This research was support by an Aims2Cure, UK and a UCL Impact Award Ph.D. studentship to JMP and an MRC Capacity Building Ph.D. studentship in Dementia to JMP.

وأجريت جميع التجارب الموصوفة هنا وفقا للالمملكة المتحدة الحيوانات (إجراءات علمية) لعام 1986. 1. إعداد الآلات، الثقافة وسائل الإعلام، وأطباق <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> إعداد اثنين مختبر الفولاذ المقاوم للصدأ مقص تشريح واثنين من الفولاذ المقاوم للصدأ ملقط المختبر. الأوتوكلاف جميع الصكوك ومكان في O الثقافة هود / N تحت ضوء الأشعة فوق البنفسجية (UV) النور للتعقيم. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> جعل 500 مل من وسائل الإعلام الحد الأدنى الضروري (MEM) مستنبت (10٪ من الجنين مصل بقري [FBS]، 20 ملي بوكل، 25 ملي NaHCO 3، 30 ملي مد الجلوكوز، 2 مم L-الجلوتامين، و 100 U / البنسلين مل، 100 ميكروغرام / مل الستربتومايسين و 6 ميكروغرام / مل الأمبيسلين) وفلتر تعقيم. تخزين عند 4 درجة مئوية لمدة أشهر. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> إعداد 24 لوحات ثقافة جيدا تحتوي على 14 مم، عدد 1 coverslips سمك. الأوتوكلاف لل coverslips ومعطف في 100 ملغ / L بولي د يسين (PDL) كما هو موضح سابقا 3. ضوء الأشعة فوق البنفسجية تعقيم O / N. </li></ol> 2. إعداد حلول CGC الثقافة <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> إعداد &#39;حل A&#39; (100 مل) في تعقيمها، وعلى ضوء الأشعة فوق البنفسجية المعالجة، درهم العقيمة 2 O تحتوي على 250 ملغ من الجلوكوز، 300 ملغ من الأبقار مصل الزلال [BSA]، 955 ملغ من الفوسفات مخزنة المالحة [PBS] (كا 2+ و ملغم + مجاني)، و 1 مل من 3.8٪ MgSO 4 · 7H 2 O. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> إعداد &#39;حل B&#39; (10 مل) تحتوي على 1 مل من 5 ملغ / مل التربسين المخفف في 9 مل من محلول A. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> إعداد &#39;حل C &quot;(10 مل) التي تحتوي على 1000 وحدة الدناز، و 0.5 ملغ من مثبط التربسين فول الصويا، و 100 ميكرولتر من 3.8٪ MgSO 4 · 7H 2 O، تضعف إلى 10 مل مع حل A. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> إعداد &#39;الحل D&#39; (20 مل) تحتوي على 3.2 مل من محلول C، مخففة إلى 20 مل مع حل A. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> تحضير محلول الملح المتوازن (EBSS) حل BSA / ايرل تحتوي على EBSS، 25 ملي NaHCO 3، 3 ملي MgSO 4 · 7H 2 O، و4٪ BSA، ودرجة الحموضة 7.4، كما هو موضح سابقا 3. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> إعداد LME بإضافة النقي LME إلى 5 مل من MEM مستنبت لإعطاء تركيز النهائي من 150 ملي LME، وعودة حل لدرجة الحموضة 7.4 باستخدام الفوق متر الرقم الهيدروجيني، وتصفية تعقيم باستخدام 28 ملم البولي سلفون (PES) 0.2 ميكرومتر حقنة التصفية. </li></ol> 3. استزراع CGCs <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> جمع مخيخات من الجراء 4-7 يوم الفئران القديمة كما هو موضح سابقا 3. المكان على الفور في طبق بتري تحتوي على 5 مل من محلول A على الجليد. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> تخلصي حل الزائدة من مخيخات ومكان الأنسجة في طبق بتري غطاء. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> ختم الأنسجة بدقة بشفرة حلاقة ملتهب بشكل جيد على الأقل في ثلاثة اتجاهات مختلفة. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> إضافة الأنسجة المفروم إلى حل B (شطف طبق بيتري مع حل لضمان الأنسجة محدودة، خسر) ومكان في حمام مائي عند 37 درجة مئوية لمدة 5 دقائق. يهز بلطف كل بضع دقائق. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> إضافة الحل D (20 مل) إلى أنبوب لتحييد التربسين، ويهز المائةrifuge في 65 x ج لمدة 5 دقائق. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> تخلصي من طاف. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> resuspend في 4 مل من محلول C. يسحن جيدا (ما يقرب من 10 في كل مرة) مع ثلاثة الماصات الزجاجية ملتهب من تناقص القطر، وحتى تعليق غير متجانسة بقدر الإمكان. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> ببطء وبلطف إضافة بضع قطرات من هذا جناسة على رأس BSA / EBSS. إذا كان يبدأ في الغرق خلال BSA / EBSS، يسحن أكثر و / أو إضافة أكثر من ذلك بقليل حل C. جناسة يجب الجلوس في طبقة على رأس BSA / EBSS. لا تهزه. تدور في 100 x ج لمدة 5 دقائق. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> إزالة وطاف Resuspend بيليه (لينة) في 1 مل من MEM المتوسطة. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> عد الخلايا باستخدام haemocytometer وطبق على 800000 خلية / ساترة في 500 ميكرولتر من MEM المتوسطة. مكان في حاضنة عند 37 درجة مئوية مع 6٪ CO 2. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> تغيير المتوسطة في اليوم التالي (24-36 ساعة بعد الإعدادية). جعل حل MEM المتوسطة التي تحتوي على 10 ميكرومتر من دورة الخلية المانع arabinofuranosyl سيتيدين (أراك). <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> لكلساترة، في الحفاظ على 250 ميكرولتر من متوسط ​​العمر في طازجة 24 لوحة جيدا، نضح بقية، إضافة 250 ميكرولتر من الطبيعي المتوسطة MEM ونضح هذا لغسل الخلايا، ثم إضافة 250 ميكرولتر من المتوسط ​​القديم مرة أخرى إلى الخلايا وتصل أعلى مع 250 ميكرولتر من التي تحتوي على أراك المتوسطة. ملاحظة: خلايا يمكن استخدامها من 6 أيام في المختبر (DIV). </li></ol></li></ol> 4. انتقائي استنزاف الخلايا الدبقية الصغيرة (أجريت في 6 DIV) <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> إضافة LME النقي إلى 5 مل من قسامة منفصلة من MEM المتوسطة لإعطاء تركيز النهائي من 150 ملي LME. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> العودة الحل لدرجة الحموضة 7.4 وتصفية تعقيم باستخدام 28 ملم البولي سلفون (PES) مرشح 0.2 ميكرومتر حقنة. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> تمييع الحل إلى تركيز من 50 ملم (2 × LME) في MEM المتوسطة ومكان في حمام مائي عند 37 درجة مئوية لمدة 10 دقيقة مع العادي المتوسطة MEM للثقافات السيطرة. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> إزالة نصف (250 ميكرولتر) وسيلة MEM من الثقافات CGC والاحتفاظ بها في 37 ° C. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> خلايا علاجمع MEM المتوسطة التي تحتوي على 2 × LME (250 ميكرولتر)، أي المخفف 1: 1 إعطاء تركيز جيد من 25 ملم، أو مع درجة حرارة متوسطة قبل MEM دون LME (250 ميكرولتر) للثقافات السيطرة. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> احتضان الخلايا عند 37 درجة مئوية في جو مرطب مع CO 2 6٪ لمدة 1 ساعة. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> غسل الخلايا مرتين في جديدة قبل حرارة متوسطة MEM لإزالة LME التي تحتوي على وسائل الإعلام، ومن ثم استبدال مستنبت المدورة وحجم مساو من جديد قبل حرارة متوسطة MEM إلى الآبار المقابلة. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> عودة الثقافات إلى الحاضنة (مرطب مع CO 2 6٪ عند 37 درجة مئوية) وتترك لبقية لمدة 24 ساعة قبل أي علاج آخر. </li></ol>

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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

أهم الخطوات لضمان القضاء الانتقائي الناجح الخلايا الدبقية الصغيرة من CGC و / أو الثقافات المختلطة هي: 1) الحفاظ على الثقافة CGC معقمة وصحية؛ 2) فلتر تعقيم المتوسطة LME التي تحتوي على والعودة الحل لدرجة الحموضة 7.4. 3) الحفاظ على وسائل الإعلام CGC المدورة وLME التي تحتوي على وسائل...

ويتكون الدماغ البشري ما يقدر ب 85 مليار خلية عصبية وأخرى 85 مليار الخلايا غير العصبية بما في ذلك الدبقية 1. بالنسبة للجزء الأكبر من السنوات ال 100 الماضية ركزت علماء الأعصاب في الغالب على سكان الخلية العصبية، واعتبرت الخلايا الدبقية أن يكون أكثر قليلا من خلايا الدعم السلبي التي قدمت الدعم الهيكلي للخلايا العصبية - وبالتالي انجليزيه اليوناني &quot;الدبق&quot; مترجمة إلى الإنجليزية &quot;الغراء&quot;. في الآونة الأخيرة، ومع ذلك، فقد أصبح من الواضح بشكل متزايد أن العصبية الدبقية التفاعلات قد تكون أكثر أهمية بكثير من الجوانب الأساسية لعلم الأعصاب، علم وظائف الأعصاب، ونشأة وتطور العديد من الأمراض العصبية. خلايا المخيخ الحبيبية (CGCs)، والأكثر وفرة السكان العصبية متجانسة في الدماغ البشري، تهيمن على المخيخ ويشكلون أكثر من 90٪ من مكونات الخلوية لها. ونتيجة لذلك، وقد استخدمت هذه الخلايا على نطاق واسع في المختبر كنظام نموذج لروقال انه دراسة التنمية العصبية، وظيفة، وعلم الأمراض 2-6. ومع ذلك، ثقافات CGC لا تزال تحتوي على الخلايا الدبقية الصغيرة والخلايا الدبقية الأخرى بنسب كبيرة يمكن القول. ونتيجة لذلك، البيانات CGC عرض مزعومة الردود العصبية المباشرة للعلاجات مختلفة من الخلايا في الواقع قد تنشأ - في جزء أو في المجموع - من الاستجابة الثانوية غير المباشرة للالدبقية المجاورة في الثقافة. لتقييم ذلك، فإننا القضاء بشكل انتقائي دبيقي من CGC الثقافات العصبية بمساعدة-L يسين استر الميثيل (LME). LME هو عامل lysomotropic في الأصل تستخدم لتدمير انتقائي الضامة 7، ومنذ ذلك الحين استخدمت لتستنزف أيضا بشكل انتقائي الخلايا الدبقية الصغيرة من العصبية، نجمية، والثقافات الدبقية مختلطة 8،9،10. والمنضوية LME الضامة والخلايا الدبقية الصغيرة، حيث أنه يسبب اضطراب الليزوزومية وموت الخلايا المبرمج اللاحقة 13،14. الضامة والخلايا الدبقية الصغيرة غنية مميز في الجسيمات الحالة، مما تسبب لها أن تكون particulaعرضة RLY عند التعرض للعلاج LME. يوفر هذا البروتوكول وسيلة قوية، ولكن بسيطة وسهلة للتأكد من مساهمة الخلايا الدبقية الصغيرة في التجارب باستخدام CGC وغيرها من نظم ثقافة الدبقية / العصبية.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Forceps&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>F4142</td>
			<td>The curved end facilitates removal of the cerebellum&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro-dissecting scissors</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S3146</td>
			<td>Straight, sharp point facilitates rodent P4-7 dissection&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-leucine methyl ester hydrochloride</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>7517-19-3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EBSS solution&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>E7510-500 ml</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Poly-D-lysine</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>27964-99-4</td>
			<td>Coat coverslips 1 day before use&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine serum albumin (BSA)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A9418</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate buffered saline (PBS)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P4417</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DNase</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D5025</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Soybean trypsin inhibitor&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T6414</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse anti-ED1 antibody&#160;</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab31630</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

selective depletion of microglia from cerebellar granule cell cultures using l-leucine methyl ester

Microglia, the resident immunocompetent cells of the CNS, play multifaceted roles in modulating and controlling neuronal function, as well as mediating innate immunity. Primary rodent cell culture models have greatly advanced our understanding of neuronal-glial interactions, but only recently have methods to specifically eliminate microglia from mixed cultures been utilized. One such technique &#8211; described here &#8211; is the use of L-leucine methyl ester, a lysomotropic agent that is internalized by macrophages and microglia, wherein it causes lysosomal disruption and subsequent apoptosis13,14. Experiments using L-leucine methyl ester have the power to identify the contribution of microglia to the surrounding cellular environment under diverse culture conditions. Using a protocol optimized in our laboratory, we describe how to eliminate microglia from P5 rodent cerebellar granule cell culture. This approach allows one to assess the relative impact of microglia on experimental data, as well as determine whether microglia are playing a neuroprotective or neurotoxic role in culture models of neurological conditions, such as stroke, Alzheimer&#8217;s or Parkinson&#8217;s disease.

قدرة هذه التقنية للقضاء على الخلايا الدبقية الصغيرة بشكل انتقائي من CGC و / أو ثقافات مختلطة تعتمد على قدرة لاحقة من المحقق لتحديد بدقة وتمييز الخلايا الدبقية الصغيرة من الخلايا المحيطة بها. ويمكن تحقيق ذلك باستخدام صانع خلية دبيقي محددة، مثل isolectin-B4، كما هو موضح في <stro...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Selective Depletion of Microglia from Cerebellar Granule Cell Cultures Using L-leucine Methyl Ester at JoVE.com

Selective Depletion of Microglia from Cerebellar Granule Cell Cultures Using L-leucine Methyl Ester

Microglia can influence neurons and other glia in culture by various non-cell autonomous mechanisms. Here, we present a protocol to selectively deplete microglia from primary neuronal cultures. This method has the potential to elucidate the role of microglial-neuronal interactions, with implications for neurodegenerative conditions where neuroinflammation is a hallmark feature.

استنفاد الانتقائي للالدبقية الصغيرة من مخيخي الحبيبة الثقافات الخلية باستخدام L-ليسين استر الميثيل

Microglia, the resident immunocompetent cells of the CNS, play multifaceted roles in modulating and controlling neuronal function, as well as mediating ...

selective-depletion-microglia-from-cerebellar-granule-cell-cultures

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

8.6K Views.  University of Washington. Microglia can influence neurons and other glia in culture by various non-cell autonomous mechanisms. Here, we present a protocol to selectively deplete microglia from primary neuronal cultures. This method has the potential to elucidate the role of microglial-neuronal interactions, with implications for neurodegenerative conditions where neuroinflammation is a hallmark feature. 

Video: Selective Depletion of Microglia from Cerebellar Granule Cell Cultures Using L-leucine Methyl Ester

Organotypic Cerebellar Cultures: Apoptotic Challenges and Detection

Organotypic cultures of neuronal tissue were first introduced by Hogue in 1947 1,2 and have constituted a major breakthrough in the field of neuroscience. Since then, the technique was developed further and currently there are many different ways to prepare organotypic cultures. The method presented here was adapted from the one described by Stoppini et al. for the preparation of the slices and from Gogolla et al. for the staining procedure 3,4.
A unique feature of this technique is that it allows you to study different parts of the brain such as hippocampus or cerebellum in their original structure, providing a big advantage over dissociated cultures in which all the cellular organization and neuronal networks are disrupted. In the case of the cerebellum it is even more advantageous because it allows the study of Purkinje cells, extremely difficult to obtain as dissociated primary culture. This method can be used to study certain developmental features of the cerebellum in vitro, as well as for electrophysiological and pharmacological experiments in both wild type and mutant mice.
The method described here was designed to study the effect of apoptotic stimuli such as Fas ligand in the developing cerebellum, using TUNEL staining to measure apoptotic cell death. If TUNEL staining is combined with cell type specific markers, such as Calbindin for Purkinje cells, it is possible to evaluate cell death in a cell population specific manner. The Calbindin staining also serves the purpose of evaluating the quality of the cerebellar cultures.

This method describes the generation of organotypic cerebellar cultures and the effect of certain apoptotic stimuli on the viability of different cerebellar cell types.

مخيخي الثقافات عضوي النمط : التحديات والكشف عن أفكارك

Organotypic cultures of neuronal tissue were first introduced by Hogue in 1947 1,2 and have constituted a major breakthrough in the field of neuroscience. ...

Quantitative Analysis of Synaptic Vesicle Pool Replenishment in Cultured Cerebellar Granule Neurons using FM Dyes

After neurotransmitter release in central nerve terminals, SVs are rapidly retrieved by endocytosis. Retrieved SVs are then refilled with neurotransmitter and rejoin the recycling pool, defined as SVs that are available for exocytosis1,2. The recycling pool can generally be subdivided into two distinct pools - the readily releasable pool (RRP) and the reserve pool (RP). As their names imply, the RRP consists of SVs that are immediately available for fusion while RP SVs are released only during intense stimulation1,2. It is important to have a reliable assay that reports the differential replenishment of these SV pools in order to understand 1) how SVs traffic after different modes of endocytosis (such as clathrin-dependent endocytosis and activity-dependent bulk endocytosis) and 2) the mechanisms controlling the mobilisation of both the RRP and RP in response to different stimuli.
FM dyes are routinely employed to quantitatively report SV turnover in central nerve terminals3-8. They have a hydrophobic hydrocarbon tail that allows reversible partitioning in the lipid bilayer, and a hydrophilic head group that blocks passage across membranes. The dyes have little fluorescence in aqueous solution, but their quantum yield increases dramatically when partitioned in membrane9. Thus FM dyes are ideal fluorescent probes for tracking actively recycling SVs. The standard protocol for use of FM dye is as follows. First they are applied to neurons and are taken up during endocytosis (Figure 1). After non-internalised dye is washed away from the plasma membrane, recycled SVs redistribute within the recycling pool. These SVs are then depleted using unloading stimuli (Figure 1). Since FM dye labelling of SVs is quantal10, the resulting fluorescence drop is proportional to the amount of vesicles released. Thus, the recycling and fusion of SVs generated from the previous round of endocytosis can be reliably quantified.
Here, we present a protocol that has been modified to obtain two additional elements of information. Firstly, sequential unloading stimuli are used to differentially unload the RRP and the RP, to allow quantification of the replenishment of specific SV pools. Secondly, each nerve terminal undergoes the protocol twice. Thus, the response of the same nerve terminal at S1 can be compared against the presence of a test substance at phase S2 (Figure 2), providing an internal control. This is important, since the extent of SV recycling across different nerve terminals is highly variable11.
Any adherent primary neuronal cultures may be used for this protocol, however the plating density, solutions and stimulation conditions are optimised for cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs)12,13.

A live fluorescence imaging technique to quantify the replenishment and mobilisation of specific synaptic vesicle (SV) pools in central nerve terminals is described. Two rounds of SV recycling are monitored in the same nerve terminals providing an internal control.

تحليل كمي متشابك الحويصلة التجديد حمام سباحة في الخلايا العصبية مثقف الحبيبية للدماغ باستخدام الأصباغ FM

After neurotransmitter release in central nerve terminals, SVs are rapidly retrieved by endocytosis.  Retrieved SVs are then refilled with ...

Neural Explant Cultures from Xenopus laevis

The complex process of axon guidance is largely driven by the growth cone, which is the dynamic motile structure at the tip of the growing axon. During axon outgrowth, the growth cone must integrate multiple sources of guidance cue information to modulate its cytoskeleton in order to propel the growth cone forward and accurately navigate to find its specific targets1. How this integration occurs at the cytoskeletal level is still emerging, and examination of cytoskeletal protein and effector dynamics within the growth cone can allow the elucidation of these mechanisms. Xenopus laevis growth cones are large enough (10-30 microns in diameter) to perform high-resolution live imaging of cytoskeletal dynamics (e.g.2-4 ) and are easy to isolate and manipulate in a lab setting compared to other vertebrates. The frog is a classic model system for developmental neurobiology studies, and important early insights into growth cone microtubule dynamics were initially found using this system5-7 . In this method8, eggs are collected and fertilized in vitro, injected with RNA encoding fluorescently tagged cytoskeletal fusion proteins or other constructs to manipulate gene expression, and then allowed to develop to the neural tube stage. Neural tubes are isolated by dissection and then are cultured, and growth cones on outgrowing neurites are imaged. In this article, we describe how to perform this method, the goal of which is to culture Xenopus laevis growth cones for subsequent high-resolution image analysis. While we provide the example of +TIP fusion protein EB1-GFP, this method can be applied to any number of proteins to elucidate their behaviors within the growth cone.

Neural Explant Cultures from Xenopus laevis

Culturing neural explants from dissected Xenopus laevis embryos that express fluorescent fusion proteins allows for imaging of growth cone cytoskeletal dynamics.

يزدرع الثقافات العصبية من<em&gt; القيطم المورق</em

The complex process of axon guidance is largely driven by the growth cone, which is the dynamic motile structure at the tip of the growing axon. During ...

Genetic Manipulation of Cerebellar Granule Neurons In Vitro and In Vivo to Study Neuronal Morphology and Migration

Developmental events in the brain including neuronal morphogenesis and migration are highly orchestrated processes. In vitro and in vivo analyses allow for an in-depth characterization to identify pathways involved in these events. Cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) that are derived from the developing cerebellum are an ideal model system that allows for morphological analyses. Here, we describe a method of how to genetically manipulate CGNs and how to study axono- and dendritogenesis of individual neurons. With this method the effects of RNA interference, overexpression or small molecules can be compared to control neurons. In addition, the rodent cerebellar cortex is an easily accessible in vivo system owing to its predominant postnatal development. We also present an in vivo electroporation technique to genetically manipulate the developing cerebella and describe subsequent cerebellar analyses to assess neuronal morphology and migration.

Genetic Manipulation of Cerebellar Granule Neurons In Vitro and In Vivo to Study Neuronal Morphology and Migration

Neuronal morphogenesis and migration are crucial events underlying proper brain development. Here, we describe methods to genetically manipulate cultured cerebellar granule neurons and the developing cerebellum for the assessment of morphology and migratory characteristics of neurons.

التلاعب الجيني للمخيخي الحبيبة الخلايا العصبية<em&gt; في المختبر</em&gt; و<em&gt; في فيفو</em&gt; لدراسة مورفولوجيا الخلايا العصبية والهجرة

Developmental events in the brain including neuronal morphogenesis and migration are highly orchestrated processes. In vitro and in vivo analyses allow ...

Ex Vivo Imaging of Postnatal Cerebellar Granule Cell Migration Using Confocal Macroscopy

During postnatal development, immature granule cells (excitatory interneurons) exhibit tangential migration in the external granular layer, and then radial migration in the molecular layer and the Purkinje cell layer to reach the internal granular layer of the cerebellar cortex. Default in migratory processes induces either cell death or misplacement of the neurons, leading to deficits in diverse cerebellar functions. Centripetal granule cell migration involves several mechanisms, such as chemotaxis and extracellular matrix degradation, to guide the cells towards their final position, but the factors that regulate cell migration in each cortical layer are only partially known. In our method, acute cerebellar slices are prepared from P10 rats, granule cells are labeled with a fluorescent cytoplasmic marker and tissues are cultured on membrane inserts from 4 to 10 hr before starting real-time monitoring of cell migration by confocal macroscopy at 37 &#176;C in the presence of CO2. During their migration in the different cortical layers of the cerebellum, granule cells can be exposed to neuropeptide agonists or antagonists, protease inhibitors, blockers of intracellular effectors or even toxic substances such as alcohol or methylmercury to investigate their possible role in the regulation of neuronal migration.

Ex Vivo Imaging of Postnatal Cerebellar Granule Cell Migration Using Confocal Macroscopy

During postnatal cerebellum development, immature granule cells originating from the germinal zone exhibit distinct modalities of migration to reach their final destination and to establish neuronal networks. This protocol describes the preparation of cerebellar slices and the confocal macroscopic approach used to investigate the factors that regulate neuronal migration.

فيفو السابقين التصوير من بعد الولادة مخيخي الحبيبة الهجرة الخلية باستخدام متحد البؤر الفحص العياني

During postnatal development, immature granule cells (excitatory interneurons) exhibit tangential migration in the external granular layer, and then ...

Preparation of Acute Brain Slices Using an Optimized N-Methyl-D-glucamine Protective Recovery Method

This protocol is a practical guide to the N-methyl-D-glucamine (NMDG) protective recovery method of brain slice preparation. Numerous recent studies have validated the utility of this method for enhancing neuronal preservation and overall brain slice viability. The implementation of this technique by early adopters has facilitated detailed investigations into brain function using diverse experimental applications and spanning a wide range of animal ages, brain regions, and cell types. Steps are outlined for carrying out the protective recovery brain slice technique using an optimized NMDG artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) media formulation and enhanced procedure to reliably obtain healthy brain slices for patch clamp electrophysiology. With this updated approach, a substantial improvement is observed in the speed and reliability of gigaohm seal formation during targeted patch clamp recording experiments while maintaining excellent neuronal preservation, thereby facilitating challenging experimental applications. Representative results are provided from multi-neuron patch clamp recording experiments to assay synaptic connectivity in neocortical brain slices prepared from young adult transgenic mice and mature adult human neurosurgical specimens. Furthermore, the optimized NMDG protective recovery method of brain slicing is compatible with both juvenile and adult animals, thus resolving a limitation of the original methodology. In summary, a single media formulation and brain slicing procedure can be implemented across various species and ages to achieve excellent viability and tissue preservation.

Preparation of Acute Brain Slices Using an Optimized N-Methyl-D-glucamine Protective Recovery Method

This protocol demonstrates the implementation of an optimized N-methyl-D-glucamine (NMDG) protective recovery method of brain slice preparation. A single media formulation is used to reliably obtain healthy brain slices from animals of any age and for diverse experimental applications.

إعداد شرائح الدماغ الحادة باستخدام محسن N-الميثيل-د-أسلوب استرداد واقية جلوكاميني

This protocol is a practical guide to the N-methyl-D-glucamine (NMDG) protective recovery method of brain slice preparation. Numerous recent studies have ...

Assessment of Neuronal Viability Using Fluorescein Diacetate-Propidium Iodide Double Staining in Cerebellar Granule Neuron Culture

Primary cultured Cerebellar Granule Neurons (CGNs) have been widely used as an in vitro model in neuroscience and neuropharmacology research. However, the co-existence of glial cells and neurons in CGN culture might lead to biases in the accurate assessment of neuronal viability. Fluorescein diacetate (FDA) and Propidium Iodide (PI) double staining has been used to measure cell viability by simultaneously evaluating the viable and dead cells. We used FDA-PI double staining to improve the sensitivities of the colorimetric assays and to evaluate neuronal viability in CGNs. Furthermore, we added blue fluorescent DNA stains (e.g., Hoechst) to improve the accuracy. This protocol describes how to improve the accuracy of assessment of neuronal viability by using these methods in CGN culture. Using this protocol, the number of glial cells can be excluded by using fluorescence microscopy. A similar strategy can be applied to distinguish the unwanted glial cells from neurons in various mixed cell cultures, such as primary cortical culture and hippocampal culture.

This protocol describes how to accurately measure neuronal viability using Fluorescein diacetate (FDA) and Propidium Iodide (PI) double staining in cultured cerebellar granule neurons, a primary neuronal culture used as an in vitro model in neuroscience and neuropharmacology research.

تقييم الجدوى العصبية باستخدام فلوريسئين دياسيتات-بروبيديوم يوديد تلطيخ مزدوج في المخيخ الحبيبية الثقافة العصبية

Primary cultured Cerebellar Granule Neurons (CGNs) have been widely used as an in vitro model in neuroscience and neuropharmacology research. However, the ...

Modeling Neuronal Death and Degeneration in Mouse Primary Cerebellar Granule Neurons

Cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) are a commonly used neuronal model, forming an abundant homogeneous population in the cerebellum. In light of their post-natal development, abundance, and accessibility, CGNs are an ideal model to study neuronal processes, including neuronal development, neuronal migration, and physiological neuronal activity stimulation. In addition, CGN cultures provide an excellent model for studying different modes of cell death including excitotoxicity and apoptosis. Within a week in culture, CGNs express N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, a specific ionotropic glutamate receptor with many critical functions in neuronal health and disease. The addition of low concentrations of NMDA in conjunction with membrane depolarization to rodent primary CGN cultures has been used to model physiological neuronal activity stimulation while the addition of high concentrations of NMDA can be employed to model excitotoxic neuronal injury. Here, a method of isolation and culturing of CGNs from 6 day old pups as well as genetic manipulation of CGNs by adenoviruses and lentiviruses are described. We also present optimized protocols on how to stimulate NMDA-induced excitotoxicity, low-potassium-induced apoptosis, oxidative stress and DNA damage following transduction of these neurons.

This protocol describes a simple method for isolating and culturing primary mouse cerebral granule neurons (CGNs) from 6-7 day old pups, efficient transduction of CGNs for loss and gain of function studies, and modelling NMDA-induced neuronal excitotoxicity, low-potassium-induced cell death, DNA-damage, and oxidative stress using the same culture model.

وضع نماذج لموت الخلايا العصبية وضمور في الخلايا العصبية الأولية الحبيبية للدماغ الماوس

Cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) are a commonly used neuronal model, forming an abundant homogeneous population in the cerebellum. In light of their ...

Quantifying Microglia Morphology from Photomicrographs of Immunohistochemistry Prepared Tissue Using ImageJ

Microglia are brain phagocytes that participate in brain homeostasis and continuously survey their environment for dysfunction, injury, and disease. As the first responders, microglia have important functions to mitigate neuron and glia dysfunction, and in this process, they undergo a broad range of morphologic changes. Microglia morphologies can be categorized descriptively or, alternatively, can be quantified as a continuous variable for parameters such as cell ramification, complexity, and shape. While methods for quantifying microglia are applied to single cells, few techniques apply to multiple microglia in an entire photomicrograph. The purpose of this method is to quantify multiple and single cells using readily available ImageJ protocols. This protocol is a summary of the steps and ImageJ plugins recommended to convert fluorescence and bright-field photomicrographs into representative binary and skeletonized images and to analyze them using software plugins AnalyzeSkeleton (2D/3D) and FracLac for morphology data collection. The outputs of these plugins summarize cell morphology in terms of process endpoints, junctions, and length as well as complexity, cell shape, and size descriptors. The skeleton analysis protocol described herein is well suited for a regional analysis of multiple microglia within an entire photomicrograph or region of interest (ROI) whereas FracLac provides a complementary individual cell analysis. Combined, the protocol provides an objective, sensitive, and comprehensive assessment tool that can be used to stratify between diverse microglia morphologies present in the healthy and injured brain.

Microglia are brain immune cells that survey and react to altered brain physiology through morphologic changes which may be evaluated quantitatively. This protocol outlines an ImageJ based analysis protocol to represent microglia morphology as continuous data according to metrics such as cell ramification, complexity, and shape.

التحديد الكمي مورفولوجية Microglia من Photomicrographs Immunohistochemistry استعداد النسيج باستخدام إيماجيج

Microglia are brain phagocytes that participate in brain homeostasis and continuously survey their environment for dysfunction, injury, and disease. As ...

Preparation and Immunostaining of Myelinating Organotypic Cerebellar Slice Cultures

In the nervous system, myelin is a complex membrane structure generated by myelinating glial cells, which ensheathes axons and facilitates fast electrical conduction. Myelin alteration has been shown to occur in various neurological diseases, where it is associated with functional deficits. Here, we provide a detailed description of an ex vivo model consisting of mouse organotypic cerebellar slices, which can be maintained in culture for several weeks and further be labeled to visualize myelin.

Here we present a method to prepare organotypic slice cultures from mouse cerebellum and myelin sheath staining by immunohistochemistry suitable for investigating mechanisms of myelination and remyelination in the central nervous system.

إعداد و Immunostaining أورجانوتيبيك ميليناتينج شريحة الدماغ الثقافات

In the nervous system, myelin is a complex membrane structure generated by myelinating glial cells, which ensheathes axons and facilitates fast electrical ...