אנו מודים לחברי מריאני המעבדה לעזרת עריכת הפרוטוקול. עבודה זו מומנה על ידי מענק הדרכה CIRM דוקטורים (JLF), התמחות גשרי CIRM (TZTT), רוברט ומאי ר רייט קרן (FVM), ובאוניברסיטת הדרום קליפורניה (FVM).

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סימני היכר חשובים של אפופטוזיס כוללים זיהוי של ניזק לדנ&quot;א עם assay Tunel, יחד עם זיהוי של פעילות caspase (מזוהה עם בז או מולקולה מחייבת כגון ZVAD-fmk), תצפית של שינויים תאיים, ומצגת של phosphatidylserine (PS ) על פני הקרום (זוהה על ידי Annexin V מחייב). יש כמה חסרונות בכל אחד מהמבחנים האלה. לדוגמה,...

<table border="1" style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><tbody><tr><td> שם המגיב </td><td> חברה </td><td></td><td> מספר קטלוגים </td></tr><tr><td> LysoTracker האדום DND-99 </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> # L-7528 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> הנקס BSS </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> 14025-076 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Paraformaldehyde </td><td> EMD </td><td> EM-PX0055-3 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Vectashield </td><td> וקטור </td><td> H-1200 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> DMEM </td><td> Cellgro </td><td> 10-013-CV </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> חומצות אמינו לא חיוניות </td><td> Cellgro </td><td> 25-025-CI </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> פירובט נתרן </td><td> Cellgro </td><td> 25-000-CI </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> FBS </td><td> Hyclone </td><td> SH30071.02 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> עט דלקת </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> 15140-122 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> ב-Mercaptoethanol, 50 מ&quot;מ </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> 21985-023 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> שקופיות LabTek-II הקאמריים (8-גם) </td><td> Nalge Nunc הבינלאומי </td><td> 154534 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 0.1% ג&#39;לטין </td><td> Millipore </td><td> ES-006-B </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> PBS של Dulbecco (D-PBS) </td><td> Cellgro </td><td> 21-031-CV </td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> מתכוני פתרונות 4% Paraformaldehyde עבור 100 מ&quot;ל: <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> מערבבי 4 paraformaldehyde גרם, 90 המ&quot;ל H 2 O, וNaOH (ירידה של 2N NaOH). Paraformaldehyde לא ייכנס לפתרון עד שהוספת כמה NaOH כדי להגדיל את רמת החומציות. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> מערבבים וחום ב 60 ° C עד שכל האבקה היא בפתרון (~ 10-20 דקות). לא לחמם יותר מדי. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הוסף ~ 10 המ&quot;ל PBS 10x להשיג נפח סופי של 100 מ&quot;ל. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> חנות ב -20 ° C בנוח (~ 10 מ&quot;ל או ~ 40 מ&quot;ל) aliquots. </li></ol> אזהרה: Paraformaldehyde בצורה &quot;ציצית&quot; (דחוס כדורים קטנים) היא פחות האבקה ולכן ניתן למדוד מחוץ למכסת מנוע. עם זאת אתה עדיין צריך ללבוש מסיכת אבק מגן (N95לפחות) במהלך טיפול. EB תרבות מדיה עבור 500 מ&quot;ל EB מדיה: <table border="1" style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><tbody><tr><td> DMEM: </td><td> 404.5 מ&quot;ל </td></tr><tr><td> FBS: </td><td> 75.0 מ&quot;ל </td></tr><tr><td> L-גלוטמין: </td><td> 5.0 מ&quot;ל </td></tr><tr><td> פניצילין / סטרפטומיצין: </td><td> 5.0 מ&quot;ל </td></tr><tr><td> חומצות אמינו לא חיוניות: </td><td> 5.0 מ&quot;ל </td></tr><tr><td> פירובט נתרן: </td><td> 5.0 מ&quot;ל </td></tr><tr><td> β-Mercaptoethanol: </td><td> 500μl </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table>

use of lysotracker to detect programmed cell death in embryos and differentiating embryonic stem cells

מות תאים מתוכן (PCD) מתרחש אצל מבוגרים כדי לשמור על הומאוסטזיס רקמה נורמלית ובמהלך ההתפתחות עוברית לעצב רקמות ואיברים 1,2,6,7. במהלך פיתוח, כימיקלים רעילים או שינויים גנטיים יכולים לגרום לעלייה בPCD או לשנות דפוסי PCD כתוצאה מפרעות התפתחותיות ומומים מולדים 3-5. כדי להבין את האטיולוגיה של ליקויים אלה, המחקר של עוברים ניתן כהשלמה עם במבחני חוץ גופייה המשתמשים במיון תאי גזע עובריים (ES). אפופטוזיס הוא צורה נחקרה היטב של PCD שכרוך הוא פנימי וחיצוני כדי להפעיל איתות מפל האנזים caspase. שינויים בתא אופייני כוללים blebbing קרום, התכווצות גרעינית, ופיצול ה-DNA. צורות אחרות של PCD אינן כרוכות בהפעלת caspase ועלולה להיות סוף התוצאה של autophagy הממושך. ללא קשר למסלול PCD, תאים מתים שיהיה צורך להסירו. אצל מבוגרים, התאים החיסוניים ביצועיםORM פונקציה זו, ואילו בעוברים, שבו המערכת החיסונית אינה מפותחת עדיין, ההסרה מתרחשת על ידי מנגנון חלופי. מנגנון זה כרוך תאים שכנים (נקרא &quot;phagocytes לא מקצועי&quot;) לוקחים על phagocytic תפקידים שהם מכירים &quot;לאכול אותי&quot; אות על פני השטח של התא ולבלוע אותו 8-10 הגוססים. לאחר בליעה, הפסולת מובאת לlysosome לשפלה. לכן, ללא קשר למנגנון PCD, גידול בפעילות lysosomal יכול להיות מתואם עם מות תא מוגבר. ללמוד PCD, assay פשוט לדמיין lysosomes ברקמות עבות ותרבויות מבדילות multilayer יכול להיות שימושי. צבע LysoTracker הוא מולקולה קטנה מסיסה מאוד שנשמרה בתאי subcellular חומציים כגון 11-13 lysosome. הצבע הוא נלקח על ידי דיפוזיה ודרך מחזור הדם. מאז חדירה היא לא מכשול, ויזואליזציה של ללמוד במכללת פרינסטון ברקמות עבות ותרבויות רבות שכבתיות הוא אפשרי 12,13 </sup&gt;. לעומת זאת, ניתוח 14 Tunel (תיוג סוף transferase dUTP כינוי המסוף deoxynucleotidyl), מוגבל לדגימות קטנות, חתכים ההיסטולוגיים ותרבויות monolayer כי ההליך דורש כניסה / החדירות של מסוף transferase. בניגוד לאנילין כחול, שמפזר ונמס בממסים, LysoTracker האדום DND-99 ניתן לתקן, בהיר ויציב. כתמים יכולים להיות דמיינו עם מיקרוסקופ פלואורסצנטי או confocal הסטנדרטי בכל הר-או סעיף באמצעות תקשורת מימית או ממס המבוסס על הרכבת 12,13. כאן אנו מתארים פרוטוקולים באמצעות צבע זה להסתכל על ללמוד במכללת פרינסטון בעוברי עכברי null קיפוד קולי הרגיל ו. בנוסף, אנו מדגימים ניתוח של PCD במבדל תרבויות תאי גזע עוברי, ולהציג שיטת כימות פשוט. לסיכום, כתמי LysoTracker יכולים להיות רב כדי להשלים שיטות אחרות לאיתור PCD.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Use of LysoTracker to Detect Programmed Cell Death in Embryos and Differentiating Embryonic Stem Cells at JoVE.com

Use of LysoTracker to Detect Programmed Cell Death in Embryos and Differentiating Embryonic Stem Cells

אנו מציגים פרוטוקול פשוט לדמיין אזורים של מות תאים מתוכן (PCD) בעוברי עכברים ומבדילים (ES) תרבויות תאי גזע עובריות באמצעות צבע מסיס מאוד בשם LysoTracker.

שימוש בLysoTracker לזהות מות תאים מתוכנים בעוברים ומיון תאי גזע עובריים

Programmed cell death (PCD) occurs in adults to maintain normal tissue homeostasis and during embryological development to shape tissues and ...

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Cell Death

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23.1K Views.  University of Southern California. אנו מציגים פרוטוקול פשוט לדמיין אזורים של מות תאים מתוכן (PCD) בעוברי עכברים ומבדילים (ES) תרבויות תאי גזע עובריות באמצעות צבע מסיס מאוד בשם LysoTracker.

Video: Use of LysoTracker to Detect Programmed Cell Death in Embryos and Differentiating Embryonic Stem Cells

Dissection of 6.5 dpc Mouse Embryos

Analysis of gene expression patterns during early stages of mammalian embryonic development can provide important clues about gene function, cell-cell interaction and signaling mechanisms that guide embryonic patterning. However, dissection of the mouse embryo from the decidua shortly after implantation can be a challenging procedure, and detailed step-by-step documentation of this process is lacking.

Here we demonstrate how post-implantation (6.5 dpc) embryos are isolated by first dissecting the uterus of a pregnant mouse (detection of the vaginal plug was designated day 0.5 poist coitum) and subsequently dissecting the embryo from maternal decidua. The dissection of Reichert's membrane is described as well as the removal of the ectoplacental cone.

Isolation of postimplantation-stage embryos allows one to study gene patterning and analyze cell-lineage decision making processes during embryonic development, but proper dissection of the early embryo can be challenging. This protocol describes a method for isolating early primitive-streak-stage embryos (~6.5 days post coitum [dpc]).

Dissection של 6.5 עוברים DPC עכבר

Analysis of gene expression patterns during early stages of mammalian embryonic development can provide important clues about gene function, cell-cell ...

Derivation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells from Murine Embryonic Stem Cells

A stem cell is defined as a cell with the capacity to both self-renew and generate multiple differentiated progeny.  Embryonic stem cells (ESC) are derived from the blastocyst of the early embryo and are pluripotent in differentiative ability.  Their vast differentiative potential has made them the focus of much research centered on deducing how to coax them to generate clinically useful cell types.  The successful derivation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) from mouse ESC has recently been accomplished and can be visualized in this video protocol.  HSC, arguably the most clinically exploited cell population, are used to treat a myriad of hematopoietic malignancies and disorders.  However, many patients that might benefit from HSC therapy lack access to suitable donors.  ESC could provide an alternative source of HSC for these patients.  The following protocol establishes a baseline from which ESC-HSC can be studied and inform efforts to isolate HSC from human ESC.  In this protocol, ESC are differentiated as embryoid bodies (EBs) for 6 days in commercially available serum pre-screened for optimal hematopoietic differentiation.  EBs are then dissociated and infected with retroviral HoxB4.  Infected EB-derived cells are plated on OP9 stroma, a bone marrow stromal cell line derived from the calvaria of  M-CSF-/- mice, and co-cultured in the presence of hematopoiesis promoting cytokines for ten days.  During this co-culture, the infected cells expand greatly, resulting in the generation a heterogeneous pool of 100s of millions of cells.  These cells can then be used to rescue and reconstitute lethally irradiated mice.

This protocol details the derivation of transplantable hematopoietic stem cells from mouse embryonic stem cells (ESC) and their subsequent injection into lethally irradiated recipient mice. Briefly, ESC are differentiated as embryoid bodies, which are then infected with retroviral HoxB4 and co-cultured with OP9 stromal cells and hematopoietic cytokines.

גזירת בתאי גזע hematopoietic מ Murine בתאי גזע עובריים

A stem cell is defined as a cell with the capacity to both self-renew and generate multiple differentiated progeny.  Embryonic stem cells (ESC) are ...

Derivation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells by Immunosurgery

The ability of human embryonic stem cells to self-renew and differentiate into all cell types of 
the body suggests that they hold great promise for both medical applications and as a research 
tool for addressing fundamental questions in development and disease. Here, we provide a 
concise, step-by-step protocol for the derivation of human embryonic stem cells from embryos 
by immunosurgical isolation of the inner cell mass. 


The ability of human embryonic stem cells to self-renew and differentiate into all cell types of 
the body suggests that they hold great promise for both medical applications and as a research 
tool for addressing fundamental questions in development and disease. Here, we provide a 
concise, step-by-step protocol for the derivation of human embryonic stem cells from embryos 
by immunosurgical isolation of the inner cell mass.

גזירת בתאי גזע עובריים אנושיים על ידי Immunosurgery

The ability of human embryonic stem cells to self-renew and differentiate into all cell types of 
the body suggests that they hold great promise for both ...

Culture and Maintenance of Human Embryonic Stem Cells  

Human embryonic stem (hES) cells must be monitored and cared for in order to maintain healthy, undifferentiated cultures. At minimum, the cultures must be  fed  every day by performing a complete medium change to replenish lost nutrients and to keep the cultures free of unwanted differentiation factors. Although a small amount of differentiation is normal and expected in stem cell cultures, the culture should be routinely cleaned up by manually removing, or "picking" differentiated areas. Identifying and removing excess differentiation from hES cell cultures are essential techniques in the maintenance of a healthy population of cells.

Culture and Maintenance of Human Embryonic Stem Cells

This protocol demonstrates how to maintain healthy, undifferentiated human embryonic stem (ES) cells.

תרבות ותחזוקה של בתאי גזע עובריים אנושיים

Human embryonic stem (hES) cells must be monitored and cared for in order to maintain healthy, undifferentiated cultures. At minimum, the cultures must be ...

Freezing and Thawing Human Embryonic Stem Cells

Since James Thomson et al developed a technique in 1998 to isolate and grow hES in culture, freezing cells for later use and thawing and expanding cells from a frozen stock have become important procedures performed in routine hES cell culture. Since hES cells are very sensitive to the stresses of freezing and thawing, special care must taken. Here we demonstrate the proper technique for rapidly thawing hES cells from liquid nitrogen stocks, plating them on mouse embryonic feeder cells, and slowly freezing them for long-term storage.

Since James Thomson et al developed a technique in 1998 to isolate and grow hES in culture, freezing cells for later use and thawing and expanding cells from a frozen stock have become important procedures performed in routine hES cell culture. Since hES cells are very sensitive to the stresses of freezing and thawing, special care must taken. Here we demonstrate the proper technique for rapidly thawing hES cells from liquid nitrogen stocks, plating them on mouse embryonic feeder cells, and slowly freezing them for long-term storage.

מקפיא הפשרה בתאי גזע עובריים אנושיים

Since James Thomson et al developed a technique in 1998 to isolate and grow hES in culture, freezing cells for later use and thawing and expanding cells ...

Preparation of embryos for Electron Microscopy of the Drosophila embryonic heart tube

The morphogenesis of the Drosophila embryonic heart tube has emerged as a valuable model system for studying cell migration, cell-cell adhesion and cell shape changes during embryonic development. One of the challenges faced in studying this structure is that the lumen of the heart tube, as well as the membrane features that are crucial to heart tube formation, are difficult to visualize in whole mount embryos, due to the small size of the heart tube and intra-lumenal space relative to the embryo. The use of transmission electron microscopy allows for higher magnification of these structures and gives the advantage of examining the embryos in cross section, which easily reveals the size and shape of the lumen. In this video, we detail the process for reliable fixation, embedding, and sectioning of late stage Drosophila embryos in order to visualize the heart tube lumen as well as important cellular structures including cell-cell junctions and the basement membrane.

Preparation of embryos for Electron Microscopy of the Drosophila embryonic heart tube

We describe a process for fixation, embedding, sectioning, and imaging of late stage Drosophila embryos for Trasmission Electron Microscopy of the embryonic heart tube. This technique allows for the visualization of the heart tube lumen as well as the basement membrane, which lines the lumen of the heart.

הכנת עוברים אלקטרונים מיקרוסקופית של תסיסנית לב עוברי צינור

The morphogenesis of the Drosophila  embryonic heart tube has emerged as a valuable model system for studying cell migration, cell-cell adhesion and cell ...

Isolation and Derivation of Mouse Embryonic Germinal Cells

The ability of embryonic germinal cells (EG) to differentiate into primordial germinal cells (PGCs) and later into gametes during early developmental stages is a perfect model to address our hypothesis about cancer and infertility. This protocol shows how to isolate primordial germinal cells from developing gonads in 10.5-11.5 days post coitum (dpc) mouse embryos.  Developing gonadal ridges from mouse embryos (C57BL6J) were dissociated by mechanical disruption with collagenase, then plated in a mouse embryo fibroblast feeder layer (MEF-CF1) that was previously mitotically inactivated with mitomycin C in the presence of knockout media and supplemented with Leukemia Inhibitor Factor (LIF), basic Fibroblast Growth Factor (bFGF), and Stem Cell Factor (SCF).  Using these optimized methods for PCG identification, isolation, and establishment of culture conditions permits long term cultures of EG cells for more than 40 days.  The embryonic germinal cell lines showed embryonic phenotype and expression of common used markers of the pluripotent state.  Isolation and derivation of germinal cells in culture provide a tool to understand their development in vitro and offer the opportunity to monitor cumulative damage at genetic and epigenetic levels after exposure to oxidative stress.

The ability of embryonic germinal cells to differentiate into primordial germinal cells during early development stages is a perfect model to address our hypothesis about cancer and infertility. This protocol shows how to isolate primordial germinal cells from developing gonads in 10.5-11.5 days post coitum mouse embryos.

בידוד גזירת תאים עובריים בעכבר ז&#39;רמינל

The ability of embryonic germinal cells (EG) to differentiate into primordial germinal cells (PGCs) and later into gametes during early developmental ...

Video Bioinformatics Analysis of Human Embryonic Stem Cell Colony Growth

Because video data are complex and are comprised of many images, mining information from video material is difficult to do without the aid of computer software.  Video bioinformatics is a powerful quantitative approach for extracting spatio-temporal data from video images using computer software to perform dating mining and analysis. In this article, we introduce a video bioinformatics method for quantifying the growth of human embryonic stem cells (hESC) by analyzing time-lapse videos collected in a Nikon BioStation CT incubator equipped with a camera for video imaging. In our experiments, hESC colonies that were attached to Matrigel were filmed for 48 hours in the BioStation CT.  To determine the rate of growth of these colonies, recipes were developed using CL-Quant software which enables users to extract various types of data from video images.  To accurately evaluate colony growth, three recipes were created. The first segmented the image into the colony and background, the second enhanced the image to define colonies throughout the video sequence accurately, and the third measured the number of pixels in the colony over time.  The three recipes were run in sequence on video data collected in a BioStation CT to analyze the rate of growth of individual hESC colonies over 48 hours. To verify the truthfulness of the CL-Quant recipes, the same data were analyzed manually using Adobe Photoshop software. When the data obtained using the CL-Quant recipes and Photoshop were compared, results were virtually identical, indicating the CL-Quant recipes were truthful. The method described here could be applied to any video data to measure growth rates of hESC or other cells that grow in colonies. In addition, other video bioinformatics recipes can be developed in the future for other cell processes such as migration, apoptosis, and cell adhesion.  

Video bioinformatics is the automated processing, analysis, understanding, and data mining of biological spatio-temporal data extracted from microscopic videos. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate a method for measuring human embryonic stem cell colony growth using a video bioinformatics method.

וידאו ביואינפורמטיקה ניתוח גדילה אנושי בתאי גזע עובריים קולוני

Because video data are complex and are comprised of many images, mining information from video material is difficult to do without the aid of computer ...

Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells into Oligodendrocyte Precursors

Oligodendrocytes are the myelinating cells of the central nervous system. For regenerative cell therapy in demyelinating diseases, there is significant interest in deriving a pure population of lineage-committed oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) for transplantation. OPCs are characterized by the activity of the transcription factor Olig2 and surface expression of a proteoglycan NG2. Using the GFP-Olig2 (G-Olig2) mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC) reporter line, we optimized conditions for the differentiation of mESCs into GFP+Olig2+NG2+ OPCs. In our protocol, we first describe the generation of embryoid bodies (EBs) from mESCs. Second, we describe treatment of mESC-derived EBs with small molecules: (1) retinoic acid (RA) and (2) a sonic hedgehog (Shh) agonist purmorphamine (Pur) under defined culture conditions to direct EB differentiation into the oligodendroglial lineage. By this approach, OPCs can be obtained with high efficiency (&gt;80%) in a time period of 30 days. Cells derived from mESCs in this protocol are phenotypically similar to OPCs derived from primary tissue culture. The mESC-derived OPCs do not show the spiking property described for a subpopulation of brain OPCs in situ. To study this electrophysiological property, we describe the generation of spiking mESC-derived OPCs by ectopically expressing NaV1.2 subunit. The spiking and nonspiking cells obtained from this protocol will help advance functional studies on the two subpopulations of OPCs.

We describe a small molecule-based protocol for differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells into oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). This protocol generates Olig2+NG2+ OPCs with high efficiency by 30 days of differentiation. We also describe a method to generate "spiking" OPCs that can fire action potentials.

התמיינות של תאים עובריים לתוך מבשרי Oligodendrocyte

Oligodendrocytes are the myelinating cells of the central nervous system. For regenerative cell therapy in demyelinating diseases, there is significant ...

Fate Mapping of Human Embryonic Stem Cells by Teratoma Formation

Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) have an unlimited capacity for self-renewal, and the ability to differentiate into cells derived from all three embryonic germ layers (1). Directed differentiation of hESCs into specific cell types has generated much interest in the field of regenerative medicine (e.g., (2-5)), and methods for determining the in vivo fate of selected or manipulated hESCs are essential to this endeavor. We have adapted a highly efficient teratoma formation assay for this purpose. A small number of specifically selected hESCs is mixed with undifferentiated wild type hESCs and Phaseolus vulgaris lectin to form a cell pellet. This is grafted beneath the kidney capsule in an immunodeficient mouse. As few as 2.5 x 105 hESCs are needed to form a 16 cm3 teratoma within 8-12 weeks. The fate of the originally selected hESCs can then be determined by immunohistochemistry. This method provides a valuable tool for characterizing tissue-specific reagents for cell-based therapy.

Directed differentiation of hESCs into specific cells has generated much interest in regenerative medicine. We provide a concise, step-by-step protocol for determining the in vivo fate of selected hESCs that provides a valuable tool for characterizing tissue-specific reagents for cell-based therapy.