وأيد هذا العمل من قبل المعاهد الوطنية للصحة منح HL108801 P01، R01-HL60234، R01-HL55330، R01-HL079904، إلى AMK تشوي. تلقى S. ريتر الدعم الراتب من معهد أبحاث الجهاز التنفسي لوفليس.

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E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=TGF-{beta}1+protects+against+mesangial+cell+apoptosis+via+induction+of+autophagy.">TGF-{beta}1 protects against mesangial cell apoptosis via induction of autophagy.</a> J Biol Chem. 285, 37909-37919 (2010).</li><li>Baker, C. C., Chaudry, I. H., Gaines, H. O., Baue, A. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+factors+affecting+mortality+rate+after+sepsis+in+a+murine+cecal+ligation+and+puncture+model.">Evaluation of factors affecting mortality rate after sepsis in a murine cecal ligation and puncture model.</a> Surgery. 94, 331-335 (1983).</li><li>Godshall, C. J., Scott, M. J., Peyton, J. C., Gardner, S. A., Cheadle, W. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetic+background+determines+susceptibility+during+murine+septic+peritonitis.">Genetic background determines susceptibility during murine septic peritonitis.</a> J. Surg. Res. 102, 45-49 (2002).</li><li>Carchman, E. H., Rao, J., Loughran, P. A., Rosengart, M. R., Zuckerbraun, B. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heme+oxygenase-1-mediated+autophagy+protects+against+hepatocyte+cell+death+and+hepatic+injury+from+infection/sepsis+in+mice.">Heme oxygenase-1-mediated autophagy protects against hepatocyte cell death and hepatic injury from infection/sepsis in mice.</a> Hepatology. 53, 2053-2062 (2011).</li><li>Lo, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lc3+over-expression+improves+survival+and+attenuates+lung+injury+through+increasing+autophagosomal+clearance+in+septic+mice.">Lc3 over-expression improves survival and attenuates lung injury through increasing autophagosomal clearance in septic mice.</a> Ann. Surg. 257, 352-363 (2013).</li></ol>

والكتاب ليس لديهم مصالح مالية المتنافسة إلى إعلان

والميزة الرئيسية لCLP هو أنه يسمح للباحثين لتحقيق الإنتان من بالقسوة مختلفة (أي من منخفضة إلى متوسطة وعالية الجودة). يتأثر شدة الإنتان الناجم عن طول الأعور ligated (التي هي المحدد الأهم)، وحجم الإبرة المستخدمة للثقب وعدد من الثقوب يؤديها 15. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، يمك...

الإنتان، والاستجابة الالتهابية الجهازية للإصابة، يمثل السبب الرئيسي للوفاة في مرضى حاسمة من سوء 1. التهابات داخل البطن، وغالبا ما يؤدي إلى تعفن الدم متعدد المكروبات، تمثل 20٪ من حالات الإنتان، والتي لها معدل وفيات كبيرة تصل إلى 60٪ 2. الوفيات المرتبطة الإنتان النتائج في المقام الأول من اختلال وظيفي متعدد الجهاز مع فشل الجهاز اللاحقة 3،4. وهناك حاجة للمزيد من التحقيق في آلية المسببة للأمراض من هذا المرض على وجه السرعة لتعزيز تطوير علاجات جديدة وأكثر فعالية. أسلوب ربط الأعور وثقب (CLP) هو إجراء يستخدم بشكل شائع لنمذجة الإنتان في الجسم الحي. كما الأعور هو الكامل من البكتيريا، نتائج ثقب في التهاب الصفاق متعدد المكروبات، إزفاء من البكتيريا في الدم (تجرثم الدم)، الصدمة الإنتانية، اختلال وظيفي متعدد الجهاز، وفي نهاية المطاف، والموت 5. ومن المسلم به عموما أن CLP يعكس السريريةالواقع أكثر دقة من التقنيات السابقة، مثل حقن الذيفان الداخلي أو البكتيريا حتى المنقى في القوارض، وهكذا، تعتبر CLP معيار الذهب (وإن كان لا يخلو من قيود) 6 لتحريض التجريبية، وبالتالي، والتحقيق في التسبب في التسمم. في هذه الدراسة، ونحن تصف بروتوكولات مصممة لتقييم ما إذا كانت آليات المسببة للأمراض الإنتان تشمل الالتهام الذاتي. الالتهام الذاتي، عملية الحفظ تطويريا الخلوية، ويسهل دوران من البروتينات والعضيات مثل الميتوكوندريا التالفة ويلعب دورا هاما في إزالة مسببات الأمراض بما في ذلك البكتيريا داخل الخلايا 7،8. خلال الالتهام الذاتي، التي تحتجز البروتينات عصاري خلوي أو العضيات في حويصلات غشاء محدد مزدوجة دعا autophagosomes، والتي يتم تسليمها لاحقا إلى الجسيمات الحالة لتدهور 9. وقد تم تحديد عدد من البروتينات مثل المتماثلات الثدييات من الجينات المرتبطة الالتهام الذاتي (ATG)،حددت أصلا في الخميرة، التي تنظم عملية الالتهام الذاتي. تحويل أنيبيب المرتبطة البروتين 1 سلسلة ضوء 3B (LC3B) (نديد من Atg8) من-I LC3B (شكل حر) لLC3B-II (شكل فسفاتيديل مترافق) يمثل خطوة رئيسية في تشكيل جسيم بلعمي ذاتي 9. ويرتبط ضعف ذاتية البلعمة مع الشيخوخة والأمراض التي تصيب الإنسان بما في ذلك السرطان والاضطرابات العصبية 10. علاوة على ذلك، الالتهام الذاتي يؤثر على المناعة الفطرية والتكيفية مثل العرض مستضد والتنمية اللمفاويات وإفراز السيتوكينات من الخلايا المناعية 8. وبالتالي، فإنه يبدو من المعقول أن الالتهام الذاتي قد تلعب أيضا دورا في الاستجابة الالتهابية الجهازية للإصابة (أي في الإنتان). حتى هذا التاريخ وقد وصفت عدة طرق لتقييم دور الالتهام الذاتي إلى إصابة نسيج في الجسم الحي. وتشمل هذه استخدام البروتين مخضر (GFP) LC3 الفئران التعبير عن والقياس الكمي لصناعة السياراتphagosomes في الأنسجة بواسطة المجهر الإلكتروني (موصوفة هاتين الطريقتين في هذه الدراسة). وتشمل وسائل إضافية لتقدير حجم ذاتية البلعمة التعبير البروتين في الخليط الأنسجة، وتحليل تدفق ذاتية البلعمة (كما هو موضح في مكان آخر) 11-13. الهدف من هذا الاستعراض هو تقديم البروتوكولات الحالية لتقييم الالتهام الذاتي في الجسم الحي في سياق الإنتان التجريبية.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" >
	<tbody>
		<tr >
			<td >GFP-LC3 Transgenic Mice</td>
			<td >Riken (Japan)</td>
			<td >RBRC00806</td>
			<td >GFP-LC3#53</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Xylazine</td>
			<td >Henry-Schein</td>
			<td >568-0606</td>
			<td>Xylazine HCl Injection Vet</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Ketamine</td>
			<td >Henry-Schein</td>
			<td >995-2949</td>
			<td>Ketaset Inj 100 mg/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >EtOH</td>
			<td >Fisher</td>
			<td>A405-20</td>
			<td>Histology Grade</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >EtOH</td>
			<td >Fisher</td>
			<td>A407-1</td>
			<td>For Sterilizatiion</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >silk surgical sutures 6-0</td>
			<td >Owens &#38; Minor</td>
			<td >2300-0078OG, 017624</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >buprenorphine-HCl</td>
			<td >Henry-Schein</td>
			<td >614-5157</td>
			<td>Buprenex Ampules</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >paraformaldehyde (37%) solution</td>
			<td >JT Baker</td>
			<td >S898-09</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >xylenes</td>
			<td >Fisher</td>
			<td>X3P-1GAL </td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >anti-GFP monoclonal antibody</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>G10362</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Hoescht</td>
			<td >Sigma</td>
			<td>944403</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >DAPI</td>
			<td >Invitrogen</td>
			<td >D1306</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >OCT</td>
			<td >VWR scientific</td>
			<td >25608-930</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Sudan Black</td>
			<td >Santa Cruz</td>
			<td >sc-203760</td>
			<td ></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >EM grade Glutaraldehyde 2.5% in sodium cacodylate</td>
			<td >Electron microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td>15960</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >propylene oxide</td>
			<td >Sigma</td>
			<td>240397</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Agar 100 resin</td>
			<td >Agar scientific</td>
			<td > R1045</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >dodecenylsuccinic anhydride</td>
			<td >Sigma</td>
			<td>46346</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >methylnadic anhydride</td>
			<td >Sigma</td>
			<td>45359</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >N-benzyldimethylamine</td>
			<td >Sigma</td>
			<td>185582</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

cecal ligation and puncture-induced sepsis as a model to study autophagy in mice

يمكن أن يتسبب الإنتان التجريبية في الفئران باستخدام ربط الأعور وثقب (CLP) الأسلوب، الذي يسبب تعفن الدم متعدد المكروبات. هنا، يتم توفير بروتوكول للحث على الإنتان متفاوتة الخطورة في الفئران باستخدام تقنية CLP. الالتهام الذاتي هو استجابة الأنسجة للإجهاد الأساسية وغزو الممرض. وتعرض اثنين من البروتوكولات الحالية لتقييم الالتهام الذاتي في الجسم الحي في سياق الإنتان التجريبية أيضا هنا. (I) يتعرضون الفئران المعدلة وراثيا معربا عن البروتين البروتين مضان أخضر (GFP) LC3 الانصهار لCLP. تعزيز المترجمة من إشارة GFP (نقاط و)، ويعاير إما عن طريق المقايسات المناعية أو متحد البؤر، ويمكن استخدامها للكشف عن تشكيل جسيم بلعمي ذاتي معزز، وبالتالي، وتفعيل غيرت من مسار الالتهام الذاتي. (II) تعزيز فجوة ذاتية البلعمة (جسيم بلعمي ذاتي) تشكيل الأنسجة في منطقة حدة (كعلامة من التحفيز الالتهام الذاتي) يمكن قياسها كميا باستخدام المجهر الإلكتروني. دراسة الاستجابات ذاتية البلعمة لهو تسمم شركات حرجةonent من فهم الآليات التي الأنسجة الاستجابة للعدوى. نتائج البحوث في هذا المجال يمكن أن تسهم في نهاية المطاف نحو فهم الآلية المرضية للتسمم، وهو ما يمثل مشكلة كبيرة في مجال الطب والرعاية الحرجة.

تجرثم الدم موجود في الفئران في وقت مبكر 6 ساعة بعد CLP التي يسببها تسمم 14. تظهر العلامات السريرية للتسمم (بما في ذلك قشعريرة، تسرع التنفس وضعف النشاط الحركي) حوالي 12 ساعة بعد العملية. تعرض الفئران لCLP تبدأ في الموت عند حوالي 18 في الساعة بعد تحريض التهاب الصفاق. وأكث?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Cecal Ligation and Puncture-induced Sepsis as a Model To Study Autophagy in Mice at JoVE.com

Cecal Ligation and Puncture-induced Sepsis as a Model To Study Autophagy in Mice

يمكن أن يتسبب الإنتان التجريبية في الفئران باستخدام ربط الأعور وثقب (CLP) الأسلوب. يتم عرض البروتوكولات الحالية لتقييم الالتهام الذاتي في الجسم الحي في سياق الإنتان CLP التي يسببها هنا: بروتوكول لقياس الالتهام الذاتي باستخدام الفئران (GFP) LC3، وبروتوكول لقياس تشكيل جسيم بلعمي ذاتي بواسطة المجهر الإلكتروني.

الأعور ربط والبزل التي يسببها تعفن الدم نموذجا لدراسة الالتهام الذاتي في الفئران

Experimental sepsis can be induced in mice using the cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) method, which causes polymicrobial sepsis. Here, a protocol is ...

cecal-ligation-puncture-induced-sepsis-as-model-to-study-autophagy

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Immunology and Infection

28.1K Views.  Brigham and Women's Hospital.  يمكن أن يتسبب الإنتان التجريبية في الفئران باستخدام ربط الأعور وثقب (CLP) الأسلوب. يتم عرض البروتوكولات الحالية لتقييم الالتهام الذاتي في الجسم الحي في سياق الإنتان CLP التي يسببها هنا: بروتوكول لقياس الالتهام الذاتي باستخدام الفئران (GFP...

Video: Cecal Ligation and Puncture-induced Sepsis as a Model To Study Autophagy in Mice

Colon Ascendens Stent Peritonitis (CASP) - a Standardized Model for Polymicrobial Abdominal Sepsis

Sepsis remains a persistent problem on intensive care units all over the world. Understanding the complex mechanisms of sepsis is the precondition for establishing new therapeutic approaches in this field. Therefore, animal models are required that are able to closely mimic the human disease and also sufficiently deal with scientific questions. The Colon Ascendens Stent Peritonitis (CASP) is a highly standardized model for polymicrobial abdominal sepsis in rodents. In this model, a small stent is surgically inserted into the ascending colon of mice or rats leading to a continuous leakage of intestinal bacteria into the peritoneal cavity. The procedure results in peritonitis, systemic bacteraemia, organ infection by gut bacteria, and systemic but also local release of several pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. The lethality of CASP can be controlled by the diameter of the inserted stent. A variant of this model, the so-called CASP with intervention (CASPI), raises opportunity to remove the septic focus by a second operation according to common procedures in clinical practice. CASP is an easily learnable and highly reproducible model that closely mimics the clinical course of abdominal sepsis. It leads way to study on questions in several scientific fields e.g. immunology, infectiology, or surgery.

Colon Ascendens Stent Peritonitis CASP - a Standardized Model for Polymicrobial Abdominal Sepsis

The Colon Ascendens Stent Peritonitis (CASP) is a highly standardized model for polymicrobial abdominal sepsis in rodents. This article describes the surgical procedure of CASP. The CASP model and its variants allow the systematic investigation of various problems concerning the subject of sepsis.

القولون الصاعد ستينت الصفاق (CASP) -- نموذج موحد لالإنتان البطن متعدد المكروبات

Sepsis remains a persistent problem on intensive care units all over the world. Understanding the complex mechanisms of sepsis is the precondition for ...

Dissecting Host-virus Interaction in Lytic Replication of a Model Herpesvirus

In response to viral infection, a host develops various defensive responses, such as activating innate immune signaling pathways that lead to antiviral cytokine production1,2. In order to colonize the host, viruses are obligate to evade host antiviral responses and manipulate signaling pathways. Unraveling the host-virus interaction will shed light on the development of novel therapeutic strategies against viral infection.
Murine &gamma;HV68 is closely related to human oncogenic Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus and Epsten-Barr virus3,4. &gamma;HV68 infection in laboratory mice provides a tractable small animal model to examine the entire course of host responses and viral infection in vivo, which are not available for human herpesviruses. In this protocol, we present a panel of methods for phenotypic characterization and molecular dissection of host signaling components in &gamma;HV68 lytic replication both in vivo and ex vivo. The availability of genetically modified mouse strains permits the interrogation of the roles of host signaling pathways during &gamma;HV68 acute infection in vivo. Additionally, mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) isolated from these deficient mouse strains can be used to further dissect roles of these molecules during &gamma;HV68 lytic replication ex vivo.
Using virological and molecular biology assays, we can pinpoint the molecular mechanism of host-virus interactions and identify host and viral genes essential for viral lytic replication. Finally, a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) system facilitates the introduction of mutations into the viral factor(s) that specifically interrupt the host-virus interaction. Recombinant &gamma;HV68 carrying these mutations can be used to recapitulate the phenotypes of &gamma;HV68 lytic replication in MEFs deficient in key host signaling components. This protocol offers an excellent strategy to interrogate host-pathogen interaction at multiple levels of intervention in vivo and ex vivo.
Recently, we have discovered that &gamma;HV68 usurps an innate immune signaling pathway to promote viral lytic replication5. Specifically, &gamma;HV68 de novo infection activates the immune kinase IKK&beta; and activated IKK&beta; phosphorylates the master viral transcription factor, replication and transactivator (RTA), to promote viral transcriptional activation. In doing so, &gamma;HV68 efficiently couples its transcriptional activation to host innate immune activation, thereby facilitating viral transcription and lytic replication. This study provides an excellent example that can be applied to other viruses to interrogate host-virus interaction.

We describe a protocol to identify key roles of host signaling molecules in lytic replication of a model herpesvirus, gamma herpesvirus 68 (&gamma;HV68). Utilizing genetically modified mouse strains and embryonic fibroblasts for &gamma;HV68 lytic replication, the protocol permits both phenotypic characterization and molecular interrogation of virus-host interactions in viral lytic replication.

تشريح المضيف للفيروسات التفاعل في النسخ المتماثل التحللي من الفيروسة الموديل

In response to viral infection, a host develops various defensive responses, such as activating innate immune signaling pathways that lead to antiviral ...

Introducing Shear Stress in the Study of Bacterial Adhesion

During bacterial infections a sequence of interactions occur between the pathogen and its host. Bacterial adhesion to the host cell surface is often the initial and determining step of the pathogenesis. Although experimentally adhesion is mostly studied in static conditions adhesion actually takes place in the presence of flowing liquid. First encounters between bacteria and their host often occur at the mucosal level, mouth, lung, gut, eye, etc. where mucus flows along the surface of epithelial cells. Later in infection, pathogens occasionally access the blood circulation causing life-threatening illnesses such as septicemia, sepsis and meningitis. A defining feature of these infections is the ability of these pathogens to interact with endothelial cells in presence of circulating blood. The presence of flowing liquid, mucus or blood for instance, determines adhesion because it generates a mechanical force on the pathogen. To characterize the effect of flowing liquid one usually refers to the notion of shear stress, which is the tangential force exerted per unit area by a fluid moving near a stationary wall, expressed in dynes/cm2. Intensities of shear stress vary widely according to the different vessels type, size, organ, location etc. (0-100 dynes/cm2). Circulation in capillaries can reach very low shear stress values and even temporarily stop during periods ranging between a few seconds to several minutes 1. On the other end of the spectrum shear stress in arterioles can reach 100 dynes/cm2 2. The impact of shear stress on different biological processes has been clearly demonstrated as for instance during the interaction of leukocytes with the endothelium 3. To take into account this mechanical parameter in the process of bacterial adhesion we took advantage of an experimental procedure based on the use of a disposable flow chamber 4. Host cells are grown in the flow chamber and fluorescent bacteria are introduced in the flow controlled by a syringe pump. We initially focused our investigations on the bacterial pathogen Neisseria meningitidis, a Gram-negative bacterium responsible for septicemia and meningitis. The procedure described here allowed us to study the impact of shear stress on the ability of the bacteria to: adhere to cells 1, to proliferate on the cell surface 5and to detach to colonize new sites 6 (Figure 1). Complementary technical information can be found in reference 7. Shear stress values presented here were chosen based on our previous experience1 and to represent values found in the literature. The protocol should be applicable to a wide range of pathogens with specific adjustments depending on the objectives of the study.

During the infection process, a key step is the adhesion of pathogens with host cells. In most instances this adhesion step occurs in the presence of mechanical stress generated by flowing liquid. We describe a technique that introduces shear stress as an important parameter in the study of bacterial adhesion.

إدخال إجهاد القص في دراسة الالتصاق الجرثومي

During bacterial infections a sequence of interactions occur between the pathogen and its host. Bacterial adhesion to the host cell surface is often the ...

An In vitro Model to Study Heterogeneity of Human Macrophage Differentiation and Polarization

Monocyte-derived macrophages represent an important cell type of the innate immune system. Mouse models studying macrophage biology suffer from the phenotypic and functional differences between murine and human monocyte-derived macrophages. Therefore, we here describe an in vitro model to generate and study primary human macrophages. Briefly, after density gradient centrifugation of peripheral blood drawn from a forearm vein, monocytes are isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells using negative magnetic bead isolation. These monocytes are then cultured for six days under specific conditions to induce different types of macrophage differentiation or polarization. The model is easy to use and circumvents the problems caused by species-specific differences between mouse and man. Furthermore, it is closer to the in vivo conditions than the use of immortalized cell lines. In conclusion, the model described here is suitable to study macrophage biology, identify disease mechanisms and novel therapeutic targets. Even though not fully replacing experiments with animals or human tissues obtained post mortem, the model described here allows identification and validation of disease mechanisms and therapeutic targets that may be highly relevant to various human diseases.

An In vitro Model to Study Heterogeneity of Human Macrophage Differentiation and Polarization

Monocyte-derived macrophages are important cells of the innate immune system. Here, we describe an easy to use in vitro model to generate these cells. Using gradient centrifugation, negative bead isolation and specific cell culture conditions, monocyte-derived macrophages can be generated for phenotypic and functional studies.

على<em&gt; في المختبر</em&gt; نموذج لدراسة عدم تجانس التمايز بلعم الإنسان والاستقطاب

Monocyte-derived macrophages represent an important cell type of the innate immune system. Mouse models studying macrophage biology suffer from the ...

Use of Galleria mellonella as a Model Organism to Study Legionella pneumophila Infection

Legionella pneumophila, the causative agent of a severe pneumonia named Legionnaires&#39; disease, is an important human pathogen that infects and replicates within alveolar macrophages. Its virulence depends on the Dot/Icm type IV secretion system (T4SS), which is essential to establish a replication permissive vacuole known as the Legionella containing vacuole (LCV). L. pneumophila infection can be modeled in mice however most mouse strains are not permissive, leading to the search for novel infection models. We have recently shown that the larvae of the wax moth Galleria mellonella are suitable for investigation of L. pneumophila infection. G. mellonella is increasingly used as an infection model for human pathogens and a good correlation exists between virulence of several bacterial species in the insect and in mammalian models. A key component of the larvae&#39;s immune defenses are hemocytes, professional phagocytes, which take up and destroy invaders. L. pneumophila is able to infect, form a LCV and replicate within these cells. Here we demonstrate protocols for analyzing L. pneumophila virulence in the G. mellonella model, including how to grow infectious L. pneumophila, pretreat the larvae with inhibitors, infect the larvae and how to extract infected cells for quantification and immunofluorescence microscopy. We also describe how to quantify bacterial replication and fitness in competition assays. These approaches allow for the rapid screening of mutants to determine factors important in L. pneumophila virulence, describing a new tool to aid our understanding of this complex pathogen.

Use of Galleria mellonella as a Model Organism to Study Legionella pneumophila Infection

The larva of the wax moth Galleria mellonella was recently established as an in vivo model to study Legionella pneumophila infection. Here, we demonstrate fundamental techniques to characterize the pathogenesis of Legionella in the larvae, including inoculation, measurement of bacterial virulence and replication as well as extraction and analysis of infected hemocytes.

استخدام<em&gt; غاليريا mellonella</em&gt; كما كائن نموذج لدراسة<em&gt; البكتيريا المستروحة</em&gt; عدوى

Legionella pneumophila, the causative agent of a severe pneumonia named Legionnaires&#39; disease, is an important human pathogen that infects and ...

Use of Shigella flexneri to Study Autophagy-Cytoskeleton Interactions

Shigella flexneri is an intracellular pathogen that can escape from phagosomes to reach the cytosol, and polymerize the host actin cytoskeleton to promote its motility and dissemination. New work has shown that proteins involved in actin-based motility are also linked to autophagy, an intracellular degradation process crucial for cell autonomous immunity. Strikingly, host cells may prevent actin-based motility of S. flexneri by compartmentalizing bacteria inside &#8216;septin cages&#8217; and targeting them to autophagy. These observations indicate that a more complete understanding of septins, a family of filamentous GTP-binding proteins, will provide new insights into the process of autophagy. This report describes protocols to monitor autophagy-cytoskeleton interactions caused by S. flexneri in vitro using tissue culture cells and in vivo using zebrafish larvae. These protocols enable investigation of intracellular mechanisms that control bacterial dissemination at the molecular, cellular, and whole organism level.

Use of Shigella flexneri to Study Autophagy-Cytoskeleton Interactions

To counteract pathogen dissemination, host cells reorganize their cytoskeleton to compartmentalize bacteria and induce autophagy. Using Shigella infection of tissue culture cells, host and pathogen determinants underlying this process are identified and characterized. Using zebrafish models of Shigella infection, the role of discovered molecules and mechanisms are investigated in vivo.

استخدام<em&gt; الشيجلا الفلكسنرية</em&gt; لدراسة التفاعلات الالتهام الذاتي الهيكل الخلوي

Shigella flexneri is an intracellular pathogen that can escape from phagosomes to reach the cytosol, and polymerize the host actin cytoskeleton to promote ...

Transplantation of Tail Skin to Study Allogeneic CD4 T Cell Responses in Mice

The study of T cell responses and their consequences during allo-antigen recognition requires a model that enables one to distinguish between donor and host T cells, to easily monitor the graft, and to adapt the system in order to answer different immunological questions. Medawar and colleagues established allogeneic tail-skin transplantation in mice in 1955. Since then, the skin transplantation model has been continuously modified and adapted to answer specific questions. The use of tail-skin renders this model easy to score for graft rejection, requires neither extensive preparation nor deep anesthesia, is applicable to animals of all genetic background, discourages ischemic necrosis, and permits chemical and biological intervention. 
In general, both CD4+ and CD8+ allogeneic T cells are responsible for the rejection of allografts since they recognize mismatched major histocompatibility antigens from different mouse strains. Several models have been described for activating allogeneic T cells in skin-transplanted mice. The identification of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and II molecules in different mouse strains including C57BL/6 mice was an important step toward understanding and studying T cell-mediated alloresponses. In the tail-skin transplantation model described here, a three-point mutation (I-Abm12) in the antigen-presenting groove of the MHC-class II (I-Ab) molecule is sufficient to induce strong allogeneic CD4+ T cell activation in C57BL/6 mice. Skin grafts from I-Abm12 mice on C57BL/6 mice are rejected within 12-15 days, while syngeneic grafts are accepted for up to 100 days. The absence of T cells (CD3-/- and Rag2-/- mice) allows skin graft acceptance up to 100 days, which can be overcome by transferring 2 x 104 wild type or transgenic T cells. Adoptively transferred T cells proliferate and produce IFN-&#947; in I-Abm12-transplanted Rag2-/- mice.

Tail-skin transplantation is a powerful model for studying T cell-dependent rejection and tolerance induction during allogeneic immune responses in mice. The advantages of this protocol are minor invasive surgery, and ease of monitoring with no need to sacrifice the recipient mouse.

زرع الجلد الذيل لدراسة خيفي CD4 T الردود الخليوي في الفئران

The study of T cell responses and their consequences during allo-antigen recognition requires a model that enables one to distinguish between donor and ...

A Controlled Mouse Model for Neonatal Polymicrobial Sepsis

Neonatal sepsis remains a global burden. A preclinical model to screen effective prophylactic or therapeutic interventions is needed. Neonatal mouse polymicrobial sepsis can be induced by injecting cecal slurry intraperitoneally into day of life 7 mice and monitoring them for the following week. Presented here are the detailed steps necessary for the implementation of this neonatal sepsis model. This includes making a homogeneous cecal slurry stock, diluting it to a weight- and litter-adjusted dose, an outline of the monitoring schedule, and a definition of observed health categories used to define humane endpoints. The generation of a homogeneous cecal slurry stock from pooled donors allows for the administration into many litters over time, reducing the variation between donors, and preventing the use of potentially toxic glycerol. The monitoring strategy used allows for the anticipation of survival outcome and the identification of mice that would later progress to death, allowing for an earlier identification of the humane endpoint. Two main behavioral features are used to define the health scores, namely, the ability of the neonatal mice to right themselves when placed on their back and their level of mobility. These criteria could potentially be applied to address humane endpoints in other studies of neonatal disease in mice, as long as a pilot study is performed to confirm accuracy. In conclusion, this approach provides a standardized method to model newborn sepsis in mice, while providing resources to assess animal welfare used to define early humane endpoints for challenged animals.

This protocol provides the necessary steps to establish and evaluate neonatal sepsis in 7-day-old mice.

نموذج التحكم ماوس لأنه الانتان الوليدي

Neonatal sepsis remains a global burden. A preclinical model to screen effective prophylactic or therapeutic interventions is needed. Neonatal mouse ...

Design of Cecal Ligation and Puncture and Intranasal Infection Dual Model of Sepsis-Induced Immunosuppression

Sepsis, a severe and complicated life-threatening infection, is characterized by an imbalance between pro- and anti-inflammatory responses in multiple organs. With the development of therapies, most patients survive the hyperinflammatory phase but progress to an immunosuppressive phase, which increases the emergence of secondary infections. Therefore, improved understanding of the pathogenesis underlying secondary hospital-acquired infections in the immunosuppressive phase during sepsis is of tremendous importance. Reported here is a model to test infectious outcomes by creating double-hit infections in mice. A standard surgical procedure is used to induce polymicrobial peritonitis by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) and followed by intranasal infection of Staphylococcus aureus to simulate pneumonia occurring in immune suppression that is frequently seen in septic patients. This dual model can reflect the immunosuppressive state occurring in patients with protracted sepsis and susceptibility to secondary infection from nosocomial pneumonia. Hence, this model provides a simple experimental approach to investigate the pathophysiology of sepsis-induced secondary bacterial pneumonia, which may be used for discovering novel treatments for sepsis and its complications.

This protocol describes techniques to measure infectious outcomes underlying secondary hospital-acquired infections in the immunosuppressive condition, first by establishing cecal ligation/puncture mice then challenging them with intranasal infection to create a clinically relevant model of immunosuppression sepsis.

تصميم ربط الدقّة النسّية والثقب والعدوى داخل الأنف نموذج مزدوج للكبت المناعي الناجم عن الإنتان

Sepsis, a severe and complicated life-threatening infection, is characterized by an imbalance between pro- and anti-inflammatory responses in multiple ...

Use of the Invertebrate Galleria mellonella as an Infection Model to Study the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex

Tuberculosis is the leading global cause of infectious disease mortality and roughly a quarter of the world&#8217;s population is believed to be infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Despite decades of research, many of the mechanisms behind the success of M. tuberculosis as a pathogenic organism remain to be investigated, and the development of safer, more effective antimycobacterial drugs are urgently needed to tackle the rise and spread of drug resistant tuberculosis. However, the progression of tuberculosis research is bottlenecked by traditional mammalian infection models that are expensive, time consuming, and ethically challenging. Previously we established the larvae of the insect Galleria mellonella (greater wax moth) as a novel, reproducible, low cost, high-throughput and ethically acceptable infection model for members of the M. tuberculosis complex. Here we describe the maintenance, preparation, and infection of G. mellonella with bioluminescent Mycobacterium bovis BCG lux. Using this infection model, mycobacterial dose dependent virulence can be observed, and a rapid readout of in vivo mycobacterial burden using bioluminescence measurements is easily achievable and reproducible. Although limitations exist, such as the lack of a fully annotated genome for transcriptomic analysis, ontological analysis against genetically similar insects can be carried out. As a low cost, rapid, and ethically acceptable model for tuberculosis, G. mellonella can be used as a pre-screen to determine drug efficacy and toxicity, and to determine comparative mycobacterial virulence prior to the use of conventional mammalian models. The use of the G. mellonella-mycobacteria model will lead to a reduction in the substantial number of animals currently used in tuberculosis research.

Use of the Invertebrate Galleria mellonella as an Infection Model to Study the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex

Galleria mellonella was recently established as a reproducible, cheap, and ethically acceptable infection model for the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. Here we describe and demonstrate the steps taken to establish successful infection of G. mellonella with bioluminescent Mycobacterium bovis BCG lux.

استخدام اللافقاريات جاليريا ميلونيلا كنموذج للعدوى لدراسة مجمع السل الميكوباكتيريوم

Tuberculosis is the leading global cause of infectious disease mortality and roughly a quarter of the world&#8217;s population is believed to be infected ...