وقد تم تمويل هذا العمل من خلال برنامج اكتشاف الفرد NSERC، وNSERC / CIHR بحوث الصحية التعاونية برنامج (CHRP)، وCREATE NSERC التدريب البيولوجيا الفلكية الكندية برنامج (CATP).

<ol>
	<li>Michalet, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantum+dots+for+live+cells,+in+vivo+imaging,+and+diagnostics.">Quantum dots for live cells, in vivo imaging, and diagnostics.</a> Science. 307, 538-544 (2005).</li><li>Jamieson, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biological+applications+of+quantum+dots.">Biological applications of quantum dots.</a> Biomaterials. 28, 4717-4732 (2007).</li><li>Asokan, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+use+of+heat+transfer+fluids+in+the+synthesis+of+high-quality+CdSe+quantum+dots,+core/shell+quantum+dots,+and+quantum+rods.">The use of heat transfer fluids in the synthesis of high-quality CdSe quantum dots, core/shell quantum dots, and quantum rods.</a> Nanotechnology. 16, 2000-2011 (2005).</li><li>Chan, W. C. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Luminescent+quantum+dots+for+multiplexed+biological+detection+and+imaging.">Luminescent quantum dots for multiplexed biological detection and imaging.</a> Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 13, 40-46 (2002).</li><li>Chan, W. C. W., Nie, S. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantum+dot+bioconjugates+for+ultrasensitive+nonisotopic+detection.">Quantum dot bioconjugates for ultrasensitive nonisotopic detection.</a> Science. 281, 2016-2018 (1998).</li><li>Biju, V., Itoh, T., Ishikawa, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Delivering+quantum+dots+to+cells:+bioconjugated+quantum+dots+for+targeted+and+nonspecific+extracellular+and+intracellular+imaging.">Delivering quantum dots to cells: bioconjugated quantum dots for targeted and nonspecific extracellular and intracellular imaging.</a> Chem. Soc. Rev. 39, 3031-3056 (2010).</li><li>Boucher, H. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bad++bugs,+no+drugs:+no+ESKAPE!+An+update+from+the+Infectious+Diseases+Society+of+America.">Bad bugs, no drugs: no ESKAPE! An update from the Infectious Diseases Society of America.</a> Clin. Infect. Dis. 48, 1-12 (2009).</li><li>Morones, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+bactericidal+effect+of+silver+nanoparticles.">The bactericidal effect of silver nanoparticles.</a> Nanotechnology. 16, 2346-2353 (2005).</li><li>Mitoraj, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Visible+light+inactivation+of+bacteria+and+fungi+by+modified+titanium+dioxide.">Visible light inactivation of bacteria and fungi by modified titanium dioxide.</a> Photochemical &#38; Photobiological Sciences. 6, 642-648 (2007).</li><li>Fu, G., Vary, P. S., Lin, C. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Anatase+TiO2+nanocomposites+for+antimicrobial+coatings.">Anatase TiO2 nanocomposites for antimicrobial coatings.</a> J. Phys. Chem. B. 109, 8889-8898 (2005).</li><li>Chung, C. J., Lin, H. I., Tsou, H. K., Shi, Z. Y., He, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+antimicrobial+TiO2+coating+for+reducing+hospital-acquired+infection.">An antimicrobial TiO2 coating for reducing hospital-acquired infection.</a> J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B. Appl. Biomater. 85, 220-224 (2008).</li><li>Nair, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+of+size+scale+of+ZnO+nanoparticles+and+microparticles+on+toxicity+toward+bacteria+and+osteoblast+cancer+cells.">Role of size scale of ZnO nanoparticles and microparticles on toxicity toward bacteria and osteoblast cancer cells.</a> J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med. 20, S235-S241 (2009).</li><li>Heinlaan, M., Ivask, A., Blinova, I., Dubourguier, H. C., Kahru, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Toxicity+of+nanosized+and+bulk+ZnO,+CuO+and+TiO2+to+bacteria+Vibrio+fischeri+and+crustaceans+Daphnia+magna+and+Thamnocephalus+platyurus.">Toxicity of nanosized and bulk ZnO, CuO and TiO2 to bacteria Vibrio fischeri and crustaceans Daphnia magna and Thamnocephalus platyurus.</a> Chemosphere. 71, 1308-1316 (2008).</li><li>Rincon, A. G., Pulgarin, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+coaxial+photocatalytic+reactor+(CAPHORE)+in+the+TiO2+photo-assisted+treatment+of+mixed+Escherichia+coli+and+Bacillus+subtilis+and+the+bacterial+community+present+in+wastewater.">Use of coaxial photocatalytic reactor (CAPHORE) in the TiO2 photo-assisted treatment of mixed Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis and the bacterial community present in wastewater.</a> Catal. Today. 101, 331-344 (2005).</li><li>Neal, A. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=What+can+be+inferred+from+bacterium-nanoparticle+interactions+about+the+potential+consequences+of+environmental+exposure+to+nanoparticles.">What can be inferred from bacterium-nanoparticle interactions about the potential consequences of environmental exposure to nanoparticles.</a> Ecotoxicology. 17, 362-371 (2008).</li><li>Kovochich, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparative+toxicity+of+C60+aggregates+toward+mammalian+cells:+role+of+tetrahydrofuran+(THF)+decomposition.">Comparative toxicity of C60 aggregates toward mammalian cells: role of tetrahydrofuran (THF) decomposition.</a> Environ. Sci. Technol. 43, 6378-6384 (2009).</li><li>Hoshino, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Physicochemical+properties+and+cellular+toxicity+of+nanocrystal+quantum+dots+depend+on+their+surface+modification.">Physicochemical properties and cellular toxicity of nanocrystal quantum dots depend on their surface modification.</a> Nano Letters. 4, 2163-2169 (2004).</li><li>Dumas, E. M., Ozenne, V., Mielke, R. E., Nadeau, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Toxicity+of+CdTe+Quantum+Dots+in+Bacterial+Strains.">Toxicity of CdTe Quantum Dots in Bacterial Strains.</a> IEEE Trans. NanoBiosci. 8, 58-64 (2009).</li><li>Park, S., Chibli, H., Wong, J., Nadeau, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antimicrobial+activity+and+cellular+toxicity+of+nanoparticle-polymyxin+B+conjugates.">Antimicrobial activity and cellular toxicity of nanoparticle-polymyxin B conjugates.</a> Nanotechnology. 22, 185101 (2011).</li><li>Cooper, D. R., Dimitrijevic, N. M., Nadeau, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Photosensitization+of+CdSe/ZnS+QDs+and+reliability+of+assays+for+reactive+oxygen+species+production.">Photosensitization of CdSe/ZnS QDs and reliability of assays for reactive oxygen species production.</a> Nanoscale. 2, 114-121 (2010).</li><li>Pong, B. K., Trout, B. L., Lee, J. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modified+ligand-exchange+for+efficient+solubilization+of+CdSe/ZnS+quantum+dots+in+water:+A+procedure+guided+by+computational+studies.">Modified ligand-exchange for efficient solubilization of CdSe/ZnS quantum dots in water: A procedure guided by computational studies.</a> Langmuir. 24, 5270-5276 (2008).</li><li>Narayanaswamy, A., Feiner, L. F., Meijerink, A., Zaag, P. J. v. a. n. d. e. r. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effect+of+temperature+and+dot+size+on+the+spectral+properties+of+colloidal+InP/ZnS+core-shell+quantum+dots.">The effect of temperature and dot size on the spectral properties of colloidal InP/ZnS core-shell quantum dots.</a> Acs Nano. 3, 2539-2546 (2009).</li></ol>

الإعلان عن أي تضارب في المصالح.

النانوية تمثل نهجا واعدة لخلق عوامل جديدة مضادة للميكروبات. تحليل منحنى النمو هو وسيلة لرصد كثافة الخلية البكتيرية التي تميز الخلايا بنشاط زراعة الخلايا من النمو الكبت. عندما يقترن التهم لوحة، لأنها تتيح للحصول على تحليل دقيق للمضادات الحيوية المحتملة لالمتقارن. ش?...

<table border="1" style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><tbody><tr><td> اسم </td><td> شركة </td><td> فهرس العدد </td><td> تعليق (اختياري) </td></tr><tr><td> بورات مكون الاحتياطي # 1 </td><td> الصياد </td><td> حمض البوريك A-74-1 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> بورات مكون مخزن # 2 </td><td> سيغما الدريخ </td><td> Tetraborate الصوديوم B9876 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> MPA </td><td> سيغما الدريخ </td><td> M5801 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Vivaspin 500 </td><td> جنرال إلكتريك للرعاية الصحية </td><td> 28-9322 </td><td> مختلف MWCO متاح </td></tr><tr><td> قارورة من الزجاج </td><td> الصياد </td><td> 03-338C </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> EDC </td><td> سيغما الدريخ </td><td> E6383 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> بوليميكسين باء </td><td> سيغما الدريخ </td><td> P1004 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> بكتيريا غرامowth المتوسطة (LB) مكون # 1 </td><td> الصياد </td><td> كلوريد الصوديوم S271 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> بكتيريا المتوسطة النمو (LB) مكون # 2 </td><td> دينار بحريني </td><td> تريبتون 211705 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> بكتيريا المتوسطة النمو (LB) العنصر رقم 3 </td><td> دينار بحريني </td><td> خلاصة الخميرة 211929 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> مصباح عن التعرض للضوء </td><td> عرف </td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> واضح من الأسفل 96-جيدا لوحات </td><td> الصياد </td><td> 07-200-567 أو 07-200-730 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> مضان الطيفي </td><td> الجزيئية الأجهزة </td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> الامتصاصية لوحة قارئ </td><td> الجزيئية الأجهزة </td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> BactoAgar عن وسائل الاعلام الصلبة </td><td> Bioshop </td><td> AGR001.1 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> أطباق بتري تقريب </td><td> الصياد </td><td> 08-75-12 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> أطباق بتري مستطيلة </td><td> الصياد </td><td> 08-757-11A </td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

solubilization and bio-conjugation of quantum dots and bacterial toxicity assays by growth curve and plate count

Quantum dots (QDs) are fluorescent semiconductor nanoparticles with size-dependent emission spectra that can be excited by a broad choice of wavelengths. QDs have attracted a lot of interest for imaging, diagnostics, and therapy due to their bright, stable fluorescence1,2 3,4,5. QDs can be conjugated to a variety of bio-active molecules for binding to bacteria and mammalian cells6.
QDs are also being widely investigated as cytotoxic agents for targeted killing of bacteria. The emergence of multiply-resistant bacterial strains is rapidly becoming a public health crisis, particularly in the case of Gram negative pathogens 7. Because of the well-known antimicrobial effect of certain nanomaterials, especially Ag, there are hundreds of studies examining the toxicity of nanoparticles to bacteria 8. Bacterial studies have been performed with other types of semiconductor nanoparticles as well, especially TiO2 9,10-11, but also ZnO12 and others including CuO 13. Some comparisons of bacterial strains have been performed in these studies, usually comparing a Gram negative strain with a Gram positive. With all of these particles, mechanisms of toxicity are attributed to oxidation: either the photogeneration of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by the particles or the direct release of metal ions that can cause oxidative toxicity. Even with these materials, results of different studies vary greatly. In some studies the Gram positive test strain is reportedly more sensitive than the Gram negative 10; in others it is the opposite 14. These studies have been well reviewed 15.
In all nanoparticle studies, particle composition, size, surface chemistry, sample aging/breakdown, and wavelength, power, and duration of light exposure can all dramatically affect the results. In addition, synthesis byproducts and solvents must be considered16 17. High-throughput screening techniques are needed to be able to develop effective new nanomedicine agents.
CdTe QDs have anti-microbial effects alone18 or in combination with antibiotics. In a previous study, we showed that coupling of antibiotics to CdTe can increase toxicity to bacteria but decrease toxicity to mammalian cells, due to decreased production of reactive oxygen species from the conjugates19. Although it is unlikely that cadmium-containing compounds will be approved for use in humans, such preparations could be used for disinfection of surfaces or sterilization of water.
In this protocol, we give a straightforward approach to solubilizing CdTe QDs with mercaptopropionic acid (MPA). The QDs are ready to use within an hour. We then demonstrate coupling to an antimicrobial agent.
The second part of the protocol demonstrates a 96-well bacterial inhibition assay using the conjugated and unconjugated QDs. The optical density is read over many hours, permitting the effects of QD addition and light exposure to be evaluated immediately as well as after a recovery period. We also illustrate a colony count for quantifying bacterial survival.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Solubilization and Bio-conjugation of Quantum Dots and Bacterial Toxicity Assays by Growth Curve and Plate Count at JoVE.com

Solubilization and Bio-conjugation of Quantum Dots and Bacterial Toxicity Assays by Growth Curve and Plate Count

ويمكن استخدام الجسيمات النانوية مثل نقاط الكم أشباه الموصلات (QDs) لإنشاء وكلاء photoactivatable لتطبيقات مضادة للميكروبات أو مضادة للسرطان. هذه التقنية يظهر كيفية المياه ذوبان تلوريد الكادميوم (تيل كد) QDs، المتقارن لهم مضاد حيوي، وإجراء فحص تثبيط البكتيريا على أساس منحنيات النمو والفرز لوحة.

الإذابة والحيوية، من اقتران نقاط الكم وفحوصات السمية البكتيرية التي منحنى النمو والكونت بلايت

Quantum dots (QDs) are fluorescent semiconductor nanoparticles with size-dependent emission spectra that can be excited by a broad choice of wavelengths. ...

solubilization-bio-conjugation-quantum-dots-bacterial-toxicity-assays

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

14.2K Views.  McGill University, Montreal, QC Canada. ويمكن استخدام الجسيمات النانوية مثل نقاط الكم أشباه الموصلات (QDs) لإنشاء وكلاء photoactivatable لتطبيقات مضادة للميكروبات أو مضادة للسرطان. هذه التقنية يظهر كيفية المياه ذوبان تلوريد الكادميوم (تيل كد) QDs، المتقارن لهم مضاد حيوي، وإجراء فحص تثبيط البكتيريا على أساس منح?...

Video: Solubilization and Bio-conjugation of Quantum Dots and Bacterial Toxicity Assays by Growth Curve and Plate Count

Axon Stretch Growth: The Mechanotransduction of Neuronal Growth

During pre-synaptic embryonic development, neuronal processes traverse short distances to reach their targets via growth cone. Over time, neuronal somata are separated from their axon terminals due to skeletal growth of the enlarging organism (Weiss 1941; Gray, Hukkanen et al. 1992). This mechanotransduction induces a secondary mode of neuronal growth capable of accommodating continual elongation of the axon (Bray 1984; Heidemann and Buxbaum 1994; Heidemann, Lamoureux et al. 1995; Pfister, Iwata et al. 2004).
Axon Stretch Growth (ASG) is conceivably a central factor in the maturation of short embryonic processes into the long nerves and white matter tracts characteristic of the adult nervous system. To study ASG in vitro, we engineered bioreactors to apply tension to the short axonal processes of neuronal cultures (Loverde, Ozoka et al. 2011). Here, we detail the methods we use to prepare bioreactors and conduct ASG. First, within each stretching lane of the bioreactor, neurons are plated upon a micro-manipulated towing substrate. Next, neurons regenerate their axonal processes, via growth cone extension, onto a stationary substrate. Finally, stretch growth is performed by towing the plated cell bodies away from the axon terminals adhered to the stationary substrate; recapitulating skeletal growth after growth cone extension.
Previous work has shown that ASG of embryonic rat dorsal root ganglia neurons are capable of unprecedented growth rates up to 10mm/day, reaching lengths of up to 10cm; while concurrently resulting in increased axonal diameters (Smith, Wolf et al. 2001; Pfister, Iwata et al. 2004; Pfister, Bonislawski et al. 2006; Pfister, Iwata et al. 2006; Smith 2009). This is in dramatic contrast to regenerative growth cone extension (in absence of mechanical stimuli) where growth rates average 1mm/day with successful regeneration limited to lengths of less than 3cm (Fu and Gordon 1997; Pfister, Gordon et al. 2011). Accordingly, further study of ASG may help to reveal dysregulated growth mechanisms that limit regeneration in the absence of mechanical stimuli.

A unique tissue engineering method was developed to elongate numerous nerve fibers in culture by recapitulating axon stretch growth; a form of nervous system growth whereby nerves elongate in conjunction with growth of the enlarging body.

محوار النمو الإمتداد : إن Mechanotransduction من نمو الخلايا العصبية

During pre-synaptic embryonic development, neuronal processes traverse short distances to reach their targets via growth cone. Over time, neuronal somata ...

Bacterial Immobilization for Imaging by Atomic Force Microscopy

AFM is a high-resolution (nm scale) imaging tool that mechanically probes a surface. It has the ability to image cells and biomolecules, in a liquid environment, without the need to chemically treat the sample. In order to accomplish this goal, the sample must sufficiently adhere to the mounting surface to prevent removal by forces exerted by the scanning AFM cantilever tip. In many instances, successful imaging depends on immobilization of the sample to the mounting surface. Optimally, immobilization should be minimally invasive to the sample such that metabolic processes and functional attributes are not compromised. By coating freshly cleaved mica surfaces with porcine (pig) gelatin, negatively charged bacteria can be immobilized on the surface and imaged in liquid by AFM. Immobilization of bacterial cells on gelatin-coated mica is most likely due to electrostatic interaction between the negatively charged bacteria and the positively charged gelatin. Several factors can interfere with bacterial immobilization, including chemical constituents of the liquid in which the bacteria are suspended, the incubation time of the bacteria on the gelatin coated mica, surface characteristics of the bacterial strain and the medium in which the bacteria are imaged. Overall, the use of gelatin-coated mica is found to be generally applicable for imaging microbial cells.

Live Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria can be immobilized on gelatin-coated mica and imaged in liquid using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM).

الشلل البكتيرية للتصوير بواسطة الفحص المجهري القوة الذرية

AFM is a high-resolution (nm scale) imaging tool that mechanically probes a surface.  It has the ability to image cells and biomolecules, in a liquid ...

Production and Targeting of Monovalent Quantum Dots

The multivalent nature of commercial quantum dots (QDs) and the difficulties associated with producing monovalent dots have limited their applications in biology, where clustering and the spatial organization of biomolecules is often the object of study. We describe here a protocol to produce monovalent quantum dots (mQDs) that can be accomplished in most biological research laboratories via a simple mixing of CdSe/ZnS core/shell QDs with phosphorothioate DNA (ptDNA) of defined length. After a single ptDNA strand has wrapped the QD, additional strands are excluded from the surface. Production of mQDs in this manner can be accomplished at small and large scale, with commercial reagents, and in minimal steps. These mQDs can be specifically directed to biological targets by hybridization to a complementary single stranded targeting DNA. We demonstrate the use of these mQDs as imaging probes by labeling SNAP-tagged Notch receptors on live mammalian cells, targeted by mQDs bearing a benzylguanine moiety.

We provide detailed instructions for the preparation of monovalent targeted quantum dots (mQDs) from phosphorothioate DNA of defined length. DNA wrapping occurs in high yield, and therefore, products do not require purification. We demonstrate the use of the SNAP tag to target mQDs to cell-surface receptors for live-cell imaging applications.

الإنتاج واستهداف الأحادي التكافؤ الكم النقاط

The multivalent nature of commercial quantum dots (QDs) and the difficulties associated with producing monovalent dots have limited their applications in ...

Correlative Light- and Electron Microscopy Using Quantum Dot Nanoparticles

A method is described whereby quantum dot (QD) nanoparticles can be used for correlative immunocytochemical studies of human pathology tissue using widefield fluorescence light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). To demonstrate the protocol we have immunolabeled ultrathin epoxy sections of human somatostatinoma tumor using a primary antibody to somatostatin, followed by a biotinylated secondary antibody and visualization with streptavidin conjugated 585 nm cadmium-selenium (CdSe) quantum dots (QDs). The sections are mounted on a TEM specimen grid then placed on a glass slide for observation by widefield fluorescence light microscopy. Light microscopy reveals 585 nm QD labeling as bright orange fluorescence forming a granular pattern within the tumor cell cytoplasm. At low to mid-range magnification by light microscopy the labeling pattern can be easily recognized and the level of non-specific or background labeling assessed. This is a critical step for subsequent interpretation of the immunolabeling pattern by TEM and evaluation of the morphological context. The same section is then blotted dry and viewed by TEM. QD probes are seen to be attached to amorphous material contained in individual secretory granules. Images are acquired from the same region of interest (ROI) seen by light microscopy for correlative analysis. Corresponding images from each modality may then be blended to overlay fluorescence data on TEM ultrastructure of the corresponding region.

A method is described whereby quantum dot (QD) nanoparticles can be used for correlative immunocytochemical studies of epoxy embedded human pathology tissue. We employ commercial antibody fragment conjugated QDs that are visualized by widefield fluorescence light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy.

المتلازم الخفيفة والمجهر الإلكتروني عن طريق الكم دوت النانوية

A method is described whereby quantum dot (QD) nanoparticles can be used for correlative immunocytochemical studies of human pathology tissue using ...

20 mJ, 1 ps Yb:YAG Thin-disk Regenerative Amplifier

This is a report on a 100 W, 20 mJ, 1 ps Yb:YAG thin-disk regenerative amplifier. A homemade Yb:YAG thin-disk, Kerr-lens mode-locked oscillator with turn-key performance and microjoule-level pulse energy is used to seed the regenerative chirped-pulse amplifier. The amplifier is placed in airtight housing. It operates at room temperature and exhibits stable operation at a 5 kHz repetition rate, with a pulse-to-pulse stability less than 1%. By employing a 1.5 mm-thick beta barium borate crystal, the frequency of the laser output is doubled to 515 nm, with an average power of 70 W, which corresponds to an optical-to-optical efficiency of 70%. This superior performance makes the system an attractive pump source for optical parametric chirped-pulse amplifiers in the near-infrared and mid-infrared spectral range. Combining the turn-key performance and the superior stability of the regenerative amplifier, the system facilitates the generation of a broadband, CEP-stable seed. Providing the seed and pump of the optical parametric chirped-pulse amplification (OPCPA) from one laser source eliminates the demand of active temporal synchronization between these pulses. This work presents a detailed guide to set up and operate a Yb:YAG thin-disk regenerative amplifier, based on chirped-pulse amplification (CPA), as a pump source for an optical parametric chirped-pulse amplifier.

A protocol for the operation of a high-energy, high-power optical parametric chirped pulse amplifier pump source based on an Yb:YAG thin-disk regenerative amplifier is presented here.

20 مج، 1 بس يب: ياغ مكبر للصوت ريجينيراتيف ريسينيراتيف

This is a report on a 100 W, 20 mJ, 1 ps Yb:YAG thin-disk regenerative amplifier. A homemade Yb:YAG thin-disk, Kerr-lens mode-locked oscillator with ...

Detection of Endotoxin in Nano-formulations Using Limulus Amoebocyte Lysate (LAL) Assays

When present in pharmaceutical products, a Gram-negative bacterial cell wall component endotoxin (often also called lipopolysaccharide) can cause inflammation, fever, hypo- or hypertension, and, in extreme cases, can lead to tissue and organ damage that may become fatal. The amounts of endotoxin in pharmaceutical products, therefore, are strictly regulated. Among the methods available for endotoxin detection and quantification, the Limulus Amoebocyte Lysate (LAL) assay is commonly used worldwide. While any pharmaceutical product can interfere with the LAL assay, nano-formulations represent a particular challenge due to their complexity. The purpose of this paper is to provide a practical guide to researchers inexperienced in estimating endotoxins in engineered nanomaterials and nanoparticle-formulated drugs. Herein, practical recommendations for performing three LAL formats including turbidity, chromogenic and gel-clot assays are discussed. These assays can be used to determine endotoxin contamination in nanotechnology-based drug products, vaccines, and adjuvants.

Detection of Endotoxin in Nano-formulations Using Limulus Amoebocyte Lysate LAL Assays

Detection of endotoxins in engineered nanomaterials represents one of the grand challenges in the field of nanomedicine. Here, we present a case study that describes the framework composed of three different LAL formats to estimate potential endotoxin contamination in nanoparticles.

كشف الذيفان في تركيبات النانو باستخدام فحوصات ليستي (ال) أموبوسيتي ليمولوس

When present in pharmaceutical products, a Gram-negative bacterial cell wall component endotoxin (often also called lipopolysaccharide) can cause ...

Immobilization of Live Caenorhabditis elegans Individuals Using an Ultra-thin Polydimethylsiloxane Microfluidic Chip with Water Retention

Radiation is widely used for biological applications and for ion-beam breeding, and among these methods, microbeam irradiation represents a powerful means of identifying radiosensitive sites in living organisms. This paper describes a series of on-chip immobilization methods developed for the targeted microbeam irradiation of live individuals of Caenorhabditis elegans. Notably, the treatment of the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microfluidic chips that we previously developed to immobilize C. elegans individuals without the need for anesthesia is explained in detail. This chip, referred to as a worm sheet, is resilient to allow the microfluidic channels to be expanded, and the elasticity allows animals to be enveloped gently. Also, owing to the self-adsorption capacity of the PDMS, animals can be sealed in the channels by covering the surface of the worm sheet with a thin cover film, in which animals are not pushed into the channels for enclosure. By turning the cover film over, we can easily collect the animals. Furthermore, the worm sheet shows water retention and allows C. elegans individuals to be subjected to microscopic observation for long periods under live conditions. In addition, the sheet is only 300 &#181;m thick, allowing heavy ions such as carbon ions to pass through the sheet enclosing the animals, thus allowing the ion particles to be detected and the applied radiation dose to be measured accurately. Because selection of the cover films used for enclosing the animals is very important for successful long-term immobilization, we conducted the selection of the suitable cover films and showed a recommended one among some films. As an application example of the chip, we introduced imaging observation of muscular activities of animals enclosing the microfluidic channel of the worm sheet, as well as the microbeam irradiation. These examples indicate that the worm sheets have greatly expanded the possibilities for biological experiments.

Immobilization of Live Caenorhabditis elegans Individuals Using an Ultra-thin Polydimethylsiloxane Microfluidic Chip with Water Retention

A series of immobilization methods has been established to allow the targeted irradiation of live Caenorhabditis elegans individuals using a recently developed ultra-thin polydimethylsiloxane microfluidic chip with water retention. This novel on-chip immobilization is also adequate for imaging observations. The detailed treatment and application examples of the chip are explained.

التثبيت أفراد يعيش ايليجانس كاينورهابديتيس باستخدام رقاقة موائع جزيئية بولي دايمثيل سيلوكسان أولتراثين إلكترونية مع "الاحتفاظ بالماء"

Radiation is widely used for biological applications and for ion-beam breeding, and among these methods, microbeam irradiation represents a powerful means ...

Growth and Characterization of Irradiated Organoids from Mammary Glands

Organoids derived from the digested tissue are multicellular three-dimensional (3D) constructs that better recapitulate in vivo conditions than cell monolayers. Although they cannot completely model in vivo complexity, they retain some functionality of the original organ. In cancer models, organoids are commonly used to study tumor cell invasion. This protocol aims to develop and characterize organoids from the normal and irradiated mouse mammary gland tissue to evaluate the radiation response in normal tissues. These organoids can be applied to future in vitro cancer studies to evaluate tumor cell interactions with irradiated organoids. Mammary glands were resected, irradiated to 20 Gy and digested in a collagenase VIII solution. Epithelial organoids were separated via centrifugal differentiation, and 3D organoids were developed in 96-well low-adhesion microplates. Organoids expressed the characteristic epithelial marker cytokeratin 14. Macrophage interaction with the organoids was observed in co-culture experiments. This model may be useful for studying tumor-stromal interactions, infiltration of immune cells, and macrophage polarization within an irradiated microenvironment.

Organoids developed from mouse mammary glands were irradiated and characterized to assess epithelial traits and interactions with immune cells. Irradiated organoids can be used to better evaluate cell-cell interactions that may lead to tumor cell recruitment in irradiated normal tissue.

نمو وتوصيف العضوية المشعة من الغدد الثديية

Organoids derived from the digested tissue are multicellular three-dimensional (3D) constructs that better recapitulate in vivo conditions than cell ...

Biosensor-based High Throughput Biopanning and Bioinformatics Analysis Strategy for the Global Validation of Drug-protein Interactions

Receptors and enzyme proteins are important biomolecules that act as binding targets for bioactive small molecules. Thus, the rapid and global validation of the drug-protein interactions is highly desirable for not only understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying therapeutic efficacy but also for assessing drug characteristics, such as adsorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) for clinical use. Here, we present a biosensor-based high throughput strategy for the biopanning of T7 phage-displayed short peptides that can be easily displayed on the phage capsid. Subsequent analysis of the amino acid sequences of peptides containing short segments, as &#34;broken relics&#34;, of the drug-binding sites using bioinformatics programs in receptor ligand contact (RELIC) suite, is also shown. By applying this method to two clinically approved drugs, an anti-tumor irinotecan, and an anti-flu oseltamivir, the detailed process for collecting the drug-recognizing peptide sequences and highlighting the drug-binding sites of the target proteins are explained in this paper. The strategy described herein can be applied for any small molecules of interest.

This study aimed to present a strategy for identifying drug-peptide interactions. The strategy involves the biopanning of drug-recognizing short peptides based on a quartz-crystal microbalance (QCM) biosensor, followed by bioinformatics analysis for quantitatively assessing the information obtained for the drug recognition and annotation of the drug-binding sites on proteins.

Biopanning المعالجة البيولوجية القائمة على الاستشعار الحيوي واستراتيجية تحليل المعلوماتية الحيوية للتحقق العالمي من التفاعلات البروتين المخدرات

Receptors and enzyme proteins are important biomolecules that act as binding targets for bioactive small molecules. Thus, the rapid and global validation ...

نظام جهاز صغير مشترك لتعزيز ومراقبة نمو الشعاب المرجانية

An Integrated Micro-Device System for Coral Growth and Monitoring

Corals are fundamental organisms in marine and coastal ecosystems. With the advancement of coral protection research in recent years, precise control of the coral culture environment is highly in demand for coral conservation and study. Here, we developed a semi-closed coral culture micro-device system as a multi-functional platform, which can provide accurate and programmable temperature control, a sterile initial environment, long-term stable water quality, an adjustable dissolved oxygen concentration, and a customized light spectrum for corals. Owing to the modular design, the coral culture system can be upgraded or modified by installing desirable new modules or removing existing ones. Currently, under appropriate conditions and with proper system maintenance, the sample corals can survive for at least 30 days in a healthy state. Furthermore, due to the controllable and sterile initial environment, this coral culture system can support research into the symbiotic relationship between corals and associated microorganisms. Therefore, this micro-device system can be applied to monitor and investigate sea corals in a relatively quantitative manner.

تسليط الضوء على المؤلف: النهوض بثقافة المرجان - إنشاء نظام بيئة دقيقة يتم التحكم فيه بشكل شبه كمي لمواجهة القيود الحالية 

This protocol describes the development of a modular controllable micro-device system that can be applied for the long-term culturing and monitoring of sea corals.

نظام جهاز دقيق متكامل لنمو المرجان ومراقبته

Corals are fundamental organisms in marine and coastal ecosystems. With the advancement of coral protection research in recent years, precise control of ...