This research was supported by the NIH Common Fund and Intramural Research Program of the National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal, and Skin Diseases.

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تعلن المؤلفين أنه ليس لديهم المصالح المالية المتنافسة.

الخطوات الأكثر أهمية للجيل ناجح من AAVS1 آمن الميناء استهدفت iPSCs الإنسان هي: (1) يعطي كفاءة TALEN والجهات المانحة البلازميدات إلى iPSCs من قبل ترنسفكأيشن. (2) تحسين تفكك iPSCs إلى خلايا واحدة قبل ترنسفكأيشن والطلاء كثافة بعد ترنسفكأيشن. (3) تحسين الجرعة ووقت المخدرات الاختيار على ?...

اكتشفت القدرة على إعادة برمجة الخلايا الجسدية الإنسان في الجذعية الجنينية التي يسببها الخلايا الجذعية المحفزة تشبه الخلايا (iPSCs) أول من تاكاهاشي آخرون في عام 2007 1. الليفية الجلدية الإنسان transduced مع الفيروسات القهقرية معربا عن أربعة عوامل النسخ (وياماناكا ذلك يطلق عليها اسم العوامل Oct3 / 4، Sox2، عرضت ج. Myc على، وKlf4) لتكون مشابهة إلى حد كبير للخلايا الجذعية الجنينية البشرية (hESCs) على أساس التشكل، والانتشار، والتعبير الجيني، وحالة جينية. بشكل حاسم، iPSCs هي أيضا قادرة على التفريق في الخلايا من جميع الطبقات الجرثومية الثلاث 1. القدرة التكاثري المحتملة والتفريق بين iPSCs يجعلها أدوات جذابة للغاية. عن طريق إعادة برمجة الخلايا من المرضى الذين يعانون من أمراض معينة، يمكن استخدام iPSCs على حد سواء كما نظم في المختبر نموذج المرض والعلاجات كما المحتملة. لغرض الأخير، يجب أن تعالج العديد من القضايا قبل الإمكانات الكاملة للiPSCsفي عملية إعداد سريرية يمكن أن تتحقق. إمكانيات مكون للأورام في المختبر hESCs مثقف وiPSCs، واستخدام المشتقات xenogenic خلال إعادة برمجة وصيانة الخلايا، والحاجة لتتبع الخلايا المزروعة في الجسم الحي كلها عقبات حاسمة إلى التطبيق السريري من الخلايا الجذعية المحفزة (التعليق بواسطة Hentze آخرون في. 2). سيكون حلا مثاليا للحاجة لتتبع خلايا متمايزة في مرحلة ما بعد زرع ينطوي على علامة للكشف بصريا أن يقاوم إسكات وتلون بغض النظر عن التطبيق. التعبير القوي والمستدام من الجينات المحورة المتكاملة هو الأكثر بسهولة يمكن تحقيقه عندما يتم إدخال الحمض النووي الخارجية إلى ميناء آمن مواضع. وهذا هو، مواقع الجينومية التي تمكن النسخ كاف من متجه متكامل، وفي الوقت نفسه تخفيف الاضطرابات التعبير في الجينات المجاورة 3. واحد موقع من هذه المواقع التي تميزت بشكل جيد جدا منذ اكتشافه هو integr فيروس الغدة المرتبطةالموقع أوجه 1 (AAVS1)، في إنترون الأول من بروتين الفوسفاتيز 1 التنظيمي فرعية 12C (PPP1R12C) الجين. وقد تبين هذا الموضع ليس فقط أن يسمح لحقت والتعبير القوي من الجينات المحورة المتكاملة من خلال تمديد الوقت في الثقافة والتمايز في المختبر 3، ولكن أيضا لحماية المحيطة الجينات من اضطراب النسخي 4؛ ويعتقد أن كل من الميزات أن ذلك يعود إلى وجود عناصر داخلية عازل لونين المرافقة الموقع AAVS1 5. التقدم في الأدوات الهندسية الجينوم ما يزيد قليلا على مدى العقد الماضي قد سهلت كثيرا من السهولة والكفاءة التي يمكن تحقيقها التلاعب الجيني في أي نوع من الخلايا. بينما اعتمدت التجارب الناجحة الأولى على مستويات منخفضة جدا من إعادة التركيب مثلي الذاتية (HR) مع الجهات المانحة التي أدخلت على تحقيق استهداف الجينات في المجالس الاقتصادية والاجتماعية 6،7، واستخدام nucleases في مواقع محددة، مثل nucleases إصبع الزنك (ZFNs)، أن significantly لحث على إعادة التركيب مثلي من خلال توليد استراحة DNA المزدوج تقطعت بهم السبل وزيادة كبيرة في كفاءة مثل هذه التجارب 8،9. جعلت تطويعها لأغراض أخرى كل النسخ مثل المنشط المستجيبات (حكايات) من النباتات المسببة للأمراض زانثوموناس جنسا وبدائية النواة تتجمع interspaced بانتظام يكرر المتناوب قصيرة (كريسبر) / نظام Cas9 إلى كفاءة مصمم nucleases في مواقع محددة استهداف الجينات في الخلايا الجذعية المحفزة على الوصول إليها و منهجية العملية 10-13. ووصفت ورقة الأخيرة وسيلة فعالة لتحقيق التكامل مستقر من الأخضر الفلورسنت مراسل الكاسيت في AAVS1 آمن الميناء مكان في iPSCs الإنسان باستخدام nucleases حكاية (TALENs) 14. حافظت هذه iPSCs استهدفت مضان حتى بعد التمايز الموجهة إلى العضلية وزرع في نموذج الفأر من احتشاء عضلة القلب (MI)، وتوفير أدلة قوية لفائدة مثلثابت المحفزة الفلورسنت الخلايا الجذعية 14. للحصول على المستعمرات المستهدفة، تم استخدام طريقة الجينات فخ فيه على الربط-متقبل (SA)، 2A-الشق الذاتي تسلسل الببتيد يضع بوروميسين N-أسيتيل ترانسفيراز (PAC) الجينات تحت سيطرة PPP1R12C المروج الذاتية. وبالتالي، iPSCs فقط التي أدرجت المتبرع DNA في موضع AAVS1 تعبر عن PAC، مما يجعلها اختيار على أساس بوروميسين المقاومة. (الشكل 1، 15). تفاصيل هذا البروتوكول إجراءات لتوليد AAVS1-GFP iPSCs ذكرت في الورقة الأخيرة 14، بما في ذلك عملية transfecting iPSCs مع TALENs والجهات المانحة 9.8 كيلوبايت لدمج جزء DNA 4.2kb في موضع AAVS1 آمن الميناء، واختيار iPSCs على أساس بوروميسين المقاومة، واختيار المستعمرات للتوسع نسيلي. التقنيات الموضحة في هذه الوثيقة يمكن تطبيقها على العديد من التجارب الهندسة الجينوم.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1437">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:588px;">NAME OF MATERIAL/EQUIPMENT</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">COMPANY</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">CATALOG #</td>
			<td style="width:603px;">COMMENTS/DESCRIPTION</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Matrigel Growth Factor Reduced (GFR) Basement Membrane Matrix, *LDEV-Free, 10mL</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>354230</td>
			<td>Store at -20&#176;C.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">DMEM/F-12</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>11320-033</td>
			<td>Store at 4&#176;C.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Costar 6 Well Clear TC-Treated Multiple Well Plates</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>3506</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Essential 8 Medium</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>A1517001</td>
			<td>Store basal medium at 4&#176;C. Store supplement at -20&#176;C.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Y-27632 dihydrochloride</td>
			<td>Tocris</td>
			<td>1254</td>
			<td>Store at room temp. Once dissolved in H2O, store at -20&#176;C.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sodium Chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>S5886-500G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">UltraPure 0.5M EDTA, pH 8.0</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>15575-020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">DPBS, no calcium, no magnesium</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>14190-250</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">100mm TC-Treated Culture Dish</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>430167</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">DR4 MEF 2M IRR - Academic</td>
			<td>GlobalStem</td>
			<td>GSC-6204G</td>
			<td>Store in liquid Nitrogen.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">DMEM, high glucose, pyruvate</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>11995-040</td>
			<td>Store at 4&#176;C.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Defined Fetal Bovine Serum, US Origin</td>
			<td>HyClone</td>
			<td>SH30070.03</td>
			<td>Store at -20&#176;C. Thaw at 4&#176;C overnight and aliquot. Store aliquots at -20&#176;C until needed.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">MEM Non-Essential Amino Acids Solution (100X)</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>11140-050</td>
			<td>Store at 4&#176;C.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">4D-Nucleofector Core unit&#160;</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>AAF-1001B</td>
			<td>part of the electroporation system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">4D-Nucleofector X unit&#160;</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>AAF-1001X</td>
			<td>part of the electroporation system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">P3 Primary Cell 4D-Nucleofector X Kit L (24 RCT)</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>V4XP-3024</td>
			<td>Upon arrival, remove Primary Cell Solution and supplement and store at 4&#176;C.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">StemPro Accutase Cell Dissociation Reagent</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>A1110501</td>
			<td>Store at -20&#176;C. Thaw overnight at 4&#176;C and warm an aliquot in a 37&#176;C water bath before use.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">NutriStem XF/FF Culture Medium</td>
			<td>Stemgent</td>
			<td>01-0005</td>
			<td>Store at -20&#176;C. Thaw overnight at 4&#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">AAVS1 TALENs (pZT-AAVS1-L1 and pZT-AAVS1-R1)</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>52637 and 52638</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">AAVS1-CAG-EGFP Homologous Recombination donor</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>22212</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Puromycin Dihydrochloride</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>A11138-03</td>
			<td>Store at -20&#176;C. Prepare working aliquots of 1 mg/mL in ddH2O.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Disposable Borosilicate Glass Pasteur Pipets</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>13-678-20A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sorvall Legend XTR (Refrigerated), 120V 60Hz</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>75-004-521</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">TX-750 4 &#215; 750mL Swinging Bucket Rotor</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>75003607</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Trypan Blue Solution, 0.4%</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>15250-061</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

transfection, selection, and colony-picking of human induced pluripotent stem cells talen-targeted with a gfp gene into the aavs1 safe harbor

Targeted transgene addition can provide persistent gene expression while circumventing the gene silencing and insertional mutagenesis caused by viral vector mediated random integration. This protocol describes a universal and efficient transgene targeted addition platform in human iPSCs based on utilization of validated open-source TALENs and a gene-trap-like donor to deliver transgenes into a safe harbor locus. Importantly, effective gene editing is rate-limited by the delivery efficiency of gene editing vectors. Therefore, this protocol first focuses on preparation of iPSCs for transfection to achieve high nuclear delivery efficiency. When iPSCs are dissociated into single cells using a gentle-cell dissociation reagent and transfected using an optimized program, >50% cells can be induced to take up the large gene editing vectors. Because the AAVS1 locus is located in the intron of an active gene (PPP1R12C), a splicing acceptor (SA)-linked puromycin resistant gene (PAC) was used to select targeted iPSCs while excluding random integration-only and untransfected cells. This strategy greatly increases the chance of obtaining targeted clones, and can be used in other active gene targeting experiments as well. Two weeks after puromycin selection at the dose adjusted for the specific iPSC line, clones are ready to be picked by manual dissection of large, isolated colonies into smaller pieces that are transferred to fresh medium in a smaller well for further expansion and genetic and functional screening. One can follow this protocol to readily obtain multiple GFP reporter iPSC lines that are useful for in vivo and in vitro imaging and cell isolation.

ويرد التصور للبروتوكول في الشكل 2، مع الفترات التي iPSCs هي المستزرعة في مختلف المتوسطة التي أبرزها إما أخضر أو أزرق لE8 لNutriStem. من المهم أن بالنقل فقط iPSCs ذات جودة عالية؛ دراسة أطباق الثقافة في جميع أنحاء الصيانة الروتينية والتحقق من أن الثقافات IPSC تحتوي على الم...

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Transfection, Selection, and Colony-picking of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells TALEN-targeted with a GFP Gene into the AAVS1 Safe Harbor

TALEN-mediated gene editing at the safe harbor AAVS1 locus enables high-efficiency transgene addition in human iPSCs. This protocol describes the procedures for preparing iPSCs for TALEN and donor vector delivery, transfecting iPSCs, and selecting and isolating iPSC clones to achieve targeted integration of a GFP gene to generate reporter lines.

ترنسفكأيشن، اختيار، ومستعمرة قطف من صنع الإنسان المحفزة الخلايا الجذعية TALEN المستهدفة مع جين GFP في AAVS1 الملاذ الآمن

Targeted transgene addition can provide persistent gene expression while circumventing the gene silencing and insertional mutagenesis caused by viral ...

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Developmental Biology

19.3K Views.  National Institutes of Health. TALEN-mediated gene editing at the safe harbor AAVS1 locus enables high-efficiency transgene addition in human iPSCs. This protocol describes the procedures for preparing iPSCs for TALEN and donor vector delivery, transfecting iPSCs, and selecting and isolating iPSC clones to achieve targeted integration of a GFP gene to generate reporter lines.

Video: Transfection, Selection, and Colony-picking of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells TALEN-targeted with a GFP Gene into the AAVS1 Safe Harbor

Three-dimensional Quantification of Dendritic Spines from Pyramidal Neurons Derived from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Dendritic spines are small protrusions that correspond to the post-synaptic compartments of excitatory synapses in the central nervous system. They are distributed along the dendrites. Their morphology is largely dependent on neuronal activity, and they are dynamic. Dendritic spines express glutamatergic receptors (AMPA and NMDA receptors) on their surface and at the levels of postsynaptic densities. Each spine allows the neuron to control its state and local activity independently. Spine morphologies have been extensively studied in glutamatergic pyramidal cells of the brain cortex, using both in vivo approaches and neuronal cultures obtained from rodent tissues. Neuropathological conditions can be associated to altered spine induction and maturation, as shown in rodent cultured neurons and one-dimensional quantitative analysis 1. The present study describes a protocol for the 3D quantitative analysis of spine morphologies using human cortical neurons derived from neural stem cells (late cortical progenitors). These cells were initially obtained from induced&#160;pluripotent stem cells. This protocol allows the analysis of spine morphologies at different culture periods, and with possible comparison between induced&#160;pluripotent stem cells obtained from control individuals with those obtained from patients with psychiatric diseases.

Dendritic spines of pyramidal neurons are the sites of most excitatory synapses in mammalian brain cortex. This method describes a 3D quantitative analysis of spine morphologies in human cortical pyramidal glutamatergic neurons derived from induced&#160;pluripotent stem cells.

الكمي ثلاثي الأبعاد من شجيري العمود الفقري من الخلايا العصبية الهرمية المستمدة من صنع الإنسان المحفزة الخلايا الجذعية

Dendritic spines are small protrusions that correspond to the post-synaptic compartments of excitatory synapses in the central nervous system. They are ...

Cultivate Primary Nasal Epithelial Cells from Children and Reprogram into Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Nasal epithelial cells (NECs) are the part of the airways that respond to air pollutants and are the first cells infected with respiratory viruses. They are also involved in many airway diseases through their innate immune response and interaction with immune and airway stromal cells. NECs are of particular interest for studies in children due to their accessibility during clinical visits. Human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have been generated from multiple cell types and are a powerful tool for modeling human development and disease, as well as for their potential applications in regenerative medicine. This is the first protocol to lay out methods for successful generation of iPSCs from NECs derived from pediatric participants for research purposes. It describes how to obtain nasal epithelial cells from children, how to generate primary NEC cultures from these samples, and how to reprogram primary NECs into well-characterized iPSCs. Nasal mucosa samples are useful in epidemiological studies related to the effects of air pollution in children, and provide an important tool for studying airway disease. Primary nasal cells and iPSCs derived from them can be a tool for providing unlimited material for patient-specific research in diverse areas of airway epithelial biology, including asthma and COPD research.

This publication demonstrates methods for successful sampling and culture of nasal epithelial mucosa from children, and reprogramming these cells to induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs).

زراعة الخلايا الأولية الأنف طلائي من الأطفال وإعادة برمجة وإلى خلية جذعية مستحثة وافرة القدرة

Nasal epithelial cells (NECs) are the part of the airways that respond to air pollutants and are the first cells infected with respiratory viruses. They ...

In Vitro Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells into Trophoblastic Cells

The placenta is the first organ to develop during embryogenesis and is required for the survival of the developing embryo. The placenta is comprised of various trophoblastic cells that differentiate from the extra-embryonic trophectoderm cells of the preimplantation blastocyst. As such, our understanding of the early differentiation events of the human placenta is limited because of ethical and legal restrictions on the isolation and manipulation of human embryogenesis. Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) are a robust model system for investigating human development and can also be differentiated in vitro into trophoblastic cells that express markers of the various trophoblast cell types. Here, we present a detailed protocol for differentiating hPSCs into trophoblastic cells using bone morphogenic protein 4 and inhibitors of the Activin/Nodal signaling pathways. This protocol generates various trophoblast cell types that can be transfected with siRNAs for investigating loss-of-function phenotypes or can be infected with pathogens. Additionally, hPSCs can be genetically modified and then differentiated into trophoblast progenitors for gain-of-function analyses. This in vitro differentiation method for generating human trophoblasts starting from hPSCs overcomes the ethical and legal restrictions of working with early human embryos, and this system can be used for a variety of applications, including drug discovery and stem cell research.

In Vitro Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells into Trophoblastic Cells

Here, we present a protocol to efficiently generate human trophoblastic cells from human pluripotent stem cells using bone morphogenic protein 4 and inhibitors of the Activin/Nodal pathways. This method is suitable for the efficient differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells and can generate large quantities of cells for genetic manipulation.

في المختبر تمايز متعددة القدرات البشرية الخلايا الجذعية إلى خلايا الأرومة الغاذية

The placenta is the first organ to develop during embryogenesis and is required for the survival of the developing embryo. The placenta is comprised of ...

Protocol for the Differentiation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells into Mixed Cultures of Neurons and Glia for Neurotoxicity Testing

Human pluripotent stem cells can differentiate into various cell types that can be applied to human-based in vitro toxicity assays. One major advantage is that the reprogramming of somatic cells to produce human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) avoids the ethical and legislative issues related to the use of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). HiPSCs can be expanded and efficiently differentiated into different types of neuronal and glial cells, serving as test systems for toxicity testing and, in particular, for the assessment of different pathways involved in neurotoxicity. This work describes a protocol for the differentiation of hiPSCs into mixed cultures of neuronal and glial cells. The signaling pathways that are regulated and/or activated by neuronal differentiation are defined. This information is critical to the application of the cell model to the new toxicity testing paradigm, in which chemicals are assessed based on their ability to perturb biological pathways. As a proof of concept, rotenone, an inhibitor of mitochondrial respiratory complex I, was used to assess the activation of the Nrf2 signaling pathway, a key regulator of the antioxidant-response-element-(ARE)-driven cellular defense mechanism against oxidative stress.

Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are considered a powerful tool for drug and chemical screening and for the development of new in vitro models for toxicity testing, including neurotoxicity. Here, a detailed protocol for the differentiation of hiPSCs into neurons and glia is described.

بروتوكول لتمييز الخلايا الجذعية المحفزة البشرية المستحثة في الثقافات المختلطة من الخلايا العصبية والجلد للاختبار العصبي

Human pluripotent stem cells can differentiate into various cell types that can be applied to human-based in vitro toxicity assays. One major advantage is ...

Rapid, Directed Differentiation of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells from Human Embryonic or Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

We describe a robust method to direct the differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE). The purpose of providing a detailed and thorough protocol is to clearly demonstrate each step and to make this readily available to researchers in the field. This protocol results in a homogenous layer of RPE with minimal or no manual dissection needed. The method presented here has been shown to be effective for induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) and human embryonic stem cells. Additionally, we describe methods for cryopreservation of intermediate cell banks that allow long-term storage. RPE generated using this protocol might be useful for iPSC disease-in-a-dish modeling or clinical application.

This protocol describes how to produce retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE) from pluripotent stem cells. The method uses a combination of growth factors and small molecules to direct the differentiation of stem cells into immature RPE in fourteen days and mature, functional RPE after three months.

التفريق بين الخلايا الظهارية الصبغية الشبكية من الخلايا الجذعية Pluripotent المستحث أو الجنينية البشرية سريعة وموجهة

We describe a robust method to direct the differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE). The purpose of providing ...

Using Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Hepatocyte-like Cells for Drug Discovery

The ability to differentiate human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) into hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) provides new opportunities to study inborn errors in hepatic metabolism. However, to provide a platform that supports the identification of small molecules that can potentially be used to treat liver disease, the procedure requires a culture format that is compatible with screening thousands of compounds. Here, we describe a protocol using completely defined culture conditions, which allow the reproducible differentiation of human iPSCs to hepatocyte-like cells in 96-well tissue culture plates. We also provide an example of using the platform to screen compounds for their ability to lower Apolipoprotein B (APOB) produced from iPSC-derived hepatocytes generated from a familial hypercholesterolemia patient. The availability of a platform that is compatible with drug discovery should allow researchers to identify novel therapeutics for diseases that affect the liver.

The protocol presented here describes a platform for identifying small molecules for the treatment of liver disease. A step-by-step description is presented detailing how to differentiate iPSCs into cells with hepatocyte characteristics in 96-well plates, and to use the cells to screen for small molecules with potential therapeutic activity.

استخدام الإنسان التي يسببها Pluripotent الخلايا الجذعية المشتقة مثل تتمثل الخلايا لاكتشاف المخدرات

The ability to differentiate human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) into hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) provides new opportunities to study inborn ...

A Familial Hypercholesterolemia Human Liver Chimeric Mouse Model Using Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Hepatocytes

Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is mostly caused by low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) mutations and results in an increased risk of early-onset cardiovascular disease due to marked elevation of LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) in blood. Statins are the first line of lipid-lowering drugs for treating FH and other types of hypercholesterolemia, but new approaches are emerging, in particular PCSK9 antibodies, which are now being tested in clinical trials. To explore novel therapeutic approaches for FH, either new drugs or new formulations, we need appropriate in vivo models. However, differences in the lipid metabolic profiles compared to humans are a key problem of the available animal models of FH. To address this issue, we have generated a human liver chimeric mouse model using FH induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived hepatocytes (iHeps). We used Ldlr-/-/Rag2-/-/Il2rg-/- (LRG) mice to avoid immune rejection of transplanted human cells and to assess the effect of LDLR-deficient iHeps in an LDLR null background. Transplanted FH iHeps could repopulate 5-10% of the LRG mouse liver based on human albumin staining. Moreover, the engrafted iHeps responded to lipid-lowering drugs and recapitulated clinical observations of increased efficacy of PCSK9 antibodies compared to statins. Our human liver chimeric model could thus be useful for preclinical testing of new therapies to FH. Using the same protocol, similar human liver chimeric mice for other FH genetic variants, or mutations corresponding to other inherited liver diseases, may also be generated.

Here, we present a protocol to generate a human liver chimeric mouse model of familial hypercholesterolemia using human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived hepatocytes. This is a valuable model for testing new therapies for hypercholesterolemia.

طراز ماوس تشيميريك كبد البشري الكوليستيرول أسرية باستخدام خلايا الكبد المستمدة من الخلايا الجذعية المستحثة Pluripotent

Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is mostly caused by low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) mutations and results in an increased risk of early-onset ...

RNA-based Reprogramming of Human Primary Fibroblasts into Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have proven to be a valuable tool to study human development and disease. Further advancing iPSCs as a regenerative therapeutic requires a safe, robust, and expedient reprogramming protocol. Here, we present a clinically relevant, step-by-step protocol for the extremely high-efficiency reprogramming of human dermal fibroblasts into iPSCs using a non-integrating approach. The core of the protocol consists of expressing pluripotency factors (SOX2, KLF4, cMYC, LIN28A, NANOG, OCT4-MyoD fusion) from in vitro transcribed messenger RNAs synthesized with modified nucleotides (modified mRNAs). The reprogramming modified mRNAs are transfected into primary fibroblasts every 48 h together with mature embryonic stem cell-specific microRNA-367/302 mimics for two weeks. The resulting iPSC colonies can then be isolated and directly expanded in feeder-free conditions. To maximize efficiency and consistency of our reprogramming protocol across fibroblast samples, we have optimized various parameters including the RNA transfection regimen, timing of transfections, culture conditions, and seeding densities. Importantly, our method generates high-quality iPSCs from most fibroblast sources, including difficult-to-reprogram diseased, aged, and/or senescent samples.

Here we describe a clinically relevant, high-efficiency, feeder-free method to reprogram human primary fibroblasts into induced pluripotent stem cells using modified mRNAs encoding reprogramming factors and mature microRNA-367/302 mimics. Also included are methods to assess reprogramming efficiency, expand clonal iPSC colonies, and confirm expression of the pluripotency marker TRA-1-60.

الجيش الملكي النيبالي على إعادة برمجة الليفية الأولية البشرية داخل الخلايا الجذعية المستحثة Pluripotent

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have proven to be a valuable tool to study human development and disease. Further advancing iPSCs as a regenerative ...

Efficient Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells into Liver Cells

The liver detoxifies harmful substances, secretes vital proteins, and executes key metabolic activities, thus sustaining life. Consequently, liver failure&#8212;which can be caused by chronic alcohol intake, hepatitis, acute poisoning, or other insults&#8212;is a severe condition that can culminate in bleeding, jaundice, coma, and eventually death. However, approaches to treat liver failure, as well as studies of liver function and disease, have been stymied in part by the lack of a plentiful supply of human liver cells. To this end, this protocol details the efficient differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) into hepatocyte-like cells, guided by a developmental roadmap that describes how liver fate is specified across six consecutive differentiation steps. By manipulating developmental signaling pathways to promote liver differentiation and to explicitly suppress the formation of unwanted cell fates, this method efficiently generates populations of human liver bud progenitors and hepatocyte-like cells by days 6 and 18 of PSC differentiation, respectively. This is achieved through the temporally-precise control of developmental signaling pathways, exerted by small molecules and growth factors in a serum-free culture medium. Differentiation in this system occurs in monolayers and yields hepatocyte-like cells that express characteristic hepatocyte enzymes and have the ability to engraft a mouse model of chronic liver failure. The ability to efficiently generate large numbers of human liver cells in vitro has ramifications for treatment of liver failure, for drug screening, and for mechanistic studies of liver disease.

This protocol details a monolayer, serum-free method to efficiently generate hepatocyte-like cells from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) in 18 days. This entails six steps as hPSCs sequentially differentiate into intermediate cell-types such as the primitive streak, definitive endoderm, posterior foregut and liver bud progenitors before forming hepatocyte-like cells.

التمايز الفعال للخلايا الجذعية البشرية متعددة القوى في خلايا الكبد

The liver detoxifies harmful substances, secretes vital proteins, and executes key metabolic activities, thus sustaining life. Consequently, liver ...

Generation of 3D Skin Organoid from Cord Blood-derived Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

The skin is the body&#8217;s largest organ and has many functions. The skin acts as a physical barrier and protector of the body and regulates bodily functions. Biomimetics is the imitation of the models, systems, and elements of nature for the purpose of solving complex human problems1. Skin biomimetics is a useful tool for in vitro disease research and in vivo regenerative medicine. Human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have the characteristic of unlimited proliferation and the ability of differentiation to three germ layers. Human iPSCs are generated from various primary cells, such as blood cells, keratinocytes, fibroblasts, and more. Among them, cord blood mononuclear cells (CBMCs) have emerged as an alternative cell source from the perspective of allogeneic regenerative medicine. CBMCs are useful in regenerative medicine because human leukocyte antigen (HLA) typing is essential to the cell banking system. We provide a method for the differentiation of CBMC-iPSCs into keratinocytes and fibroblasts and for generation of a 3D skin organoid. CBMC-iPSC-derived keratinocytes and fibroblasts have characteristics similar to a primary cell line. The 3D skin organoids are generated by overlaying an epidermal layer onto a dermal layer. By transplanting this 3D skin organoid, a humanized mice model is generated. This study shows that a 3D human iPSC-derived skin organoid may be a novel, alternative tool for dermatologic research in vitro and in vivo.

We propose a protocol that shows how to differentiate induced pluripotent stem cell-derived keratinocytes and fibroblasts and generate a 3D skin organoid, using these keratinocytes and fibroblasts. This protocol contains an additional step of generating a humanized mice model. The technique presented here will improve dermatologic research.

جيل أورجانويد الجلد 3D من سلك المستمدة من الدم الناجم عن الخلايا الجذعية Pluripotent

The skin is the body&#8217;s largest organ and has many functions. The skin acts as a physical barrier and protector of the body and regulates bodily ...