This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 25860294 and 25590073. We would like to thank Ms. Yui Namie for the hand-drawn illustration, and Mr. Koshi Kataoka and Ms. Sayuri Ichikawa for assistance with the zebrafish maintenance.

وقد وافق جميع الإجراءات الحيوانية من لجنة أخلاقيات جامعة مي، وتم إجراء فقا لالياباني تنظيم الرفق بالحيوان &quot;قانون رعاية وإدارة الحيوانات&quot; (وزارة البيئة في اليابان) والامتثال للمبادئ التوجيهية الدولية. 1. إعداد إبرة ملاحظة: تم إجراء جميع التجارب تحت التخدير، وقدمت كل الجهود للحد من المعاناة. للقتل الرحيم، ومغمورة الأسماك في حمام الماء المثلج (5 أجزاء الجليد / 1 جزء ماء في ≤4 درجة مئوية) ل≥20 دقيقة. <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> إعداد الإبر الزجاج microcapillary عن طريق سحب الزجاج 1.0 ملم-الخارجي قطرها الشعرية مع مجتذب إبرة (الشكل 1A). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> قطع نصائح من الإبر بشكل غير مباشر باستخدام مقص غرامة (الشكل 1B). يجب أن يكون قطر الحافة المثالي حوالي 100-200 ميكرون (الشكل 1C). إذا كان diamete طرفص ضيقة جدا، وسوف الدم لا يدخل الإبرة. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> حل الهيبارين في المياه المالحة إلى تركيز 5 ملغ / مل. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> وضع إبرة قبل القطع في نهاية الأنفية من تجميع أنبوب الشافطة وعقد لسان حال في الفم، أو ربط الإبرة إلى موزع لمبة. تزج رأس إبرة في حل الهيبارين، ويعالج بالهيبارين إبرة عن طريق الشفط والنفخ من خلال حل (1D الشكل و1E). ملاحظة: تم استخدام أنبوب التجميع الشافطة لالزرد الحيوانات المنوية الحفظ بالتبريد 16. أنبوب المطاط طويلة يمكن أن يوقف أي دم تحلق في الفم. ويمكن تحديد مرشح في منتصف الطريق من الأنبوب تجنب المخاطر. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> تخزين الإبر heparinized في طبق بتري 10 سم والهواء الجاف لا يقل عن 1 ساعة. يمكن إعداد عدد كبير من الإبر مقدما. </li></ol> 2. التخدير <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> تحضير محلول مخدر في حالة من البلاستيك الصغيرة عن طريق خلط 200 مل من الماء السمك مع 100 ميكرولتر من 2 فينوكسييثانول (2-PE). التركيز النهائي من التخدير هو 500 جزء في المليون. الحذر! 2-PE له تأثير سريع. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> إزالة العدد المطلوب من السمك (AB سلالة) من نظام التداول. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> استخدام شبكة لنقل الأسماك في التخدير ل1-2 دقيقة (الشكل 1F). مراقبة الأسماك تسبح تدريجيا، وانتشار الزعانف الصدرية أفقيا، لهاث، ويكون الغطاء الخيشومي الحركات السريعة في حدود 1 دقيقة. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> كما يذهب الوقت على، ومراقبة الأسماك تقع في الجزء السفلي من هذه القضية، وأخيرا وقف السباحة. والطائرة من التخدير الجراحي تصل عند توقف الأسماك إلى اللحظات والحركات الغطاء الخيشومي بطيئة. عند هذه النقطة، الأسماك على استعداد لجمع الدم. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> باستخدام مقشدة رفع الأسماك تخدير من 2-PE ووضعه برفق على منشفة ورقية مبللة مع التخدير (الشكل 1G). تغطية رأس السمكة مع ورقة الأنسجة الرخوة غارقة أيضا مع حل 2-PE لمنع جفاف العين واستخدام المناديل الورقية الناعمة الجافة أخرى لبلطفتجف من على سطح الجسم. </li></ol> 3. جمع الدم <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> وضع إبرة heparinized في نهاية الأنفية للجمعية أنبوب الشافطة (أو موزع لمبة) وعقد نهاية الناطقة باسم التجمع أنبوب الشافطة في الفم. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> فهم في نهاية الأنفية والإبرة معا، وإزالة موازين التدخل بعناية مع طرف الإبرة. ادخال الإبرة في 30 - 45 درجة زاوية في موقع جمع الدم. تجنب ثقب الجهاز الهضمي (الشكل 1H). في حالة استخدام لمبة موزع، اضغط على لمبة مع الإبهام والإصبع الوسطى، ومنع ثقب في طرف لمبة مع الإصبع الأول، ثم أدخل الإبرة كما هو موضح أعلاه. ملاحظة: هذا الموقع لجمع الدم على طول محور الجسم والخلفية إلى فتحة الشرج في المنطقة من الشريان الأبهر الظهري. الشريان الأبهر الظهري (DA) والوريد الخلفي الكاردينال (PCV) ليست سوى بطني في العمود الفقري (الشكل 2). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> تبدأ في مصالناطقة بلسان نهاية الأنبوب التجمع الطموح عندما يشعر الإبرة لمس العمود الفقري. إذا لم يرتفع في الدم، ونقل معلومات سرية إبرة بمهارة باليد لتشجيع تدفق الدم. لاحظ أنه بمجرد الدم يرتفع إلى الإبرة، والتوقف فورا عن الهز برفق وتمتص (الشكل 1I). في حالة استخدام لمبة موزع، والإفراج عن الضغط من لمبة لنضح الدم. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> نلاحظ ان الدم ترتفع ببطء في الإبرة بطريقة نابض دون شفط، والتي من المرجح بسبب ضغط الدم الشرياني. وبالتالي، فإنه ليس من الضروري أن تمتص إذا كانت إبرة تخترق الشريان بشكل صحيح. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> وقف الشفط بعد أن يتم جمع حجم مناسب من الدم. إزالة الإبرة من الأسماك والضغط على الموقع ثقب باستخدام المناديل الورقية الناعمة لوقف أي نزيف. مراقبة وقف النزيف بعد حوالي 10-20 ثانية من ضغط الإصبع (الشكل 1J). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> بعد توقف النزيف، ونقل على الفور الأسماك مرة أخرى إلى شركة كليوالمياه الدافئة (~ 28 ° C) دبابة. مساعدة الأسماك للتعافي من قبل يحوم بلطف المياه نحو الخياشيم حتى يبدأ في السباحة. ملاحظة: حافظ على ما يصل الى 5 الأسماك postsampling في خزان 2 L وربط خزان لنظام التداول إلى الأوكسجين الأسماك. إضافة المضادات الحيوية إلى أسماك المياه ليست ضرورية. الحفاظ على الأسماك مع السكن العادي والتغذية. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> طرد الدم من الإبرة إلى منطقة نظيفة من قطعة من parafilm (الشكل 1K). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> قياس السكر في الدم باستخدام أي غلوكمتر يده التجاري (الشكل 1L). ملاحظة: يستخدم غلوكمتر الجلوكوز-فلافين نازعة الأدينين ثنائي النوكليوتيد القطب ويتطلب حجم عينة من 0.6 ميكرولتر. <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> إدراج شريط الاختبار تماما في متر وتلمس مباشرة قطرة دم. مراقبة سحب الدم إلى شريط الاختبار تلقائيا والحصول على نسبة الجلوكوز في الدم نتيجة 5 ثانية على منطقة العرض. سجل النتيجة وتجاهل شريط الاختبار. إستخدمجديد شريط الاختبار لكل قياس. </li></ol></li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> (خطوة اختيارية) أخذ كميات دقيقة من الدم قبل pipetting لونقل الدم إلى أنبوب microcentrifuge لإجراء المزيد من التحليلات (خضاب الدم، الدهون الثلاثية (TG) والكوليسترول الكلي، وما إلى ذلك). إذا لزم الأمر، وتمييع الدم كله من الأسماك واحد بمحلول ملحي. الطرد المركزي عينات الدم لمدة 3 دقائق في 680 x ج في RT وحصاد البلازما. نقل البلازما في أنبوب جديد. في هذه المرحلة، وانها مستعدة لاستخدامها في التحليلات الكيميائية الحيوية. </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

نقدم هنا بروتوكول مفصلة للحصول على متسلسل الدم من الزرد الكبار. هذه الطريقة واضحة ومباشرة لتنفيذ ونستخدمها في المختبر على أساس يومي. ويستند هذا الأسلوب جمع الدم على إدخال إبرة الشعرية الزجاج في ظهري الشريان الأورطي الزرد ل. خلال هذا الإجراء، فمن الأهمية بمكان أن نكو?...

الزرد تكتسب شعبية متزايدة باعتبارها نموذجا قيما من الأمراض التي تصيب الإنسان بسبب أعضائهم وعلم الوراثة مماثلة لتلك التي من البشر 1،2. في مجال علم الأحياء التطوري، وقد أثبتت العديد من الدراسات أن الزرد وتظهر البشري علامة التشابه في تكون الدم 3، الارقاء 4،5، وتكون النقويات 6. وتستخدم الزرد الكبار أيضا لدراسة المناعية 7، 8 الاعصاب والأمراض المرتبطة بالسمنة 9 لأن هذا النموذج الحي سهم مسارات مشتركة مع تلك تعطلت في الأمراض التي تصيب الإنسان. للسمنة والأمراض المرتبطة بالسمنة (السكري، تشحم الكبد غير الكحولي والتهاب الكبد الدهني وتصلب الشرايين)، وقد تم التحقيق الزرد السكر في الدم ومستويات الدهون تماما في العديد من النماذج المعدلة وراثيا السمنة والنظام الغذائي الناجم عن 10-13. سوف تتكرر أخذ عينات دم من الحيوانات الفردية تقليل استخدام الحيواني وديسمبرrease الخلافات interindividual. ومع ذلك، وجمع عينة متكررة من الصعب من الناحية الفنية في الحيوانات الصغيرة مثل الزرد بسبب حجمها الصغير نسبيا في الدم وعدم وجود السفن الوصول إليها بسهولة. وقد وضعت عدة طرق لجمع الدم لمرة واحدة من الزرد، على الرغم من أن هذه الطرق لها سلبياتها الخاصة، بما في ذلك الفتك، تلف الأنسجة المرتبطة وحجم الدم محدودة. على سبيل المثال، 1-5 الدم ميكرولتر يمكن حصاده من شق الوحشي من حوالي 0.3 سم في الطول في المنطقة من الشريان الأبهر الظهري 5. قطع الرأس مع مقص من خلال قطع حزام الصدر يمكن جمع 5-10 ميكرولتر الدم 10. مريحة طريقة أخرى أخذ عينات الدم هو ذيل الاجتثاث 14. ثقب في القلب هو طريقة بديلة محتملة واحدة لجمع الدم المتكررة من نفس السمك، ولكن كمية صغيرة جدا الحصول على (ما يقرب من 50 NL) مع هذا الإجراء يحد من عدد من التحليلات التي يمكن أن تكون ادائهاميد 11. وفقا لذلك، هناك حاجة إلى بروتوكول جديد لتمكين المتكررة اخذ عينات من الدم غير المميتة، والتي ستكون تقدما بالغ الأهمية اللازمة لهذا الكائن أن يكون كائن النموذج القياسي لأمراض الإنسان. أن هذه التقنية تسمح لاختبار استجابة الدوائية، اكتشاف المؤشرات الحيوية الجزيئية للتشخيص وتحديد التشخيص، ورصد مختلف الأمراض، مثل أمراض التمثيل الغذائي والأمراض التنكسية وعدة أنواع من الأورام الخبيثة. لذا طورنا طريقة مينيملي للحصول على الدم من الزرد متسلسل 15. نحن هنا لشرح الإجراء بصريا وتوفير بروتوكول مفصلة لهذه التقنية. باستخدام هذه الطريقة، تم تقييم القيمة العادية على أساس معايير مختلفة، بما في ذلك الهيموغلوبين، وصوم الجلوكوز في الدم، ونسبة الدهون في الدم من الزرد البالغين الأصحاء. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، نحن أيضا تقييم ما إذا كانت هذه الطريقة مناسبة للدراسات التي تتطلب عينات التسلسلية التي كتبها monitoring التغيرات الزمانية في مستويات السكر في الدم أثناء التجارب فرط.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass capillaries with filament</td>
			<td>Narishige</td>
			<td>GD-1</td>
			<td>1.0-mm-outer-diameter.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Needle puller</td>
			<td>Narishige</td>
			<td>PC-10</td>
			<td>To produce the needls</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heparin</td>
			<td>Wako Pure Chemical Industries</td>
			<td>081-00136</td>
			<td>For heparinization</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Aspirator tube assembly</td>
			<td>Drummond</td>
			<td>2-040-000</td>
			<td>For blood collection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bulb dispenser</td>
			<td>Drummond</td>
			<td>1-000-9000</td>
			<td>For blood collection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2-phenoxyethanol</td>
			<td>Wako Pure Chemical Industries</td>
			<td>163-12075</td>
			<td>For anesthetizing the fish</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DRI-CHEM3500V</td>
			<td>Fujifilm</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>For hemoglobin measurement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DRI-CHEM Slides</td>
			<td>Fujifilm</td>
			<td>Hb-WII</td>
			<td>For hemoglobin measurement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glutest Neo Super</td>
			<td>Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>For bood glucose measurement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Wako L-type TG kit</td>
			<td>Wako Pure Chemical Industries</td>
			<td>464-44201</td>
			<td>For TG measurement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Wako L-type CHO kit</td>
			<td>Wako Pure Chemical Industries</td>
			<td>460-44301</td>
			<td>For total cholesterol measurement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Parafilm M</td>
			<td>Alcan Packaging</td>
			<td>PM996</td>
			<td>To expel the blood on</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

repeated blood collection for blood tests in adult zebrafish

جمع الدم المتكررة هي واحدة من التقنيات الأكثر شيوعا التي أجريت على حيوانات المختبر. ومع ذلك، لم يثبت بروتوكول غير قاتلة لجمع الدم من الزرد. الطرق السابقة لجمع الدم من الزرد هي القاتلة، مثل شق الجانبي، وقطع الرأس والذيل الاجتثاث. وهكذا وضعنا رواية &quot;المتكررة&quot; طريقة جمع الدم، والحاضر هنا بروتوكول مفصلة توضح هذا الإجراء. هذا الأسلوب هو الغازية الحد الأدنى والنتائج في معدل وفيات منخفضة جدا (2.3٪) لالزرد، وبالتالي تمكين المتكررة اخذ عينات من الدم من نفس الفرد. الحد الأقصى لحجم اخذ عينات من الدم يعتمد على وزن جسم السمكة. يجب أن يكون حجم لأخذ عينات الدم المتكرر على فترات ≤0.4٪ من وزن الجسم كل أسبوع أو ≤1٪ كل 2 أسابيع، والتي تم تقييمها من قبل القياسات الهيموغلوبين في الدم. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، الهيموجلوبين، وصوم الجلوكوز في الدم، الدهون الثلاثية البلازما (TG) وإجمالي جتم قياس مستويات holesterol في الزرد الكبار من الذكور والإناث. علينا أيضا أن تطبق هذه الطريقة للتحقيق في ديسريغولاتيون ايض الجلوكوز في النظام الغذائي الناجم عن السمنة. هذه الطريقة سوف جمع الدم تسمح العديد من التطبيقات، بما في ذلك الجلوكوز واستقلاب الشحوم والدراسات الدموية، الأمر الذي سيزيد من استخدام الزرد كنموذج المرض كائن البشري.

يؤدي هذا الأسلوب جمع الدم الإصابة الحد الأدنى لالزرد (أ &lt;1 مم ثقب؛ الشكل 1J) وينتج معدل وفيات منخفض جدا من 2.3٪. درسنا الحد الأقصى لحجم الدم التي يمكن جمعها من سمكة واحدة وتقييم العلاقة لوزن الجسم (الشكل 3). وجدنا أن حجم الدم الأقصى التي تم جمعها مرتبطة خ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Repeated Blood Collection for Blood Tests in Adult Zebrafish at JoVE.com

Repeated Blood Collection for Blood Tests in Adult Zebrafish

Repeated blood sampling is necessary and important in animal research. We developed a novel, non-lethal and reliable method for repeated blood collection from adult zebrafish, and applied this method to the study of blood biochemistry, including glucose metabolism.

كرر جمع الدم لاختبارات الدم في اسماك الزرد الكبار

Repeated blood collection is one of the most common techniques performed on laboratory animals. However, a non-lethal protocol for blood collection from ...

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Biology

34.5K Views.  Mie University. Repeated blood sampling is necessary and important in animal research. We developed a novel, non-lethal and reliable method for repeated blood collection from adult zebrafish, and applied this method to the study of blood biochemistry, including glucose metabolism.

Video: Repeated Blood Collection for Blood Tests in Adult Zebrafish

Blood Collection from the American Horseshoe Crab, Limulus Polyphemus

The horseshoe crab has the best-characterized immune system of any long-lived invertebrate. The study of immunity in horseshoe crabs has been facilitated by the ease in collecting large volumes of blood and from the simplicity of the blood. Horseshoe crabs show only a single cell type in the general circulation, the granular amebocyte. The plasma has the salt content of sea water and only three abundant proteins, hemocyanin, the respiratory protein, the C-reactive proteins, which function in the cytolytic destruction of foreign cells, including bacterial cells, and &alpha;2-macroglobulin, which inhibits the proteases of invading pathogens. Blood is collected by direct cardiac puncture under conditions that minimize contamination by lipopolysaccharide (a.k.a., endotoxin, LPS), a product of the Gram-negative bacteria. A large animal can yield 200 - 400 mL of blood. For the study of the plasma, blood cells are immediately removed from the plasma by centrifugation and the plasma can then be fractionated into its constituent proteins. The blood cells are conveniently studied microscopically by collecting small volumes of blood into LPS-free isotonic saline (0.5 M NaCl) under conditions that permit direct microscopic examination by placing one of more LPS-free coverglasses on the culture dish surface, then mounting those coverglasses in simple observation chambers following cell attachment. A second preparation for direct observation is to collect 3 - 5 mL of blood in a LPS-free embryo dish and then explanting fragments of aggregated amebocytes to a chamber that sandwiches the tissue between a slide and a coverglass. In this preparation, the motile amebocytes migrate onto the coverglass surface, where they can readily be observed. The blood clotting system involves aggregation of amebocytes and the formation of an extracellular clot of a protein, coagulin, which is released from the secretory granules of the blood cells. Biochemical analysis of washed blood cells requires that aggregation and degranulation does not occur, which can be accomplished by collecting blood into 0.1 volumes of 2% Tween-20, 0.5 M LPS-free NaCl, followed by centrifugation of the cells and washing with 0.5 M NaCl.

The American horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus, is arguably the most convenient source for large quantities of blood of any invertebrate. The blood is simple in composition, with only one cell-type in the general circulation, the granular amebocyte, and only three abundant proteins in the plasma, hemocyanin, the C-reactive proteins, and &alpha;2-macroglobulin. Blood is collected from the heart and the blood cells and plasma are separated by centrifugation.

كوكتيل من الدم والسرطان حدوة الحصان الأميركي ، الليمول Polyphemus

The horseshoe crab has the best-characterized immune system of any long-lived invertebrate.  The study of immunity in horseshoe crabs has been facilitated ...

Isolation and Culture of Pulmonary Endothelial Cells from Neonatal Mice

Endothelial cells provide a useful research model in many areas of vascular biology. Since its first isolation 1, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) have shown to be convenient, easy to obtain and culture, and thus are the most widely studied endothelial cells. However, for research focused on processes like angiogenesis, permeability or many others, microvascular endothelial cells (ECs) are a much more physiologically relevant model to study 2. Furthermore, ECs isolated from knockout mice provide a useful tool for analysis of protein function ex vivo. Several approaches to isolate and culture microvascular ECs of different origin have been reported to date 3-7, but consistent isolation and culture of pure ECs is still a major technical problem in many laboratories. Here, we provide a step-by-step protocol on a reliable and relatively simple method of isolating and culturing mouse lung endothelial cells (MLECs). In this approach, lung tissue obtained from 6- to 8-day old pups is first cut into pieces, digested with collagenase/dispase (C/D) solution and dispersed mechanically into single-cell suspension. MLECS are purified from cell suspension using positive selection with anti-PECAM-1 antibody conjugated to Dynabeads using a Magnetic Particle Concentrator (MPC). Such purified cells are cultured on gelatin-coated tissue culture (TC) dishes until they become confluent. At that point, cells are further purified using Dynabeads coupled to anti-ICAM-2 antibody. MLECs obtained with this protocol exhibit a cobblestone phenotype, as visualized by phase-contrast light microscopy, and their endothelial phenotype has been confirmed using FACS analysis with anti-VE-cadherin 8 and anti-VEGFR2 9 antibodies and immunofluorescent staining of VE-cadherin. In our hands, this two-step isolation procedure consistently and reliably yields a pure population of MLECs, which can be further cultured. This method will enable researchers to take advantage of the growing number of knockout and transgenic mice to directly correlate in vivo studies with results of in vitro experiments performed on isolated MLECs and thus help to reveal molecular mechanisms of vascular phenotypes observed in vivo.

Here, we describe a protocol for isolation and culture of murine pulmonary endothelial cells. This method comprises mechanic and enzymatic lung tissue dissociation as well as a 2-step purification process using anti-PECAM-1 and anti-ICAM-2 antibodies conjugated to magnetic beads, which produces a pure endothelial cell population of mostly microvascular origin.

العزلة والثقافة في الخلايا البطانية الرئوي من الفئران حديثي الولادة

Endothelial cells provide a useful research model in many areas of vascular biology. Since its first isolation 1, human umbilical vein endothelial cells ...

Whole-mount Immunohistochemical Analysis for Embryonic Limb Skin Vasculature: a Model System to Study Vascular Branching Morphogenesis in Embryo

Whole-mount immunohistochemical analysis for imaging the entire vasculature is pivotal for understanding the cellular mechanisms of branching morphogenesis. We have developed the limb skin vasculature model to study vascular development in which a pre-existing primitive capillary plexus is reorganized into a hierarchically branched vascular network. Whole-mount confocal microscopy with multiple labelling allows for robust imaging of intact blood vessels as well as their cellular components including endothelial cells, pericytes and smooth muscle cells, using specific fluorescent markers. Advances in this limb skin vasculature model with genetic studies have improved understanding molecular mechanisms of vascular development and patterning. The limb skin vasculature model has been used to study how peripheral nerves provide a spatial template for the differentiation and patterning of arteries. This video article describes a simple and robust protocol to stain intact blood vessels with vascular specific antibodies and fluorescent secondary antibodies, which is applicable for vascularized embryonic organs where we are able to follow the process of vascular development.

We introduce a whole-mount immunohistochemistry and laser scanning confocal microscopy with multiple labelling for analyzing intricate vascular network formation in mouse embryonic limb skin.

كله يشن التحليل المناعى للالجنينية الاطراف الأوعية الدموية الجلدية : نظام نموذجي لدراسة الأوعية الدموية المتفرعة التشكل في الأجنة

Whole-mount immunohistochemical analysis for imaging the entire vasculature is pivotal for understanding the cellular mechanisms of branching ...

In vivo Electroporation of Morpholinos into the Adult Zebrafish Retina

Many devastating inherited eye diseases result in progressive and irreversible blindness because humans cannot regenerate dying or diseased retinal neurons. In contrast, the adult zebrafish retina possesses the robust ability to spontaneously regenerate any neuronal class that is lost in a variety of different retinal damage models, including retinal puncture, chemical ablation, concentrated high temperature, and intense light treatment 1-8. Our lab extensively characterized regeneration of photoreceptors following constant intense light treatment and inner retinal neurons after intravitreal ouabain injection 2, 5, 9. In all cases, resident M&uuml;ller glia re-enter the cell cycle to produce neuronal progenitors, which continue to proliferate and migrate to the proper retinal layer, where they differentiate into the deficient neurons. 
	We characterized five different stages during regeneration of the light-damaged retina that were highlighted by specific cellular responses. We identified several differentially expressed genes at each stage of retinal regeneration by mRNA microarray analysis 10. Many of these genes are also critical for ocular development. To test the role of each candidate gene/protein during retinal regeneration, we needed to develop a method to conditionally limit the expression of a candidate protein only at times during regeneration of the adult retina. 
	Morpholino oligos are widely used to study loss of function of specific proteins during the development of zebrafish, Xenopus, chick, mouse, and tumors in human xenografts 11-14. These modified oligos basepair with complementary RNA sequence to either block the splicing or translation of the target RNA. Morpholinos are stable in the cell and can eliminate or "knockdown" protein expression for three to five days 12. 
	Here, we describe a method to efficiently knockdown target protein expression in the adult zebrafish retina. This method employs lissamine-tagged antisense morpholinos that are injected into the vitreous of the adult zebrafish eye. Using electrode forceps, the morpholino is then electroporated into all the cell types of the dorsal and central retina. Lissamine provides the charge on the morpholino for electroporation and can be visualized to assess the presence of the morpholino in the retinal cells. 
	Conditional knockdown in the retina can be used to examine the role of specific proteins at different times during regeneration. Additionally, this approach can be used to study the role of specific proteins in the undamaged retina, in such processes as visual transduction and visual processing in second order neurons.

In vivo Electroporation of Morpholinos into the Adult Zebrafish Retina

A method to conditionally knockdown a target protein&#x2019;s expression in the adult zebrafish retina is described, which involves intravitreally injecting antisense morpholinos and electroporating them into the retina. The resulting protein is knocked down for several days, which allows testing the protein&#x2019;s role in the regenerating or intact retina.

في الجسم الحي من Electroporation Morpholinos في شبكية العين اسماك الزرد الكبار

Many devastating inherited eye diseases result in progressive and irreversible blindness because humans cannot regenerate dying or diseased retinal ...

In vivo Electroporation of Morpholinos into the Regenerating Adult Zebrafish Tail Fin

Certain species of urodeles and teleost fish can regenerate their tissues. Zebrafish have become a widely used model to study the spontaneous regeneration of adult tissues, such as the heart1, retina2, spinal cord3, optic nerve4, sensory hair cells5, and fins6.
The zebrafish fin is a relatively simple appendage that is easily manipulated to study multiple stages in epimorphic regeneration. Classically, fin regeneration was characterized by three distinct stages: wound healing, blastema formation, and fin outgrowth. After amputating part of the fin, the surrounding epithelium proliferates and migrates over the wound. At 33 &deg;C, this process occurs within six hours post-amputation (hpa, Figure 1B)6,7. Next, underlying cells from different lineages (ex. bone, blood, glia, fibroblast) re-enter the cell cycle to form a proliferative blastema, while the overlying epidermis continues to proliferate (Figure 1D)8. Outgrowth occurs as cells proximal to the blastema re-differentiate into their respective lineages to form new tissue (Figure 1E)8. Depending on the level of the amputation, full regeneration is completed in a week to a month.
The expression of a large number of gene families, including wnt, hox, fgf, msx, retinoic acid, shh, notch, bmp, and activin-betaA genes, is up-regulated during specific stages of fin regeneration9-16. However, the roles of these genes and their encoded proteins during regeneration have been difficult to assess, unless a specific inhibitor for the protein exists13, a temperature-sensitive mutant exists or a transgenic animal (either overexpressing the wild-type protein or a dominant-negative protein) was generated7,12. We developed a reverse genetic technique to quickly and easily test the function of any gene during fin regeneration.
Morpholino oligonucleotides are widely used to study loss of specific proteins during zebrafish, Xenopus, chick, and mouse development17-19. Morpholinos basepair with a complementary RNA sequence to either block pre-mRNA splicing or mRNA translation. We describe a method to efficiently introduce fluorescein-tagged antisense morpholinos into regenerating zebrafish fins to knockdown expression of the target protein. The morpholino is micro-injected into each blastema of the regenerating zebrafish tail fin and electroporated into the surrounding cells. Fluorescein provides the charge to electroporate the morpholino and to visualize the morpholino in the fin tissue.
This protocol permits conditional protein knockdown to examine the role of specific proteins during regenerative fin outgrowth. In the Discussion, we describe how this approach can be adapted to study the role of specific proteins during wound healing or blastema formation, as well as a potential marker of cell migration during blastema formation.

In vivo Electroporation of Morpholinos into the Regenerating Adult Zebrafish Tail Fin

We describe a method to conditionally knockdown the expression of a target protein during adult zebrafish fin regeneration. This technique involves micro-injecting and electroporating antisense oligonucleotide morpholinos into fin tissue, which allows testing the protein&#x2019;s role in various stages of fin regeneration, including wound healing, blastema formation, and regenerative outgrowth.

في Electroporation المجراة من Morpholinos في الكبار التجديد زعنفة الذيل الزرد

Certain species of urodeles and teleost fish can regenerate their tissues. Zebrafish have become a widely used model to study the spontaneous regeneration ...

Blood Collection for Biochemical Analysis in Adult Zebrafish

The zebrafish has been used as an animal model for studies of several human diseases. It can serve as a powerful preclinical platform for studies of molecular events and therapeutic strategies as well as for evaluating the physiological mechanisms of some pathologies1. 
There are relatively few publications related to adult zebrafish physiology of organs and systems2, which may lead researchers to infer that the basic techniques needed to allow the exploration of zebrafish systems are lacking3. Hematologic biochemical values of zebrafish were first reported in 2003 by Murtha and colleagues4 who employed a blood collection technique first described by Jagadeeswaran and colleagues in 1999. Briefly, blood was collected via a micropipette tip through a lateral incision, approximately 0.3 cm in length, in the region of the dorsal aorta5. Because of the minute dimensions involved, this is a high-precision technique requiring a highly skilled practitioner. The same technique was used by the same group in another publication in that same year6. In 2010, Eames and colleagues assessed whole blood glucose levels in zebrafish7. They gained access to the blood by performing decapitations with scissors and then inserting a heparinized microcapillary collection tube into the pectoral articulation. They mention difficulties with hemolysis that were solved with an appropriate storage temperature based on the work Kilpatrick et al.8. When attempting to use Jagadeeswaran's technique in our laboratory, we found that it was difficult to make the incision in precisely the right place as not to allow a significant amount of blood to be lost before collection could be started. 
Recently, Gupta et al.9 described how to dissect adult zebrafish organs, Kinkle et al.10 described how to perform intraperitoneal injections, and Pugach et al.11 described how to perform retro-orbital injections. However, more work is needed to more fully explore basic techniques for research in zebrafish.
The small size of zebrafish presents challenges for researchers using it as an experimental model. Furthermore, given this smallness of scale, it is important that simple techniques are developed to enable researchers to explore the advantages of the zebrafish model.

This paper presents a technique for collection of blood from the dorsal aorta of Zebrafish. It also provides instructions for obtaining serum for use in biochemical analyses, such as tests for determining cholesterol and triglyceride levels.

جمع الدم لتحليل الكيمياء الحيوية في الزرد الكبار

The zebrafish has been used as an animal model for studies of several human diseases. It can serve as a powerful preclinical platform for studies of ...

Gavaging Adult Zebrafish

The zebrafish has become an important in vivo model in biomedical research. Effective methods must be developed and utilized to deliver compounds or agents in solutions for scientific research. Current methods for administering compounds orally to adult zebrafish are inaccurate due to variability in voluntary consumption by the fish. A gavage procedure was developed to deliver precise quantities of infectious agents to zebrafish for study in biomedical research. Adult zebrafish over 6 months of age were anesthetized with 150 mg/L of buffered MS-222 and gavaged with 5 &mu;l of solution using flexible catheter implantation tubing attached to a cut 22-G needle tip. The flexible tubing was lowered into the oral cavity of the zebrafish until the tip of the tubing extended past the gills (approximately 1 cm). The solution was then injected slowly into the intestinal tract. This method was effective 88% of the time, with fish recovering uneventfully. This procedure is also efficient as one person can gavage 20-30 fish in one hour. This method can be used to precisely administer agents for infectious diseases studies, or studies of other compounds in adult zebrafish.

The increasing use of zebrafish as an animal model requires the development of effective methods for the delivery of known quantities of compounds and solutions. The gavage procedure described below allows for the oral delivery of precise volumes of solution reliably, safely and efficiently to adult zebrafish.

Gavaging اسماك الزرد الكبار

The zebrafish has become an important in vivo model in biomedical research. Effective methods must be developed and utilized to deliver compounds or ...

A Method for Screening and Validation of Resistant Mutations Against Kinase Inhibitors

The discovery of BCR/ABL as a driver oncogene in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) resulted in the development of Imatinib, which, in fact, demonstrated the potential of targeting the kinase in cancers by effectively treating the CML patients. This observation revolutionized drug development to target the oncogenic kinases implicated in various other malignancies, such as, EGFR, B-RAF, KIT and PDGFRs. However, one major drawback of anti-kinase therapies is the emergence of drug resistance mutations rendering the target to have reduced or lost affinity for the drug. Understanding the mechanisms employed by resistant variants not only helps in developing the next generation inhibitors but also gives impetus to clinical management using personalized medicine. We reported a retroviral vector based screening strategy to identify the spectrum of resistance conferring mutations in BCR/ABL, which has helped in developing the next generation BCR/ABL inhibitors. Using Ruxolitinib and JAK2 as a drug target pair, here we describe in vitro screening methods that utilizes the mouse BAF3 cells expressing the random mutation library of JAK2 kinase.

Emergence of genetic resistance against kinase inhibitor therapy poses significant challenge for effective cancer therapy. Identification and characterization of resistant mutations against a newly developed drug helps in better clinical management and next generation drug design. Here, we describe our protocol for in vitro screening and validation of resistant mutations.

وهناك طريقة لفحص والتحقق من الطفرات المقاومة ضد كيناز مثبطات

The discovery of BCR/ABL as a driver oncogene in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) resulted in the development of Imatinib, which, in fact, demonstrated the ...

Techniques for the Analysis of Extracellular Vesicles Using Flow Cytometry

Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) are small, membrane-derived vesicles found in bodily fluids that are highly involved in cell-cell communication and help regulate a diverse range of biological processes. Analysis of EVs using flow cytometry (FCM) has been notoriously difficult due to their small size and lack of discrete populations positive for markers of interest. Methods for EV analysis, while considerably improved over the last decade, are still a work in progress. Unfortunately, there is no one-size-fits-all protocol, and several aspects must be considered when determining the most appropriate method to use. Presented here are several different techniques for processing EVs and two protocols for analyzing EVs using either individual detection or a bead-based approach. The methods described here will assist with eliminating the antibody aggregates commonly found in commercial preparations, increasing signal&#8211;to-noise ratio, and setting gates in a rational fashion that minimizes detection of background fluorescence. The first protocol uses an individual detection method that is especially well suited for analyzing a high volume of clinical samples, while the second protocol uses a bead-based approach to capture and detect smaller EVs and exosomes.

Many different methods exist for the measurement of extracellular vesicles (EVs) using flow cytometry (FCM). Several aspects should be considered when determining the most appropriate method to use. Two protocols for measuring EVs are presented, using either individual detection or a bead-based approach.

تقنيات لتحليل خارج الخلية الحويصلات عن طريق التدفق الخلوي

Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) are small, membrane-derived vesicles found in bodily fluids that are highly involved in cell-cell communication and help ...

Immunofluorescence Analysis of Endogenous and Exogenous Centromere-kinetochore Proteins

"Centromeres" and "kinetochores" refer to the site where chromosomes associate with the spindle during cell division. Direct visualization of centromere-kinetochore proteins during the cell cycle remains a fundamental tool in investigating the mechanism(s) of these proteins. Advanced imaging methods in fluorescence microscopy provide remarkable resolution of centromere-kinetochore components and allow direct observation of specific molecular components of the centromeres and kinetochores. In addition, methods of indirect immunofluorescent (IIF) staining using specific antibodies are crucial to these observations. However, despite numerous reports about IIF protocols, few discussed in detail problems of specific centromere-kinetochore proteins.1-4 Here we report optimized protocols to stain endogenous centromere-kinetochore proteins in human cells by using paraformaldehyde fixation and IIF staining. Furthermore, we report protocols to detect Flag-tagged exogenous CENP-A proteins in human cells subjected to acetone or methanol fixation. These methods are useful in detecting and quantifying endogenous centromere-kinetochore proteins and Flag-tagged CENP-A proteins, including those in human cells.

Here we report protocols to detect endogenous and exogenous centromere-kinetochore proteins in human cells and quantify these protein levels at centromeres-kinetochores by indirect immunofluorescent staining through the use of fixation (paraformaldehyde, acetone, or methanol fixation).