We thank members of the Mariani lab for help editing the protocol. This work was funded by a CIRM Postdoctoral Training Grant (JLF), a CIRM BRIDGES internship (TZTT), the Robert E. and May R. Wright Foundation (FVM), and the University of Southern California (FVM).

1. LysoTracker Staining of Mouse Embryos
 <ol>
 <li>Generate mouse embryos by placing young (5-6 week old) females into male stud cages. Monitor on following mornings for the appearance of a vaginal plug indicating that mating has occurred. If the female is pregnant, noon on that day is called 0.5 dpc (days post coitus). The procedure presented here is ideal for embryos 7-13 dpc.</li>
 <li>On the embryonic day of interest, euthanize the female according to approved protocols and remove the uterus. Remove the...

<ol>
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D., Weil, M., Raff, M. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Programmed+cell+death+in+animal+development.">Programmed cell death in animal development.</a> Cell. 88, 347-354 (1997).</li><li>Fuchs, Y., Steller, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Programmed+cell+death+in+animal+development+and+disease.">Programmed cell death in animal development and disease.</a> Cell. 147, 742-758 (2011).</li><li>Qu, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Autophagy+gene-dependent+clearance+of+apoptotic+cells+during+embryonic+development.">Autophagy gene-dependent clearance of apoptotic cells during embryonic development.</a> Cell. 128, 931-946 (2007).</li><li>Grimsley, C., Ravichandran, K. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cues+for+apoptotic+cell+engulfment:+eat-me,+don't+eat-me+and+come-get-me+signals.">Cues for apoptotic cell engulfment: eat-me, don't eat-me and come-get-me signals.</a> Trends Cell Biol. 13, 648-656 (2003).</li><li>Lauber, K., Blumenthal, S. G., Waibel, M., Wesselborg, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clearance+of+apoptotic+cells:+getting+rid+of+the+corpses.">Clearance of apoptotic cells: getting rid of the corpses.</a> Mol. Cell. 14, 277-287 (2004).</li><li>Haller, T., Dietl, P., Deetjen, P., Volkl, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+lysosomal+compartment+as+intracellular+calcium+store+in+MDCK+cells:+a+possible+involvement+in+InsP3-mediated+Ca2++release.">The lysosomal compartment as intracellular calcium store in MDCK cells: a possible involvement in InsP3-mediated Ca2+ release.</a> Cell Calcium. 19, 157-165 (1996).</li><li>Zucker, R. M., Hunter, S., Rogers, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Confocal+laser+scanning+microscopy+of+apoptosis+in+organogenesis-stage+mouse+embryos.">Confocal laser scanning microscopy of apoptosis in organogenesis-stage mouse embryos.</a> Cytometry. 33, 348-354 (1998).</li><li>Zucker, R. M., Hunter, E. S., Rogers, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Apoptosis+and+morphology+in+mouse+embryos+by+confocal+laser+scanning+microscopy.">Apoptosis and morphology in mouse embryos by confocal laser scanning microscopy.</a> Methods. 18, 473-480 (1999).</li><li>Gavrieli, Y., Sherman, Y., Ben-Sasson, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+programmed+cell+death+in+situ+via+specific+labeling+of+nuclear+DNA+fragmentation.">Identification of programmed cell death in situ via specific labeling of nuclear DNA fragmentation.</a> J. Cell Biol. 119, 493-501 (1992).</li><li>Foty, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Simple+Hanging+Drop+Cell+Culture+Protocol+for+Generation+of+3D+Spheroids.">A Simple Hanging Drop Cell Culture Protocol for Generation of 3D Spheroids.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (51), e2720 (2011).</li><li>Chiang, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Manifestation+of+the+limb+prepattern:+limb+development+in+the+absence+of+sonic+hedgehog+function.">Manifestation of the limb prepattern: limb development in the absence of sonic hedgehog function.</a> Dev. Biol. 236, 421-435 (2001).</li><li>Ishibashi, M., McMahon, A. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+sonic+hedgehog-dependent+signaling+relay+regulates+growth+of+diencephalic+and+mesencephalic+primordia+in+the+early+mouse+embryo.">A sonic hedgehog-dependent signaling relay regulates growth of diencephalic and mesencephalic primordia in the early mouse embryo.</a> Development. 129, 4807-4819 (2002).</li><li>Schuldiner, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Induced+neuronal+differentiation+of+human+embryonic+stem+cells.">Induced neuronal differentiation of human embryonic stem cells.</a> Brain Res. 913, 201-205 (2001).</li><li>Bain, G., Kitchens, D., Yao, M., Huettner, J. E., Gottlieb, D. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Embryonic+stem+cells+express+neuronal+properties+in+vitro.">Embryonic stem cells express neuronal properties in vitro.</a> Dev. Biol. 168, 342-357 (1995).</li><li>Dumont, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hydrogen+peroxide-induced+apoptosis+is+CD95-independent,+requires+the+release+of+mitochondria-derived+reactive+oxygen+species+and+the+activation+of+NF-kappaB.">Hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis is CD95-independent, requires the release of mitochondria-derived reactive oxygen species and the activation of NF-kappaB.</a> Oncogene. 18, 747-757 (1999).</li><li>Hampton, M. B., Orrenius, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dual+regulation+of+caspase+activity+by+hydrogen+peroxide:+implications+for+apoptosis.">Dual regulation of caspase activity by hydrogen peroxide: implications for apoptosis.</a> FEBS Lett. 414, 552-556 (1997).</li><li>Wood, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mesenchymal+cells+engulf+and+clear+apoptotic+footplate+cells+in+macrophageless+PU.1+null+mouse+embryos.">Mesenchymal cells engulf and clear apoptotic footplate cells in macrophageless PU.1 null mouse embryos.</a> Development. 127, 5245-5252 (2000).</li><li>Scott, R. C., Juhasz, G., Neufeld, T. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Direct+induction+of+autophagy+by+Atg1+inhibits+cell+growth+and+induces+apoptotic+cell+death.">Direct induction of autophagy by Atg1 inhibits cell growth and induces apoptotic cell death.</a> Curr. Biol. 17, 1-11 (2007).</li><li>Rodriguez-Enriquez, S., Kim, I., Currin, R. T., Lemasters, J. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tracker+dyes+to+probe+mitochondrial+autophagy+(mitophagy)+in+rat+hepatocytes.">Tracker dyes to probe mitochondrial autophagy (mitophagy) in rat hepatocytes.</a> Autophagy. 2, 39-46 (2006).</li><li>Bampton, E. T., Goemans, C. G., Niranjan, D., Mizushima, N., Tolkovsky, A. 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Trans. 36, 813-817 (2008).</li><li>Galluzzi, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Guidelines+for+the+use+and+interpretation+of+assays+for+monitoring+cell+death+in+higher+eukaryotes.">Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring cell death in higher eukaryotes.</a> Cell Death Differ. 16, 1093-1107 (2009).</li><li>Klionsky, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Guidelines+for+the+use+and+interpretation+of+assays+for+monitoring+autophagy+in+higher+eukaryotes.">Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy in higher eukaryotes.</a> Autophagy. 4, 151-175 (2008).</li></ol>

Important hallmarks of apoptosis include the detection of DNA damage with the TUNEL assay, along with the detection of caspase activity (detected with mAbs or a binding molecule such as ZVAD-fmk), the observation of cellular changes, and the presentation of phosphatidylserine (PS) on the membrane surface (detected by Annexin V binding). There are some disadvantages with each of these assays. For example, the terminal transferase used in the TUNEL assay does not penetrate beyond a few cell layers. Also Annexin V can...

<table border="1">
	<tbody>
 <tr>
 <td>Name of the reagent</td>
 <td>Company</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>Catalogue number</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>LysoTracker Red DND-99</td>
 <td>Invitrogen</td>
 <td>#L-7528</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Hanks BSS</td>
 <td>Invitrogen</td>
 <td>14025-076</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Paraformaldehyde</td>
 <td>EMD</td>
 <td>EM-PX0055-3</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Vectashield</td>
 <td>VECTOR</td>
 <td>H-1200</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>DMEM</td>
 <td>Cellgro</td>
 <td>10-013-CV</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Non-essential amino acids</td>
 <td>Cellgro</td>
 <td>25-025-CI</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Sodium pyruvate</td>
 <td>Cellgro</td>
 <td>25-000-CI</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>FBS</td>
 <td>Hyclone</td>
 <td>SH30071.02</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Pen-Strep</td>
 <td>Invitrogen</td>
 <td>15140-122</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>b-Mercaptoethanol, 50 mM </td>
 <td>Invitrogen</td>
 <td>21985-023</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>LabTek-II Chamber slides 
 (8-well)</td>
 <td>Nalge Nunc International</td>
 <td>154534</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>0.1% Gelatin</td>
 <td>Millipore</td>
 <td>ES-006-B</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Dulbecco's PBS (D-PBS) </td>
 <td>Cellgro</td>
 <td>21-031-CV</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>Solution Recipes
 4% Paraformaldehyde
 For 100 ml:
 <ol>
 <li>Mix 4 g paraformaldehyde, 90 ml H2O, and NaOH (a drop of 2N NaOH). The paraformaldehyde will not go into solution until you have added some NaOH to increase the pH.</li>
 <li>Stir and heat at 60 &deg;C until all the powder is in solution (~10-20 min). Do not overheat.</li>
 <li>Add ~10 ml 10x PBS to achieve a final volume of 100 ml.</li>
 <li>Store at -20 &deg;C in convenient (~10 ml or ~40 ml) aliquots.</li>
 </ol>
 WARNING: Paraformaldehyde in 'frill' form (compressed small pellets) is less powdery and can therefore be measured outside of a hood. However you should still wear a protective dust mask (N95 at least) during handling.
 EB Culture Media
 For 500 ml EB Media:
 <table border="1">
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td>DMEM:</td>
 <td>404.5 ml</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>FBS:</td>
 <td>75.0 ml</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>L-Glutamine:</td>
 <td>5.0 ml</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Penicillin/Streptomycin:</td>
 <td>5.0 ml</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Non-essential amino acids:</td>
 <td>5.0 ml</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Sodium pyruvate:</td>
 <td>5.0 ml</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>&beta;-Mercaptoethanol:</td>
 <td>500 &mu;l</td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table></td>
 </tr>
	 </tbody>
 </table>

use of lysotracker to detect programmed cell death in embryos and differentiating embryonic stem cells

Programmed cell death (PCD) occurs in adults to maintain normal tissue homeostasis and during embryological development to shape tissues and organs1,2,6,7. During development, toxic chemicals or genetic alterations can cause an increase in PCD or change PCD patterns resulting in developmental abnormalities and birth defects3-5. To understand the etiology of these defects, the study of embryos can be complemented with in vitro assays that use differentiating embryonic stem (ES) cells.
Apoptosis is a well-studied form of PCD that involves both intrinsic and extrinsic signaling to activate the caspase enzyme cascade. Characteristic cell changes include membrane blebbing, nuclear shrinking, and DNA fragmentation. Other forms of PCD do not involve caspase activation and may be the end-result of prolonged autophagy. Regardless of the PCD pathway, dying cells need to be removed. In adults, the immune cells perform this function, while in embryos, where the immune system has not yet developed, removal occurs by an alternative mechanism. This mechanism involves neighboring cells (called "non-professional phagocytes") taking on a phagocytic role-they recognize the 'eat me' signal on the surface of the dying cell and engulf it8-10. After engulfment, the debris is brought to the lysosome for degradation. Thus regardless of PCD mechanism, an increase in lysosomal activity can be correlated with increased cell death.
To study PCD, a simple assay to visualize lysosomes in thick tissues and multilayer differentiating cultures can be useful. LysoTracker dye is a highly soluble small molecule that is retained in acidic subcellular compartments such as the lysosome11-13. The dye is taken up by diffusion and through the circulation. Since penetration is not a hindrance, visualization of PCD in thick tissues and multi-layer cultures is possible12,13. In contrast, TUNEL (Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling) analysis14, is limited to small samples, histological sections, and monolayer cultures because the procedure requires the entry/permeability of a terminal transferase.
In contrast to Aniline blue, which diffuses and is dissolved by solvents, LysoTracker Red DND-99 is fixable, bright, and stable. Staining can be visualized with standard fluorescent or confocal microscopy in whole-mount or section using aqueous or solvent-based mounting media12,13. Here we describe protocols using this dye to look at PCD in normal and sonic hedgehog null mouse embryos. In addition, we demonstrate analysis of PCD in differentiating ES cell cultures and present a simple quantification method. In summary, LysoTracker staining can be a great complement to other methods of detecting PCD.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Use of LysoTracker to Detect Programmed Cell Death in Embryos and Differentiating Embryonic Stem Cells at JoVE.com

Use of LysoTracker to Detect Programmed Cell Death in Embryos and Differentiating Embryonic Stem Cells

We present a simple protocol to visualize regions of programmed cell death (PCD) in mouse embryos and differentiating embryonic stem (ES) cell cultures using a highly soluble dye called LysoTracker.

Programmed cell death (PCD) occurs in adults to maintain normal tissue homeostasis and during embryological development to shape tissues and ...

use-lysotracker-to-detect-programmed-cell-death-embryos

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Unit 1

Cell Death

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23.0K visualizações.  University of Southern California. Apresenta-se um protocolo simples de visualizar regiões de morte celular programada (PCD) em embriões de ratinho e de diferenciação estaminais embrionárias de culturas (ES) de células utilizando um corante altamente solúvel chamada Lyso Tracker.