نشكر أعضاء المختبر للحصول على مساعدة مارياني تحرير البروتوكول. وقد تم تمويل هذا العمل من قبل على منحة ما بعد الدكتوراه التدريب CIRM (JLF)، والتدريب الجسور CIRM (TZTT)، وروبرت E. ومايو R. رايت في مؤسسة (FVM)، وجامعة جنوب كاليفورنيا (FVM).

<ol>
	<li>Baehrecke, E. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=How+death+shapes+life+during+development.">How death shapes life during development.</a> Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 3, 779-787 (2002).</li><li>Meier, P., Finch, A., Evan, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Apoptosis+in+development.">Apoptosis in development.</a> Nature. 407, 796-801 (2000).</li><li>Ikonomidou, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ethanol-induced+apoptotic+neurodegeneration+and+fetal+alcohol+syndrome.">Ethanol-induced apoptotic neurodegeneration and fetal alcohol syndrome.</a> Science. 287, 1056-1060 (2000).</li><li>Dunty, W. C., Chen, S. Y., Zucker, R. M., Dehart, D. B., Sulik, K. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Selective+vulnerability+of+embryonic+cell+populations+to+ethanol-induced+apoptosis:+implications+for+alcohol-related+birth+defects+and+neurodevelopmental+disorder.">Selective vulnerability of embryonic cell populations to ethanol-induced apoptosis: implications for alcohol-related birth defects and neurodevelopmental disorder.</a> Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. 25, 1523-1535 (2001).</li><li>Price, O. T., Lau, C., Zucker, R. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+fluorescence+of+5-FU-treated+fetal+rat+limbs+using+confocal+laser+scanning+microscopy+and+Lysotracker.">Quantitative fluorescence of 5-FU-treated fetal rat limbs using confocal laser scanning microscopy and Lysotracker.</a> Cytometry A. 53, 9-21 (2003).</li><li>Jacobson, M. D., Weil, M., Raff, M. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Programmed+cell+death+in+animal+development.">Programmed cell death in animal development.</a> Cell. 88, 347-354 (1997).</li><li>Fuchs, Y., Steller, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Programmed+cell+death+in+animal+development+and+disease.">Programmed cell death in animal development and disease.</a> Cell. 147, 742-758 (2011).</li><li>Qu, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Autophagy+gene-dependent+clearance+of+apoptotic+cells+during+embryonic+development.">Autophagy gene-dependent clearance of apoptotic cells during embryonic development.</a> Cell. 128, 931-946 (2007).</li><li>Grimsley, C., Ravichandran, K. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cues+for+apoptotic+cell+engulfment:+eat-me,+don't+eat-me+and+come-get-me+signals.">Cues for apoptotic cell engulfment: eat-me, don't eat-me and come-get-me signals.</a> Trends Cell Biol. 13, 648-656 (2003).</li><li>Lauber, K., Blumenthal, S. G., Waibel, M., Wesselborg, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clearance+of+apoptotic+cells:+getting+rid+of+the+corpses.">Clearance of apoptotic cells: getting rid of the corpses.</a> Mol. Cell. 14, 277-287 (2004).</li><li>Haller, T., Dietl, P., Deetjen, P., Volkl, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+lysosomal+compartment+as+intracellular+calcium+store+in+MDCK+cells:+a+possible+involvement+in+InsP3-mediated+Ca2++release.">The lysosomal compartment as intracellular calcium store in MDCK cells: a possible involvement in InsP3-mediated Ca2+ release.</a> Cell Calcium. 19, 157-165 (1996).</li><li>Zucker, R. M., Hunter, S., Rogers, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Confocal+laser+scanning+microscopy+of+apoptosis+in+organogenesis-stage+mouse+embryos.">Confocal laser scanning microscopy of apoptosis in organogenesis-stage mouse embryos.</a> Cytometry. 33, 348-354 (1998).</li><li>Zucker, R. M., Hunter, E. S., Rogers, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Apoptosis+and+morphology+in+mouse+embryos+by+confocal+laser+scanning+microscopy.">Apoptosis and morphology in mouse embryos by confocal laser scanning microscopy.</a> Methods. 18, 473-480 (1999).</li><li>Gavrieli, Y., Sherman, Y., Ben-Sasson, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+programmed+cell+death+in+situ+via+specific+labeling+of+nuclear+DNA+fragmentation.">Identification of programmed cell death in situ via specific labeling of nuclear DNA fragmentation.</a> J. Cell Biol. 119, 493-501 (1992).</li><li>Foty, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Simple+Hanging+Drop+Cell+Culture+Protocol+for+Generation+of+3D+Spheroids.">A Simple Hanging Drop Cell Culture Protocol for Generation of 3D Spheroids.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (51), e2720 (2011).</li><li>Chiang, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Manifestation+of+the+limb+prepattern:+limb+development+in+the+absence+of+sonic+hedgehog+function.">Manifestation of the limb prepattern: limb development in the absence of sonic hedgehog function.</a> Dev. Biol. 236, 421-435 (2001).</li><li>Ishibashi, M., McMahon, A. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+sonic+hedgehog-dependent+signaling+relay+regulates+growth+of+diencephalic+and+mesencephalic+primordia+in+the+early+mouse+embryo.">A sonic hedgehog-dependent signaling relay regulates growth of diencephalic and mesencephalic primordia in the early mouse embryo.</a> Development. 129, 4807-4819 (2002).</li><li>Schuldiner, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Induced+neuronal+differentiation+of+human+embryonic+stem+cells.">Induced neuronal differentiation of human embryonic stem cells.</a> Brain Res. 913, 201-205 (2001).</li><li>Bain, G., Kitchens, D., Yao, M., Huettner, J. E., Gottlieb, D. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Embryonic+stem+cells+express+neuronal+properties+in+vitro.">Embryonic stem cells express neuronal properties in vitro.</a> Dev. Biol. 168, 342-357 (1995).</li><li>Dumont, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hydrogen+peroxide-induced+apoptosis+is+CD95-independent,+requires+the+release+of+mitochondria-derived+reactive+oxygen+species+and+the+activation+of+NF-kappaB.">Hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis is CD95-independent, requires the release of mitochondria-derived reactive oxygen species and the activation of NF-kappaB.</a> Oncogene. 18, 747-757 (1999).</li><li>Hampton, M. B., Orrenius, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dual+regulation+of+caspase+activity+by+hydrogen+peroxide:+implications+for+apoptosis.">Dual regulation of caspase activity by hydrogen peroxide: implications for apoptosis.</a> FEBS Lett. 414, 552-556 (1997).</li><li>Wood, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mesenchymal+cells+engulf+and+clear+apoptotic+footplate+cells+in+macrophageless+PU.1+null+mouse+embryos.">Mesenchymal cells engulf and clear apoptotic footplate cells in macrophageless PU.1 null mouse embryos.</a> Development. 127, 5245-5252 (2000).</li><li>Scott, R. C., Juhasz, G., Neufeld, T. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Direct+induction+of+autophagy+by+Atg1+inhibits+cell+growth+and+induces+apoptotic+cell+death.">Direct induction of autophagy by Atg1 inhibits cell growth and induces apoptotic cell death.</a> Curr. Biol. 17, 1-11 (2007).</li><li>Rodriguez-Enriquez, S., Kim, I., Currin, R. T., Lemasters, J. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tracker+dyes+to+probe+mitochondrial+autophagy+(mitophagy)+in+rat+hepatocytes.">Tracker dyes to probe mitochondrial autophagy (mitophagy) in rat hepatocytes.</a> Autophagy. 2, 39-46 (2006).</li><li>Bampton, E. T., Goemans, C. G., Niranjan, D., Mizushima, N., Tolkovsky, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+dynamics+of+autophagy+visualized+in+live+cells:+from+autophagosome+formation+to+fusion+with+endo/lysosomes.">The dynamics of autophagy visualized in live cells: from autophagosome formation to fusion with endo/lysosomes.</a> Autophagy. 1, 23-36 (2005).</li><li>Boya, P., Mellen, M. A., de la Rosa, E. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=How+autophagy+is+related+to+programmed+cell+death+during+the+development+of+the+nervous+system.">How autophagy is related to programmed cell death during the development of the nervous system.</a> Biochem. Soc. Trans. 36, 813-817 (2008).</li><li>Galluzzi, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Guidelines+for+the+use+and+interpretation+of+assays+for+monitoring+cell+death+in+higher+eukaryotes.">Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring cell death in higher eukaryotes.</a> Cell Death Differ. 16, 1093-1107 (2009).</li><li>Klionsky, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Guidelines+for+the+use+and+interpretation+of+assays+for+monitoring+autophagy+in+higher+eukaryotes.">Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy in higher eukaryotes.</a> Autophagy. 4, 151-175 (2008).</li></ol>

الإعلان عن أي تضارب في المصالح.

بصمات هامة من موت الخلايا المبرمج وتشمل الكشف عن الحمض النووي من التلف مع مقايسة TUNEL، جنبا إلى جنب مع الكشف عن النشاط كاسباس (الكشف عن MABS أو مع جزيء ملزمة مثل ZVAD-ماركا)، ومراقبة التغيرات الخلوية، وطريقة عرض فسفاتيديل (PS ) على سطح الغشاء (الكشف عنها بواسطة Annexin V ملزمة). هن...

<table border="1" style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><tbody><tr><td> اسم كاشف </td><td> شركة </td><td></td><td> كتالوج رقم </td></tr><tr><td> LysoTracker الأحمر DND-99 </td><td> إينفيتروجن </td><td> # L-7528 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> هانكس BSS </td><td> إينفيتروجن </td><td> 14025-076 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> بارافورمالدهيد </td><td> EMD </td><td> EM-PX0055-3 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Vectashield </td><td> VECTOR </td><td> H-1200 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> DMEM </td><td> Cellgro </td><td> 10-013-CV </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> غير الأحماض الأمينية الأساسية </td><td> Cellgro </td><td> 25-025-CI </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> البيروفات الصوديوم </td><td> Cellgro </td><td> 25-000-CI </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> FBS </td><td> Hyclone </td><td> SH30071.02 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> القلم بكتيريا </td><td> إينفيتروجن </td><td> 15140-122 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> B-المركابتويثانول، 50 مم </td><td> إينفيتروجن </td><td> 21985-023 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> LabTek-II الشرائح غرفة (8-أيضا) </td><td> Nalge نونك الدولية </td><td> 154534 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 0.1٪ الجيلاتين </td><td> ميليبور </td><td> ES-006-B </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Dulbecco في PBS (D-PBS) </td><td> Cellgro </td><td> 21-031-CV </td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> حل وصفات 4٪ لامتصاص العرق ل100 مل: <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> خلط 4 غرام بارافورمالدهيد، 90 مل H 2 O، وهيدروكسيد الصوديوم (هيدروكسيد الصوديوم بنسبة انخفاض قدرها 2N). سوف لن أخوض في بارافورمالدهيد حل حتى تقوم بإضافة بعض هيدروكسيد الصوديوم لزيادة درجة الحموضة. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> اثارة والحرارة عند 60 درجة مئوية حتى كل المسحوق هو في الحل (~ 10-20 دقيقة). لا افراط. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> إضافة 10 مل PBS ~ 10X لتحقيق الحجم النهائي من 100 مل. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> المحل في -20 درجة مئوية في مريحة (ML 10 ~ ~ 40 مل أو) مأخوذة. </li></ol> تحذير: لامتصاص العرق في شكل &quot;هدب&quot; (مضغوط الكريات الصغيرة) أقل مساحيق وبالتالي يمكن قياس خارج غطاء. ومع ذلك لا يزال يجب عليك ارتداء قناع الغبار واقية (N95على الأقل) أثناء التداول. EB الثقافة وسائل الإعلام وسائل الإعلام لمدة 500 مل EB: <table border="1" style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><tbody><tr><td> DMEM: </td><td> 404،5 مل </td></tr><tr><td> FBS: </td><td> 75،0 مل </td></tr><tr><td> الجلوتامين L-: </td><td> 5،0 مل </td></tr><tr><td> البنسلين / الستربتوميسين: </td><td> 5،0 مل </td></tr><tr><td> غير الأحماض الأمينية الأساسية: </td><td> 5،0 مل </td></tr><tr><td> البيروفات الصوديوم: </td><td> 5،0 مل </td></tr><tr><td> β-المركابتويثانول: </td><td> 500ميكرولتر </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table>

use of lysotracker to detect programmed cell death in embryos and differentiating embryonic stem cells

موت الخلية المبرمج (PCD) ويحدث في الكبار للحفاظ على التوازن الطبيعي الأنسجة الجنينية والتنمية خلال لتشكيل الأنسجة والأعضاء 1،2،6،7. خلال التنمية، يمكن أن المواد الكيميائية السامة أو تغيرات جينية تسبب زيادة في PCD PCD أو تغيير الأنماط مما أدى إلى تشوهات النمو والعيوب الخلقية 3-5. لفهم مسببات هذه العيوب، يمكن أن تستكمل دراسة الأجنة في المقايسات مع المختبر التي تستخدم التفريق الجذعية الجنينية (ES) الخلايا. موت الخلايا المبرمج هو شكل مدروسة من PCD التي تنطوي على حد سواء الذاتية وخارجي مما يشير إلى تفعيل تتالي كاسباس الانزيم. التغييرات الخلية مميزة تشمل blebbing الغشاء، وتقلص النووية، وتجزئة الحمض النووي. أشكال أخرى من PCD لا تنطوي على تفعيل كاسباس وربما تكون النتيجة النهائية من الالتهام الذاتي لفترات طويلة. بغض النظر عن المسار PCD، الخلايا الميتة تحتاج إلى إزالة. في البالغين، والخلايا المناعية PERFORM هذه الوظيفة، بينما في الأجنة، حيث لم الجهاز المناعي تطور بعد، وإزالة يحدث من قبل آلية بديلة. هذه الآلية تنطوي على الخلايا المجاورة (وتسمى &quot;غير المهنية البالعات&quot;) أخذ على أكلة الدور يعترفون &#39;أكل لي&#39; إشارة على سطح الخلية الموت وتبتلع من 8-10. بعد الإحاطة، يتم جلب الحطام إلى يحلول للتدهور. بغض النظر بالتالي آلية PCD، يمكن يرتبط زيادة في النشاط الليزوزومية مع زيادة موت الخلايا. يمكن لدراسة PCD، وهو فحص بسيط لتصور الجسيمات الحالة في الأنسجة سميكة ومتعدد الطبقات الثقافات يكون من المفيد التمييز. صبغ LysoTracker هو جزيء صغير جدا للذوبان التي يتم الاحتفاظ بها في حجرات التحت خلوية الحمضية مثل يحلول 11-13. يتم أخذ صبغة بنسبة نشرها من خلال والدورة الدموية. منذ اختراق ليست عائقا، والتصور من PCD في الأنسجة سميكة والثقافات متعددة الطبقات من الممكن 12،13 </سوب&gt;. في المقابل، ويقتصر TUNEL (الطرفية deoxynucleotidyl ترانسفيراز نهاية نيك dUTP التوسيم) تحليل 14، إلى عينات صغيرة، المقاطع النسيجية، والثقافات أحادي الطبقة لأن الإجراء يتطلب إدخال / نفاذية محطة ترانسفيراز. وعلى النقيض من الزرقاء الأنيلين، الذي ينشر ويذوب من المذيبات، LysoTracker الأحمر DND-99 هو قابل للتثبيت، ومشرق، ومستقرة. يمكن تلطيخ يمكن تصور المجهر الفلورسنت القياسية مع مبائر أو في جبل لكليا أو القسم أو باستخدام المذيبات المائية القائمة على وسائل الإعلام تصاعد 12،13. نحن هنا وصف البروتوكولات باستخدام هذه الصبغة للنظر في PCD في الحالات العادية والماوس سونيك القنفذ الأجنة فارغة. وبالإضافة إلى ذلك، علينا أن نبرهن تحليل PCD في التفريق مزارع الخلايا ES وتقديم طريقة بسيطة الكمي. وباختصار، يمكن تلطيخ LysoTracker يكون تكملة كبيرة إلى أساليب أخرى للكشف عن PCD.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Use of LysoTracker to Detect Programmed Cell Death in Embryos and Differentiating Embryonic Stem Cells at JoVE.com

Use of LysoTracker to Detect Programmed Cell Death in Embryos and Differentiating Embryonic Stem Cells

نقدم بروتوكول بسيط لتصور مناطق موت الخلايا المبرمج (PCD) في أجنة الفئران الجنينية والتمييز الثقافات الخلايا الجذعية (ES) باستخدام صبغة قابلة للذوبان للغاية ودعا LysoTracker.

استخدام LysoTracker لكشف موت الخلية المبرمج في الأجنة والخلايا الجذعية الجنينية التفريق

Programmed cell death (PCD) occurs in adults to maintain normal tissue homeostasis and during embryological development to shape tissues and ...

use-lysotracker-to-detect-programmed-cell-death-embryos

Research

Education

JoVE Journal

JoVE Core

Cell Biology

Biology

Unit 1

Cell Death

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

23.1K Views.  University of Southern California. نقدم بروتوكول بسيط لتصور مناطق موت الخلايا المبرمج (PCD) في أجنة الفئران الجنينية والتمييز الثقافات الخلايا الجذعية (ES) باستخدام صبغة قابلة للذوبان للغاية ودعا LysoTracker.

Video: Use of LysoTracker to Detect Programmed Cell Death in Embryos and Differentiating Embryonic Stem Cells

Dissection of 6.5 dpc Mouse Embryos

Analysis of gene expression patterns during early stages of mammalian embryonic development can provide important clues about gene function, cell-cell interaction and signaling mechanisms that guide embryonic patterning. However, dissection of the mouse embryo from the decidua shortly after implantation can be a challenging procedure, and detailed step-by-step documentation of this process is lacking.

Here we demonstrate how post-implantation (6.5 dpc) embryos are isolated by first dissecting the uterus of a pregnant mouse (detection of the vaginal plug was designated day 0.5 poist coitum) and subsequently dissecting the embryo from maternal decidua. The dissection of Reichert's membrane is described as well as the removal of the ectoplacental cone.

Isolation of postimplantation-stage embryos allows one to study gene patterning and analyze cell-lineage decision making processes during embryonic development, but proper dissection of the early embryo can be challenging. This protocol describes a method for isolating early primitive-streak-stage embryos (~6.5 days post coitum [dpc]).

تشريح 6.5 أجنة الفئران DPC

Analysis of gene expression patterns during early stages of mammalian embryonic development can provide important clues about gene function, cell-cell ...

Derivation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells from Murine Embryonic Stem Cells

A stem cell is defined as a cell with the capacity to both self-renew and generate multiple differentiated progeny.  Embryonic stem cells (ESC) are derived from the blastocyst of the early embryo and are pluripotent in differentiative ability.  Their vast differentiative potential has made them the focus of much research centered on deducing how to coax them to generate clinically useful cell types.  The successful derivation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) from mouse ESC has recently been accomplished and can be visualized in this video protocol.  HSC, arguably the most clinically exploited cell population, are used to treat a myriad of hematopoietic malignancies and disorders.  However, many patients that might benefit from HSC therapy lack access to suitable donors.  ESC could provide an alternative source of HSC for these patients.  The following protocol establishes a baseline from which ESC-HSC can be studied and inform efforts to isolate HSC from human ESC.  In this protocol, ESC are differentiated as embryoid bodies (EBs) for 6 days in commercially available serum pre-screened for optimal hematopoietic differentiation.  EBs are then dissociated and infected with retroviral HoxB4.  Infected EB-derived cells are plated on OP9 stroma, a bone marrow stromal cell line derived from the calvaria of  M-CSF-/- mice, and co-cultured in the presence of hematopoiesis promoting cytokines for ten days.  During this co-culture, the infected cells expand greatly, resulting in the generation a heterogeneous pool of 100s of millions of cells.  These cells can then be used to rescue and reconstitute lethally irradiated mice.

This protocol details the derivation of transplantable hematopoietic stem cells from mouse embryonic stem cells (ESC) and their subsequent injection into lethally irradiated recipient mice. Briefly, ESC are differentiated as embryoid bodies, which are then infected with retroviral HoxB4 and co-cultured with OP9 stromal cells and hematopoietic cytokines.

اشتقاق خلايا الجذعية المكونة للدم من الفئران خلايا الجذعية الجنينية

A stem cell is defined as a cell with the capacity to both self-renew and generate multiple differentiated progeny.  Embryonic stem cells (ESC) are ...

Derivation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells by Immunosurgery

The ability of human embryonic stem cells to self-renew and differentiate into all cell types of 
the body suggests that they hold great promise for both medical applications and as a research 
tool for addressing fundamental questions in development and disease. Here, we provide a 
concise, step-by-step protocol for the derivation of human embryonic stem cells from embryos 
by immunosurgical isolation of the inner cell mass. 


The ability of human embryonic stem cells to self-renew and differentiate into all cell types of 
the body suggests that they hold great promise for both medical applications and as a research 
tool for addressing fundamental questions in development and disease. Here, we provide a 
concise, step-by-step protocol for the derivation of human embryonic stem cells from embryos 
by immunosurgical isolation of the inner cell mass.

اشتقاق الخلايا الجذعية الجنينية البشرية التي Immunosurgery

The ability of human embryonic stem cells to self-renew and differentiate into all cell types of 
the body suggests that they hold great promise for both ...

Culture and Maintenance of Human Embryonic Stem Cells  

Human embryonic stem (hES) cells must be monitored and cared for in order to maintain healthy, undifferentiated cultures. At minimum, the cultures must be  fed  every day by performing a complete medium change to replenish lost nutrients and to keep the cultures free of unwanted differentiation factors. Although a small amount of differentiation is normal and expected in stem cell cultures, the culture should be routinely cleaned up by manually removing, or "picking" differentiated areas. Identifying and removing excess differentiation from hES cell cultures are essential techniques in the maintenance of a healthy population of cells.

Culture and Maintenance of Human Embryonic Stem Cells

This protocol demonstrates how to maintain healthy, undifferentiated human embryonic stem (ES) cells.

الثقافة والمحافظة على الخلايا الجذعية الجنينية البشرية

Human embryonic stem (hES) cells must be monitored and cared for in order to maintain healthy, undifferentiated cultures. At minimum, the cultures must be ...

Freezing and Thawing Human Embryonic Stem Cells

Since James Thomson et al developed a technique in 1998 to isolate and grow hES in culture, freezing cells for later use and thawing and expanding cells from a frozen stock have become important procedures performed in routine hES cell culture. Since hES cells are very sensitive to the stresses of freezing and thawing, special care must taken. Here we demonstrate the proper technique for rapidly thawing hES cells from liquid nitrogen stocks, plating them on mouse embryonic feeder cells, and slowly freezing them for long-term storage.

Since James Thomson et al developed a technique in 1998 to isolate and grow hES in culture, freezing cells for later use and thawing and expanding cells from a frozen stock have become important procedures performed in routine hES cell culture. Since hES cells are very sensitive to the stresses of freezing and thawing, special care must taken. Here we demonstrate the proper technique for rapidly thawing hES cells from liquid nitrogen stocks, plating them on mouse embryonic feeder cells, and slowly freezing them for long-term storage.

تجميد والذوبان الخلايا الجذعية الجنينية البشرية

Since James Thomson et al developed a technique in 1998 to isolate and grow hES in culture, freezing cells for later use and thawing and expanding cells ...

Preparation of embryos for Electron Microscopy of the Drosophila embryonic heart tube

The morphogenesis of the Drosophila embryonic heart tube has emerged as a valuable model system for studying cell migration, cell-cell adhesion and cell shape changes during embryonic development. One of the challenges faced in studying this structure is that the lumen of the heart tube, as well as the membrane features that are crucial to heart tube formation, are difficult to visualize in whole mount embryos, due to the small size of the heart tube and intra-lumenal space relative to the embryo. The use of transmission electron microscopy allows for higher magnification of these structures and gives the advantage of examining the embryos in cross section, which easily reveals the size and shape of the lumen. In this video, we detail the process for reliable fixation, embedding, and sectioning of late stage Drosophila embryos in order to visualize the heart tube lumen as well as important cellular structures including cell-cell junctions and the basement membrane.

Preparation of embryos for Electron Microscopy of the Drosophila embryonic heart tube

We describe a process for fixation, embedding, sectioning, and imaging of late stage Drosophila embryos for Trasmission Electron Microscopy of the embryonic heart tube. This technique allows for the visualization of the heart tube lumen as well as the basement membrane, which lines the lumen of the heart.

إعداد الأجنة المجهري للإلكترون من ذبابة الفاكهة أنبوب القلب الجنينية

The morphogenesis of the Drosophila  embryonic heart tube has emerged as a valuable model system for studying cell migration, cell-cell adhesion and cell ...

Isolation and Derivation of Mouse Embryonic Germinal Cells

The ability of embryonic germinal cells (EG) to differentiate into primordial germinal cells (PGCs) and later into gametes during early developmental stages is a perfect model to address our hypothesis about cancer and infertility. This protocol shows how to isolate primordial germinal cells from developing gonads in 10.5-11.5 days post coitum (dpc) mouse embryos.  Developing gonadal ridges from mouse embryos (C57BL6J) were dissociated by mechanical disruption with collagenase, then plated in a mouse embryo fibroblast feeder layer (MEF-CF1) that was previously mitotically inactivated with mitomycin C in the presence of knockout media and supplemented with Leukemia Inhibitor Factor (LIF), basic Fibroblast Growth Factor (bFGF), and Stem Cell Factor (SCF).  Using these optimized methods for PCG identification, isolation, and establishment of culture conditions permits long term cultures of EG cells for more than 40 days.  The embryonic germinal cell lines showed embryonic phenotype and expression of common used markers of the pluripotent state.  Isolation and derivation of germinal cells in culture provide a tool to understand their development in vitro and offer the opportunity to monitor cumulative damage at genetic and epigenetic levels after exposure to oxidative stress.

The ability of embryonic germinal cells to differentiate into primordial germinal cells during early development stages is a perfect model to address our hypothesis about cancer and infertility. This protocol shows how to isolate primordial germinal cells from developing gonads in 10.5-11.5 days post coitum mouse embryos.

العزلة واشتقاق خلايا الفأر الجنينية بيرشوت

The ability of embryonic germinal cells (EG) to differentiate into primordial germinal cells (PGCs) and later into gametes during early developmental ...

Video Bioinformatics Analysis of Human Embryonic Stem Cell Colony Growth

Because video data are complex and are comprised of many images, mining information from video material is difficult to do without the aid of computer software.  Video bioinformatics is a powerful quantitative approach for extracting spatio-temporal data from video images using computer software to perform dating mining and analysis. In this article, we introduce a video bioinformatics method for quantifying the growth of human embryonic stem cells (hESC) by analyzing time-lapse videos collected in a Nikon BioStation CT incubator equipped with a camera for video imaging. In our experiments, hESC colonies that were attached to Matrigel were filmed for 48 hours in the BioStation CT.  To determine the rate of growth of these colonies, recipes were developed using CL-Quant software which enables users to extract various types of data from video images.  To accurately evaluate colony growth, three recipes were created. The first segmented the image into the colony and background, the second enhanced the image to define colonies throughout the video sequence accurately, and the third measured the number of pixels in the colony over time.  The three recipes were run in sequence on video data collected in a BioStation CT to analyze the rate of growth of individual hESC colonies over 48 hours. To verify the truthfulness of the CL-Quant recipes, the same data were analyzed manually using Adobe Photoshop software. When the data obtained using the CL-Quant recipes and Photoshop were compared, results were virtually identical, indicating the CL-Quant recipes were truthful. The method described here could be applied to any video data to measure growth rates of hESC or other cells that grow in colonies. In addition, other video bioinformatics recipes can be developed in the future for other cell processes such as migration, apoptosis, and cell adhesion.  

Video bioinformatics is the automated processing, analysis, understanding, and data mining of biological spatio-temporal data extracted from microscopic videos. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate a method for measuring human embryonic stem cell colony growth using a video bioinformatics method.

الفيديو المعلوماتية الحيوية تحليل النمو البشري الخلية الجذعية الجنينية كولوني

Because video data are complex and are comprised of many images, mining information from video material is difficult to do without the aid of computer ...

Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells into Oligodendrocyte Precursors

Oligodendrocytes are the myelinating cells of the central nervous system. For regenerative cell therapy in demyelinating diseases, there is significant interest in deriving a pure population of lineage-committed oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) for transplantation. OPCs are characterized by the activity of the transcription factor Olig2 and surface expression of a proteoglycan NG2. Using the GFP-Olig2 (G-Olig2) mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC) reporter line, we optimized conditions for the differentiation of mESCs into GFP+Olig2+NG2+ OPCs. In our protocol, we first describe the generation of embryoid bodies (EBs) from mESCs. Second, we describe treatment of mESC-derived EBs with small molecules: (1) retinoic acid (RA) and (2) a sonic hedgehog (Shh) agonist purmorphamine (Pur) under defined culture conditions to direct EB differentiation into the oligodendroglial lineage. By this approach, OPCs can be obtained with high efficiency (&gt;80%) in a time period of 30 days. Cells derived from mESCs in this protocol are phenotypically similar to OPCs derived from primary tissue culture. The mESC-derived OPCs do not show the spiking property described for a subpopulation of brain OPCs in situ. To study this electrophysiological property, we describe the generation of spiking mESC-derived OPCs by ectopically expressing NaV1.2 subunit. The spiking and nonspiking cells obtained from this protocol will help advance functional studies on the two subpopulations of OPCs.

We describe a small molecule-based protocol for differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells into oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). This protocol generates Olig2+NG2+ OPCs with high efficiency by 30 days of differentiation. We also describe a method to generate "spiking" OPCs that can fire action potentials.

تمايز الخلايا الجذعية الجنينية في السلائف Oligodendrocyte

Oligodendrocytes are the myelinating cells of the central nervous system. For regenerative cell therapy in demyelinating diseases, there is significant ...

Fate Mapping of Human Embryonic Stem Cells by Teratoma Formation

Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) have an unlimited capacity for self-renewal, and the ability to differentiate into cells derived from all three embryonic germ layers (1). Directed differentiation of hESCs into specific cell types has generated much interest in the field of regenerative medicine (e.g., (2-5)), and methods for determining the in vivo fate of selected or manipulated hESCs are essential to this endeavor. We have adapted a highly efficient teratoma formation assay for this purpose. A small number of specifically selected hESCs is mixed with undifferentiated wild type hESCs and Phaseolus vulgaris lectin to form a cell pellet. This is grafted beneath the kidney capsule in an immunodeficient mouse. As few as 2.5 x 105 hESCs are needed to form a 16 cm3 teratoma within 8-12 weeks. The fate of the originally selected hESCs can then be determined by immunohistochemistry. This method provides a valuable tool for characterizing tissue-specific reagents for cell-based therapy.

Directed differentiation of hESCs into specific cells has generated much interest in regenerative medicine. We provide a concise, step-by-step protocol for determining the in vivo fate of selected hESCs that provides a valuable tool for characterizing tissue-specific reagents for cell-based therapy.