skull preparation is a minimally invasive approach, which avoids potential damage to the dura and/or cortex, thus reducing the onset of an inflammatory response. When this protocol is performed correctly, it is possible to clearly monitor changes in dendritic spine characteristics in the intact brain over a prolonged period of time.

In this video and supplemental material, we show a protocol for chronic in vivo imaging of the intact brain using a thinned-skull preparation.

مزمنة التصوير ماوس القشرة البصرية باستخدام إعداد ضعفت - الجمجمة

In vivo imaging using two-photon laser scanning microscopy (2PLSM) allows the study of living cells and neuronal processes in the intact brain. The ...

Patch Clamp Recordings from Mouse Retinal Neurons in a Dark-adapted Slice Preparation

Our visual experience is initiated when the visual pigment in our retinal photoreceptors absorbs photons of light energy and initiates a cascade of intracellular events that lead to closure of cyclic-nucleotide-gated channels in the cell membrane. The resulting change in membrane potential leads in turn to reductions in the amount of neurotransmitter release from both rod and cone synaptic terminals. To measure how the light-evoked change in photoreceptor membrane potential leads to downstream activity in the retina, scientists have made electrophysiological recordings from retinal slice preparations for decades1,2. In the past these slices have been cut manually with a razor blade on retinal tissue that is attached to filter paper; in recent years another method of slicing has been developed whereby retinal tissue is embedded in low gelling temperature agar and sliced in cool solution with a vibrating microtome3,4. This preparation produces retinal slices with less surface damage and very robust light-evoked responses. Here we document how this procedure can be done under infrared light to avoid bleaching the visual pigment.

Here we describe a procedure for generating dark-adapted slices of the mouse retina for electrophysiological recordings.

تسجيلات المشبك التصحيح من الخلايا العصبية في الشبكية ماوس إعداد غامق تكييفها شريحة

Our visual experience is initiated when the visual pigment in our retinal photoreceptors absorbs photons of light energy and initiates a cascade of ...

Slice Preparation, Organotypic Tissue Culturing and Luciferase Recording of Clock Gene Activity in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

A central circadian (~24 hr) clock coordinating daily rhythms in physiology and behavior resides in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) located in the anterior hypothalamus. The clock is directly synchronized by light via the retina and optic nerve. Circadian oscillations are generated by interacting negative feedback loops of a number of so called "clock genes" and their protein products, including the Period (Per) genes. The core clock is also dependent on membrane depolarization, calcium and cAMP 1. The SCN shows daily oscillations in clock gene expression, metabolic activity and spontaneous electrical activity. Remarkably, this endogenous cyclic activity persists in adult tissue slices of the SCN 2-4. In this way, the biological clock can easily be studied in vitro, allowing molecular, electrophysiological and metabolic investigations of the pacemaker function.
The SCN is a small, well-defined bilateral structure located right above the optic chiasm 5. In the rat it contains ~8.000 neurons in each nucleus and has dimensions of approximately 947 &mu;m (length, rostrocaudal axis) x 424 &mu;m (width) x 390 &mu;m (height) 6. To dissect out the SCN it is necessary to cut a brain slice at the specific level of the brain where the SCN can be identified. Here, we describe the dissecting and slicing procedure of the SCN, which is similar for mouse and rat brains. Further, we show how to culture the dissected tissue organotypically on a membrane 7, a technique developed for SCN tissue culture by Yamazaki et al. 8. Finally, we demonstrate how transgenic tissue can be used for measuring expression of clock genes/proteins using dynamic luciferase reporter technology, a method that originally was used for circadian measurements by Geusz et al. 9. We here use SCN tissues from the transgenic knock-in PERIOD2::LUCIFERASE mice produced by Yoo et al. 10. The mice contain a fusion protein of PERIOD (PER) 2 and the firefly enzyme LUCIFERASE. When PER2 is translated in the presence of the substrate for luciferase, i.e. luciferin, the PER2 expression can be monitored as bioluminescence when luciferase catalyzes the oxidation of luciferin. The number of emitted photons positively correlates to the amount of produced PER2 protein, and the bioluminescence rhythms match the PER2 protein rhythm in vivo 10. In this way the cyclic variation in PER2 expression can be continuously monitored real time during many days. The protocol we follow for tissue culturing and real-time bioluminescence recording has been thoroughly described by Yamazaki and Takahashi 11.

The procedure of preparing slices containing the adult mouse hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), and a rapid way to culture the SCN tissue in organotypic culture condition, are reported. Further, the measurement of oscillatory clock gene protein expression using dynamic luciferase reporter technology is described.

إعداد شريحة ، التثقيف الأنسجة وتسجيل Luciferase عضوي النمط من النشاط الجيني في نواة ساعة التأقلم

A central circadian (~24 hr) clock coordinating daily rhythms in physiology and behavior resides in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) located in the ...

Multiple-mouse Neuroanatomical Magnetic Resonance Imaging

The field of mouse phenotyping with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is rapidly growing, motivated by the need for improved tools for characterizing and evaluating mouse models of human disease. MRI is an excellent modality for investigating genetically altered animals. It is capable of whole brain coverage, can be used in vivo, and provides multiple contrast mechanisms for investigating different aspects of neuranatomy and physiology. The advent of high-field scanners along with the ability to scan multiple mice simultaneously allows for rapid phenotyping of novel mutations.
Effective mouse MRI studies require attention to many aspects of experiment design. In this article, we will describe general methods to acquire quality images for mouse phenotyping using a system that images mice concurrently in shielded transmit/receive radio frequency (RF) coils in a common magnet (Bock et al., 2003). We focus particularly on anatomical phenotyping, an important and accessible application that has shown a high potential for impact in many mouse models at our imaging centre. Before we can provide the detailed steps to acquire such images, there are important practical considerations for both in vivo brain imaging (Dazai et al., 2004) and ex vivo brain imaging (Spring et al., 2007) that should be noted. These are discussed below.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become an increasingly popular tool for examining the phenotype of genetically altered mice. This article illustrates the methods necessary to achieve high-throughput phenotyping of genetically altered mice using multiple-mouse MRI.

متعددة الماوس تشريحي عصبي التصوير بالرنين المغناطيسي

The field of mouse phenotyping with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is rapidly growing, motivated by the need for improved tools for characterizing and ...

Imaging Neuronal Responses in Slice Preparations of Vomeronasal Organ Expressing a Genetically Encoded Calcium Sensor

The vomeronasal organ (VNO) detects chemosensory signals that carry information about the social, sexual and reproductive status of the individuals within the same species 1,2. These intraspecies signals, the pheromones, as well as signals from some predators 3, activate the vomeronasal sensory neurons (VSNs) with high levels of specificity and sensitivity 4. At least three distinct families of G-protein coupled receptors, V1R, V2R and FPR 5-14, are expressed in VNO neurons to mediate the detection of the chemosensory cues. To understand how pheromone information is encoded by the VNO, it is critical to analyze the response profiles of individual VSNs to various stimuli and identify the specific receptors that mediate these responses.
The neuroepithelia of VNO are enclosed in a pair of vomer bones. The semi-blind tubular structure of VNO has one open end (the vomeronasal duct) connecting to the nasal cavity. VSNs extend their dendrites to the lumen part of the VNO, where the pheromone cues are in contact with the receptors expressed at the dendritic knobs. The cell bodies of the VSNs form pseudo-stratified layers with V1R and V2R expressed in the apical and basal layers respectively 6-8. Several techniques have been utilized to monitor responses of VSNs to sensory stimuli 4,12,15-19. Among these techniques, acute slice preparation offers several advantages. First, compared to dissociated VSNs 3,17, slice preparations maintain the neurons in their native morphology and the dendrites of the cells stay relatively intact. Second, the cell bodies of the VSNs are easily accessible in coronal slice of the VNO to allow electrophysiology studies and imaging experiments as compared to whole epithelium and whole-mount preparations 12,20. Third, this method can be combined with molecular cloning techniques to allow receptor identification.
Sensory stimulation elicits strong Ca2+ influx in VSNs that is indicative of receptor activation 4,21. We thus develop transgenic mice that express G-CaMP2 in the olfactory sensory neurons, including the VSNs 15,22. The sensitivity and the genetic nature of the probe greatly facilitate Ca2+ imaging experiments. This method has eliminated the dye loading process used in previous studies 4,21. We also employ a ligand delivery system that enables application of various stimuli to the VNO slices. The combination of the two techniques allows us to monitor multiple neurons simultaneously in response to large numbers of stimuli. Finally, we have established a semi-automated analysis pipeline to assist image processing.

The vomeronasal organ (VNO) detects intraspecies chemical signals that convey social and reproductive information. We have performed Ca2+ imaging experiments using transgenic mice expressing G-CaMP2 in VNO tissue. This approach allows us to analyze the complicated response patterns of the vomeronasal neurons to large numbers of pheromone stimuli.

الردود تصوير الخلايا العصبية في الجهاز الاستعدادات لقطات للالميكعي تعرب عن جهاز استشعار الكالسيوم مشفرة وراثيا

The vomeronasal organ (VNO) detects chemosensory signals that carry information about the social, sexual and reproductive status of the individuals within ...

Time-lapse Imaging of Neuroblast Migration in Acute Slices of the Adult Mouse Forebrain

There is a substantial body of evidence indicating that new functional neurons are constitutively generated from an endogenous pool of neural stem cells in restricted areas of the adult mammalian brain. Newborn neuroblasts from the subventricular zone (SVZ) migrate along the rostral migratory stream (RMS) to their final destination in the olfactory bulb (OB)1. In the RMS, neuroblasts migrate tangentially in chains ensheathed by astrocytic processes2,3 using blood vessels as a structural support and a source of molecular factors required for migration4,5. In the OB, neuroblasts detach from the chains and migrate radially into the different bulbar layers where they differentiate into interneurons and integrate into the existing network1, 6.
In this manuscript we describe the procedure for monitoring cell migration in acute slices of the rodent brain. The use of acute slices allows the assessment of cell migration in the microenvironment that closely resembling to in vivo conditions and in brain regions that are difficult to access for in vivo imaging. In addition, it avoids long culturing condition as in the case of organotypic and cell cultures that may eventually alter the migration properties of the cells. Neuronal precursors in acute slices can be visualized using DIC optics or fluorescent proteins. Viral labeling of neuronal precursors in the SVZ, grafting neuroblasts from reporter mice into the SVZ of wild-type mice, and using transgenic mice that express fluorescent protein in neuroblasts are all suitable methods for visualizing neuroblasts and following their migration. The later method, however, does not allow individual cells to be tracked for long periods of time because of the high density of labeled cells. We used a wide-field fluorescent upright microscope equipped with a CCD camera to achieve a relatively rapid acquisition interval (one image every 15 or 30 sec) to reliably identify the stationary and migratory phases. A precise identification of the duration of the stationary and migratory phases is crucial for the unambiguous interpretation of results. We also performed multiple z-step acquisitions to monitor neuroblasts migration in 3D. Wide-field fluorescent imaging has been used extensively to visualize neuronal migration7-10. Here, we describe detailed protocol for labeling neuroblasts, performing real-time video-imaging of neuroblast migration in acute slices of the adult mouse forebrain, and analyzing cell migration. While the described protocol exemplified the migration of neuroblasts in the adult RMS, it can also be used to follow cell migration in embryonic and early postnatal brains.

We describe a protocol for real-time videoimaging of neuronal migration in the mouse forebrain. The migration of virally-labeled or grafted neuronal precursors was recorded in acute live slices using wide-field fluorescent imaging with a relatively rapid acquisition interval to study the different phases of cell migration, including the durations of the stationary and migration phases and the speed of migration.

الوقت الفاصل بين التصوير للهجرة أرومة عصبية في شرائح الدماغ الأمامي الحاد للماوس الكبار

There is a substantial body of evidence indicating that new functional neurons are constitutively generated from an endogenous pool of neural stem cells ...

Preparation of Acute Subventricular Zone Slices for Calcium Imaging

The subventricular zone (SVZ) is one of the two neurogenic zones in the postnatal brain. The SVZ contains densely packed cells, including neural progenitor cells with astrocytic features (called SVZ astrocytes), neuroblasts, and intermediate progenitor cells. Neuroblasts born in the SVZ tangentially migrate a great distance to the olfactory bulb, where they differentiate into interneurons. Intercellular signaling through adhesion molecules and diffusible signals play important roles in controlling neurogenesis. Many of these signals trigger intercellular calcium activity that transmits information inside and between cells. Calcium activity is thus reflective of the activity of extracellular signals and is an optimal way to understand functional intercellular signaling among SVZ cells.
Calcium activity has been studied in many other regions and cell types, including mature astrocytes and neurons. However, the traditional method to load cells with calcium indicator dye (i.e. bath loading) was not efficient at loading all SVZ cell types. Indeed, the cellular density in the SVZ precludes dye diffusion inside the tissue. In addition, preparing sagittal slices will better preserve the three-dimensional arrangement of SVZ cells, particularly the stream of neuroblast migration on the rostral-caudal axis.
Here, we describe methods to prepare sagittal sections containing the SVZ, the loading of SVZ cells with calcium indicator dye, and the acquisition of calcium activity with time-lapse movies. We used Fluo-4 AM dye for loading SVZ astrocytes using pressure application inside the tissue. Calcium activity was recorded using a scanning confocal microscope allowing a precise resolution for distinguishing individual cells. Our approach is applicable to other neurogenic zones including the adult hippocampal subgranular zone and embryonic neurogenic zones. In addition, other types of dyes can be applied using the described method.

A method to load subventricular zone (SVZ) cells with calcium indicator dyes for recording calcium activity is described. The postnatal SVZ contains tightly packed cells including neural progenitor cells and neuroblasts. Rather than using bath loading we injected the dye by pressure inside the tissue allowing better dye diffusion.

إعداد شرائح الحاد المنطقة Subventricular للتصوير الكالسيوم

The subventricular zone (SVZ) is one of the two neurogenic zones in the postnatal brain. The SVZ contains densely packed cells, including neural ...

Ex Vivo Preparations of the Intact Vomeronasal Organ and Accessory Olfactory Bulb

The mouse accessory olfactory system (AOS) is a specialized sensory pathway for detecting nonvolatile social odors, pheromones, and kairomones. The first neural circuit in the AOS pathway, called the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB), plays an important role in establishing sex-typical behaviors such as territorial aggression and mating. This small (&#60;1 mm3) circuit possesses the capacity to distinguish unique behavioral states, such as sex, strain, and stress from chemosensory cues in the secretions and excretions of conspecifics. While the compact organization of this system presents unique opportunities for recording from large portions of the circuit simultaneously, investigation of sensory processing in the AOB remains challenging, largely due to its experimentally disadvantageous location in the brain. Here, we demonstrate a multi-stage dissection that removes the intact AOB inside a single hemisphere of the anterior mouse skull, leaving connections to both the peripheral vomeronasal sensory neurons (VSNs) and local neuronal circuitry intact. The procedure exposes the AOB surface to direct visual inspection, facilitating electrophysiological and optical recordings from AOB circuit elements in the absence of anesthetics. Upon inserting a thin cannula into the vomeronasal organ (VNO), which houses the VSNs, one can directly expose the periphery to social odors and pheromones while recording downstream activity in the AOB. This procedure enables controlled inquiries into AOS information processing, which can shed light on mechanisms linking pheromone exposure to changes in behavior.

Ex Vivo Preparations of the Intact Vomeronasal Organ and Accessory Olfactory Bulb

The mouse accessory olfactory bulb (AOB) has been difficult to study in the context of sensory coding. Here, we demonstrate a dissection that produces an ex vivo preparation in which AOB neurons remain functionally connected to their peripheral inputs, facilitating research into information processing of mouse pheromones and kairomones.

فيفو السابقين الاستعدادات للالميكعي الجهاز سليمة والإكسسوار الشم لمبة

The mouse accessory olfactory system (AOS) is a specialized sensory pathway for detecting nonvolatile social odors, pheromones, and kairomones. The first ...

Slice It Hot: Acute Adult Brain Slicing in Physiological Temperature

Here we present a protocol for preparation of acute brain slices. This procedure is a critical element for electrophysiological patch-clamp experiments that largely determines the quality of results. It has been shown that omitting the cooling step during cutting procedure is beneficial in obtaining healthy slices and cells, especially when dealing with highly myelinated brain structures from mature animals. Even though the precise mechanism whereby elevated temperature supports neural health can only be speculated upon, it stands to reason that, whenever possible, the temperature in which the slicing is performed should be close to physiological conditions to prevent temperature related artifacts. Another important advantage of this method is the simplicity of the procedure and therefore the short preparation time. In the demonstrated method adult mice are used but the same procedure can be applied with younger mice as well as rats. Also, the following patch clamp experiment is performed on horizontal cerebellar slices, but the same procedure can also be used in other planes as well as other posterior areas of the brain.

In this paper we show a method for preparing acute brain slices in physiological temperature, using a conventional physiological solution without special modifications for the cutting (such as adding sucrose) and without intracardial perfusion of the animal before slice preparation.

شريحة ساخنة: الكبار الدماغ الحاد في درجة الحرارة الفسيولوجية التقطيع

Here we present a protocol for preparation of acute brain slices. This procedure is a critical element for electrophysiological patch-clamp experiments ...