This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 25860294 and 25590073. We would like to thank Ms. Yui Namie for the hand-drawn illustration, and Mr. Koshi Kataoka and Ms. Sayuri Ichikawa for assistance with the zebrafish maintenance.

Todos los animales procedimientos fueron aprobados por el Comité de Ética de la Universidad de Mie, y se realizaron de acuerdo a la regulación del bienestar animal japonesa &quot;Ley para el Bienestar y la Gestión de los Animales &#39;(Ministerio de Medio Ambiente de Japón) y cumplen con las directrices internacionales. 1. Preparación de la Aguja NOTA: Todos los experimentos se realizaron bajo anestesia, y se hicieron todos los esfuerzos para minimizar el sufrimiento. Para la eutanasia, los peces se sumergieron en un baño de agua con hielo (5 partes de hielo / 1 parte de agua a ≤4 ° C) durante ≥20 min. <ol><li> Preparar las agujas microcapilares vidrio tirando de un capilar de vidrio 1,0 mm de diámetro externo con un extractor de aguja (Figura 1A). </li><li> Cortar las puntas de las agujas de forma oblicua con unas tijeras finas (Figura 1B). El diámetro ideales punta debe ser de aproximadamente 100 a 200 micras (Figura 1C). Si el diamete puntar es demasiado estrecho, la sangre no va a entrar en la aguja. </li><li> Disolver la heparina en solución salina a una concentración de 5 mg / ml. </li><li> Coloque una aguja de precorte en el extremo revólver de un conjunto de tubo aspirador y mantenga la boquilla en la boca, o conecte la aguja a un dispensador bombilla. Sumerja la punta de la aguja en la solución de heparina y heparinizar la aguja de aspiración y sopla a través de la solución (Figura 1D y 1E). Nota: El conjunto de tubo aspirador se ha utilizado para la crioconservación de esperma de pez cebra 16. Tubo de goma largo puede detener cualquier sangre volando en la boca. Configuración de un filtro en la mitad de camino del tubo puede evitar los peligros. </li><li> Almacenar las agujas heparinizados en un plato de Petri de 10 cm y secar al aire durante al menos 1 hr. Un gran número de agujas se puede preparar con antelación. </li></ol> 2. Anestesia <ol><li> Preparar la solución anestésica en una pequeña caja de plástico mediante la mezcla de 200 ml de agua de pescado con 100 l de 2-fenoxietanol (2-EDUCACIÓN FÍSICA). La concentración final de los anestésicos es de 500 ppm. ¡CUIDADO! 2-PE tiene un efecto rápido. </li><li> Retire número deseado de pescado (cepa AB) desde el sistema de circulación. </li><li> Utilice una red para transferir el pescado en los anestésicos por 1 - 2 min (Figura 1F). Observar a los peces nadar gradualmente, difundir las aletas pectorales horizontalmente, jadeo, y tienen movimientos opérculo rápidos dentro de 1 min. </li><li> A medida que el tiempo pasa, observar los peces yacía en el fondo de la caja y, finalmente, dejar de nadar. El plano quirúrgico de anestesia alcanzará cuando los peces se detiene a jadear y los movimientos opérculo son lentos. En este punto, el pescado está listo para recogida de sangre. </li><li> El uso de un skimmer levantar el pescado anestesiado de la 2-PE y suavemente colóquela sobre una toalla de papel empapada con los anestésicos (Figura 1G). Cubra la cabeza del pescado con papel tisú suave también empapado con solución 2-PE para evitar la sequedad de los ojos y usar otro pañuelo de papel suave y seco para suavementesecar la superficie del cuerpo. </li></ol> 3. Blood Collection <ol><li> Coloque una aguja heparinizada al final revólver del conjunto del tubo de aspiración (o el dispensador bombilla) y mantenga el extremo de la boquilla del conjunto del tubo de aspiración en la boca. </li><li> Sujete el extremo boquilla y la aguja juntos, y retirar con cuidado las escalas que interfieren con la punta de la aguja. Inserte la aguja en un 30 - ángulo ° 45 en el sitio de la extracción de sangre. Evitar la punción del tracto gastrointestinal (Figura 1H). En caso de utilizar dispensador de bulbo, presione la bombilla con el pulgar y el dedo medio, y bloquear el agujero en la punta de la bombilla con el dedo índice, a continuación, inserte la aguja como se describe anteriormente. Nota: El sitio para la recogida de sangre es lo largo del eje del cuerpo y posterior al ano en la región de la aorta dorsal. La aorta dorsal (DA) y la vena cardinal posterior (PCV) son sólo ventral de la columna vertebral (Figura 2). </li><li> Comience a chupar lala boquilla extremo del conjunto de tubo de aspiración cuando se siente la aguja tocando la columna vertebral. Si la sangre no se eleva, mover la punta de la aguja de manera sutil con la mano para estimular el flujo de sangre. Tenga en cuenta que una vez que la sangre se está levantando en la aguja, para inmediatamente sacudidas y chupar suavemente (Figura 1I). En caso de utilizar dispensador de bulbo, liberar la presión de la bombilla para aspirar la sangre. </li><li> Observe la sangre se elevará lentamente en la aguja de una manera pulsátil sin aspiración, que es probablemente debido a la presión de la sangre arterial. Por lo tanto, no es necesario para aspirar si la aguja penetra correctamente la arteria. </li><li> Deja de succión después se recoge el volumen apropiado de la sangre. Retire la aguja de los peces y pulse el sitio de punción usando un pañuelo de papel suave para detener cualquier sangrado. Observar la parada de sangrado después de aproximadamente 10 a 20 segundos de la presión de los dedos (Figura 1J). </li><li> Después de que se detenga el sangrado, transferir inmediatamente el pescado de nuevo a un CLEuna de agua caliente (~ 28 ° C) tanque. Ayudar a los peces para recuperar girando suavemente agua hacia las branquias hasta que empiece a nadar. Nota: Mantenga hasta 5 postmuestreo peces en un tanque de 2 L y conectar el tanque para el sistema de circulación para oxigenar el pescado. La adición de antibióticos para el agua de pescado no es necesario. Mantener el pescado con una vivienda normal y la alimentación. </li><li> Expulsar a la sangre de la aguja en un área limpia de un trozo de parafina (Figura 1C). </li><li> Medir la glucosa en sangre usando cualquier glucómetro comercial de mano (Figura 1L). Nota: El glucómetro utiliza una adenina dinucleótido electrodo de deshidrogenasa de glucosa-flavina y requiere un volumen de muestra de 0,6 l. <ol><li> Inserte una tira reactiva por completo en el metro y tocar directamente la gota de sangre. Observe la extracción de sangre en la tira reactiva automáticamente y obtener la glucosa en la sangre número 5 seg en el área de visualización. Registre el resultado y deseche la tira reactiva. Usar unanueva tira de prueba para cada medición. </li></ol></li><li> (etapa opcional) Tomar cantidades precisas de sangre por un pipeteo y la transferencia de la sangre a un tubo de microcentrífuga para análisis posteriores (hemoglobina, triglicéridos (TG), colesterol total, etc.). Si es necesario, diluir la sangre entera de un pez con solución salina. Centrifugar las muestras de sangre durante 3 minutos a 680 xg a TA y cosechar el plasma. Transferir el plasma en un nuevo tubo. En este punto, está listo para ser utilizado en los análisis bioquímicos. </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Presentamos aquí un protocolo detallado para la obtención seriada sangre de pez cebra adulto. Este método es sencillo de llevar a cabo y la usamos en el laboratorio en una base diaria. Este método de extracción de sangre se basa en la inserción de una aguja capilar de vidrio en aorta dorsal del pez cebra. Durante este procedimiento, es crítico que tener cuidado para no realizar la ablación de la columna vertebral debido a que es el criterio para la búsqueda de la aorta dorsal. La reducción de la lesión de la ...

El pez cebra están ganando cada vez mayor popularidad como un modelo valioso de enfermedades humanas debido a que sus órganos y la genética son similares a los de los humanos 1,2. En el campo de la biología del desarrollo, muchos estudios han demostrado que el pez cebra y el espectáculo humano marcados similitud en la hematopoyesis 3, hemostasia 4,5, y mielopoyesis 6. Pez cebra adulto también se utilizan para el estudio inmunológico 7, 8 y las enfermedades neurodegenerativas relacionadas con la obesidad 9 porque este organismo modelo comparte vías comunes con los perturbado en enfermedades humanas. Para la obesidad y las enfermedades relacionadas con la obesidad (diabetes, esteatosis hepática y la esteatohepatitis no alcohólica y aterosclerosis), la glucosa en sangre y los niveles de lípidos del pez cebra se han investigado a fondo en varios modelos de obesidad transgénicos y inducidos por la dieta 10-13. Muestreo de sangre repetida de animales individuales reducirá el uso de animales y diciembreRease diferencias interindividuales. Sin embargo, la recogida de muestras repetida es técnicamente difícil en animales pequeños, tales como el pez cebra debido a su relativamente pequeño volumen de sangre y la falta de vasos de fácil acceso. Varios métodos para la recogida de sangre de una sola vez de pez cebra se han desarrollado, aunque estos métodos tienen sus propios inconvenientes, incluyendo letalidad, daño tisular asociado y el volumen sanguíneo limitado. Por ejemplo, 1-5 de sangre l puede ser cosechado a partir de una incisión lateral de aproximadamente 0,3 cm de longitud en la región de la aorta dorsal 5. Decapitación con tijeras de corte a través de la cintura escapular puede cobrar 5-10 l de sangre 10. Otro método de muestreo de sangre conveniente es la ablación de la cola 14. Punción cardiaca es una potencial método alternativo para la recogida de sangre repetida de un mismo pescado, pero la cantidad muy pequeña obtenido (aproximadamente 50 nl) con este procedimiento limita el número de análisis que pueden ser PERFORmed 11. En consecuencia, se necesita un nuevo protocolo para permitir repetido muestreo de sangre no letal, que sería un avance crítica necesaria para este organismo para ser un organismo modelo estándar para enfermedades humanas. Esta técnica permitiría para el ensayo de respuesta farmacológica, el descubrimiento de biomarcadores moleculares para el diagnóstico, determinación del pronóstico y el seguimiento de diversas enfermedades, tales como enfermedades metabólicas, enfermedades degenerativas y varios tipos de tumores malignos. Por lo tanto, hemos desarrollado un método mínimamente invasivo para la obtención de sangre de pez cebra en serie 15. Aquí se demuestra el procedimiento visual y proporcionar un protocolo detallado para esta técnica. Usando este método, se evaluó el valor normal basado en diversos parámetros, incluyendo la hemoglobina, glucemia en ayunas y lípidos en la sangre de pez cebra adultos sanos. Además, también se evaluó si este método es adecuado para estudios que requieren muestras seriadas de mONITOREO los cambios temporales en los niveles de glucosa en la sangre durante los experimentos de sobrealimentación.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Glass capillaries with filament</td><td>Narishige</td><td>GD-1</td><td>1.0 mm outer diameter.</td></tr><tr><td>Needle puller</td><td>Narishige</td><td>PC-10</td><td>To produce the needles</td></tr><tr><td>Heparin</td><td>Wako Pure Chemical Industries</td><td>081-00136</td><td>For heparinization</td></tr><tr><td>Aspirator tube assembly</td><td>Drummond</td><td>2-040-000</td><td>For blood collection</td></tr><tr><td>Bulb dispenser</td><td>Drummond</td><td>1-000-9000</td><td>For blood collection</td></tr><tr><td>2-phenoxyethanol</td><td>Wako Pure Chemical Industries</td><td>163-12075</td><td>For anesthetizing the fish</td></tr><tr><td>DRI-CHEM3500V</td><td>Fujifilm</td><td>-</td><td>For hemoglobin measurement</td></tr><tr><td>DRI-CHEM Slides</td><td>Fujifilm</td><td>Hb-WII</td><td>For hemoglobin measurement</td></tr><tr><td>Glutest Neo Super</td><td>Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho</td><td>-</td><td>For bood glucose measurement</td></tr><tr><td>Wako L-type TG kit</td><td>Wako Pure Chemical Industries</td><td>464-44201</td><td>For TG measurement</td></tr><tr><td>Wako L-type CHO kit</td><td>Wako Pure Chemical Industries</td><td>460-44301</td><td>For total cholesterol measurement</td></tr><tr><td>Parafilm M</td><td>Alcan Packaging</td><td>PM996</td><td>To expel the blood on</td></tr></tbody></table>

repeated blood collection for blood tests in adult zebrafish

Recogida de sangre repetida es una de las técnicas más comunes que se realizan en animales de laboratorio. Sin embargo, no se ha establecido un protocolo no letal para la recogida de sangre de pez cebra. Los métodos anteriores para la recogida de sangre de pez cebra son letales, como la incisión lateral, la decapitación y la ablación de la cola. Por lo tanto, hemos desarrollado un nuevo método de extracción de sangre &quot;repetida&quot;, y presentar aquí un protocolo detallado que describa este procedimiento. Este método es mínimamente invasiva y se traduce en una tasa de mortalidad muy baja (2,3%) para el pez cebra, lo que permite tomar muestras de sangre repetidas del mismo individuo. El volumen máximo de muestreo de sangre es dependiente sobre el peso corporal de los peces. El volumen para el muestreo de sangre repetida a intervalos debe ser ≤0.4% del peso corporal cada semana o ≤1% cada 2 semanas, que fueron evaluados mediante mediciones de la hemoglobina de la sangre. Además, la hemoglobina, glucemia en ayunas, triglicéridos en plasma (TG) yc totalesSe midieron los niveles holesterol en el pez cebra adultos masculinos y femeninos. También se aplica este método para investigar la desregulación del metabolismo de glucosa en la obesidad inducida por la dieta. Este método de extracción de sangre permitirá a muchas aplicaciones, incluyendo la glucosa y el metabolismo de los lípidos y los estudios hematológicos, lo que aumentará el uso de pez cebra como modelo de enfermedad organismo humano.

Este método de extracción de sangre causa daño mínimo para el pez cebra (a &lt;1 mm de punción; Figura 1J) y produce una tasa de mortalidad muy baja de 2,3%. Examinamos el máximo volumen de sangre que podría ser recolectada a partir de un solo pez y se evaluó la relación a su peso corporal (Figura 3). Se encontró que el volumen máximo de sangre recogida se correlaciona linealmente con el peso corporal (R = 0,813). El mayor volumen de sangre recogida de un pez individual (peso...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Repeated Blood Collection for Blood Tests in Adult Zebrafish at JoVE.com

Repeated Blood Collection for Blood Tests in Adult Zebrafish

Repeated blood sampling is necessary and important in animal research. We developed a novel, non-lethal and reliable method for repeated blood collection from adult zebrafish, and applied this method to the study of blood biochemistry, including glucose metabolism.

Repetida extracción de sangre para pruebas de sangre en adultos de pez cebra

Repeated blood collection is one of the most common techniques performed on laboratory animals. However, a non-lethal protocol for blood collection from ...

repeated-blood-collection-for-blood-tests-in-adult-zebrafish

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

35.0K vistas.  Mie University. Repeated blood sampling is necessary and important in animal research. We developed a novel, non-lethal and reliable method for repeated blood collection from adult zebrafish, and applied this method to the study of blood biochemistry, including glucose metabolism.

Video: Repeated Blood Collection for Blood Tests in Adult Zebrafish

Profiling DNA Replication Timing Using Zebrafish as an In Vivo Model System

DNA replication timing is an important cellular characteristic, exhibiting significant relationships with chromatin structure, transcription, and DNA mutation rates. Changes in replication timing occur during development and in cancer, but the role replication timing plays in development and disease is not known. Zebrafish were recently established as an in vivo model system to study replication timing. Here is detailed the protocols for using the zebrafish to determine DNA replication timing. After sorting cells from embryos and adult zebrafish, high-resolution genome-wide DNA replication timing patterns can be constructed by determining changes in DNA copy number through analysis of next generation sequencing data. The zebrafish model system allows for evaluation of the replication timing changes that occur in vivo throughout development, and can also be used to assess changes in individual cell types, disease models, or mutant lines. These methods will enable studies investigating the mechanisms and determinants of replication timing establishment and maintenance during development, the role replication timing plays in mutations and tumorigenesis, and the effects of perturbing replication timing on development and disease.

Profiling DNA Replication Timing Using Zebrafish as an In Vivo Model System

Zebrafish were recently used as an in vivo model system to study DNA replication timing during development. Here is detailed the protocols for using zebrafish embryos to profile replication timing. This protocol can be easily adapted to study replication timing in mutants, individual cell types, disease models, and other species.

Perfiles de sincronización de replicación de ADN utilizando el pez cebra como un sistema de modelo en Vivo

DNA replication timing is an important cellular characteristic, exhibiting significant relationships with chromatin structure, transcription, and DNA ...

Investigación

Genética

Screening Sperm for the Rapid Isolation of Germline Edits in Zebrafish

The advent of targeted CRISPR-Cas nuclease technologies has revolutionized the ability to perform precise genome editing in both established and emerging model systems. CRISPR-Cas genome editing systems use a synthetic guide RNA (sgRNA) to target a CRISPR-associated (Cas) endonuclease to specific genomic DNA loci, where the Cas endonuclease generates a double-strand break. The repair of double-strand breaks by intrinsic error-prone mechanisms leads to insertions and/or deletions, disrupting the locus. Alternatively, the inclusion of double-stranded DNA donors or single-stranded DNA oligonucleotides in this process can elicit the inclusion of precise genome edits ranging from single nucleotide polymorphisms to small immunological tags or even large fluorescent protein constructs. However, a major bottleneck in this procedure can be finding and isolating the desired edit in the germline. This protocol outlines a robust method for screening and isolating germline mutations at specific loci in Danio rerio (zebrafish); however, these principles may be adaptable in any model where in vivo sperm collection is possible.

CRISPR-Cas technologies have revolutionized the field of genome editing. However, finding and isolating the desired germline edit remains a major bottleneck. Therefore, this protocol describes a robust method for quickly screening F0 CRISPR-injected zebrafish sperm for germline edits using standard PCR, restriction digest, and gel electrophoresis techniques.

Detección de espermatozoides para el aislamiento rápido de ediciones de la línea germinal en el pez cebra

The advent of targeted CRISPR-Cas nuclease technologies has revolutionized the ability to perform precise genome editing in both established and emerging ...

Retro-orbital Injection in Adult Zebrafish

Drug treatment of whole animals is an essential tool in any model system for pharmacological and chemical genetic studies. Intravenous (IV) injection is often the most effective and noninvasive form of delivery of an agent of interest. In the zebrafish (Danio rerio), IV injection of drugs has long been a challenge because of the small vessel diameter. This has also proved a significant hurdle for the injection of cells during hematopoeitic stem cell transplantation. Historically, injections into the bloodstream were done directly through the heart. However, this intra-cardiac procedure has a very high mortality rate as the heart is often punctured during injection leaving the fish prone to infection, massive blood loss or fatal organ damage. Drawing on our experience with the mouse, we have developed a new injection procedure in the zebrafish in which the injection site is behind the eye and into the retro-orbital venous sinus. This retro-orbital (RO) injection technique has been successfully employed in both the injection of drugs in the adult fish as well as transplantation of whole kidney marrow cells. RO injection has a much lower mortality rate than traditional intra-cardiac injection. Fish that are injected retro-orbitally tend to bleed less following injection and are at a much lower risk of injury to a major organ like the heart. Further, when performed properly, injected cells and/or drugs quickly enter the bloodstream allowing compounds to exert their effect on the whole fish and kidney cells to easily home to their niche. Thus, this new injection technique minimizes mortality while allowing efficient delivery of material into the bloodstream of adult fish. Here we exemplify this technique by retro-orbital injection of Tg(globin:GFP) cells into adult casper fish as well as injection of a red fluorescent dye (dextran, Texas Red ) into adult casper fish. We then visualize successful injections by whole animal fluorescence microscopy.

Here we show how to do retro-orbital injection in adult zebrafish.

Retro-orbital de inyección en adultos de pez cebra

Drug treatment of whole animals is an essential tool in any model system for pharmacological and chemical genetic studies. Intravenous (IV) injection is ...

Biología

Using Flow Cytometry to Detect and Quantitate Altered Blood Formation in the Developing Zebrafish

The diversity of cell lineages that comprise mature blood in vertebrate animals arise from the differentiation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). This is a critical process that occurs throughout the lifespan of organisms, and disruption of the molecular pathways involved during embryogenesis can have catastrophic long-term consequences. For a multitude of reasons, zebrafish (Danio rerio) has become a model organism to study hematopoiesis. Zebrafish embryos develop externally, and by 7 days postfertilization (dpf) have produced most of the subtypes of definitive blood cells that will persist for their lifetime. Assays to assess the number of hematopoietic cells have been developed, mainly utilizing specific histological stains, in situ hybridization techniques, and microscopy of transgenic animals that utilize blood cell-specific promoters driving the expression of fluorescent proteins. However, most staining assays and in situ hybridization techniques do not accurately quantitate the number of blood cells present; only large differences in cell numbers are easily visualized. Utilizing transgenic animals and analyzing individuals with fluorescent or confocal microscopy can be performed, but the quantitation of these assays relies on either counting manually or utilizing expensive imaging software, both of which can make errors. Development of additional methods to assess blood cell numbers would be economical, faster, and could even be automated to quickly assess the effect of CRISPR-mediated genetic modification, morpholino-mediated transcript reduction, and the effect of drug compounds that affect hematopoiesis on a large scale. This novel assay to quantitate blood cells is performed by dissociating whole zebrafish embryos and analyzing the amount of fluorescently labelled blood cells present. These assays should allow elucidation of molecular pathways responsible for blood cell generation, expansion, and regulation during embryogenesis, which will allow researchers to further discover novel factors altered during blood diseases, as well as pathways essential during the evolution of vertebrate hematopoiesis.

This assay is a simple method to quantitate hematopoietic cells in developing embryonic zebrafish. Blood cells from dissociated zebrafish are subjected to flow cytometry analysis. This allows the detection of blood defects in mutant animals and after genetic modification.

Uso de la citometría de flujo para detectar y cuantificar la formación de sangre alterada en el pez cebra en desarrollo

The diversity of cell lineages that comprise mature blood in vertebrate animals arise from the differentiation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells ...

Biología del Desarrollo

Examining Muscle Regeneration in Zebrafish Models of Muscle Disease

Skeletal muscle has a remarkable ability to regenerate following injury, which is driven by obligate tissue resident muscle stem cells. Following injury, the muscle stem cell is activated and undergoes cell proliferation to generate a pool of myoblasts, which subsequently differentiate to form new muscle fibers. In many muscle wasting conditions, including muscular dystrophy and ageing, this process is impaired resulting in the inability of muscle to regenerate. The process of muscle regeneration in zebrafish is highly conserved with mammalian systems providing an excellent system to study muscle stem cell function and regeneration, in muscle wasting conditions such as muscular dystrophy. Here, we present a method to examine muscle regeneration in zebrafish models of muscle disease. The first step involves the use of a genotyping platform that allows the determination of the genotype of the larvae prior to eliciting an injury. Having determined the genotype, the muscle is injured using a needle stab, following which polarizing light microscopy is used to determine the extent of muscle regeneration. We therefore provide a high throughput pipeline which allows the examination of muscle regeneration in zebrafish models of muscle disease.

Skeletal muscle regeneration is driven by tissue resident muscle stem cells, which are impaired in many muscle diseases such as muscular dystrophy, and this results in the inability of muscle to regenerate. Here, we describe a protocol that allows the examination of muscle regeneration in zebrafish models of muscle disease.

Examinando la regeneración muscular en modelos de pez cebra de enfermedad muscular

Skeletal muscle has a remarkable ability to regenerate following injury, which is driven by obligate tissue resident muscle stem cells. Following injury, ...

Intraperitoneal Injection into Adult Zebrafish

A convenient method for chemically treating zebrafish is to introduce the reagent into the tank water, where it will be taken up by the fish. However, this method makes it difficult to know how much reagent is absorbed or taken up per fish. Some experimental questions, particularly those related to metabolic studies, may be better addressed by delivering a defined quantity to each fish, based on weight. Here we present a method for intraperitoneal (IP) injection into adult zebrafish. Injection is into the abdominal cavity, posterior to the pelvic girdle. This procedure is adapted from veterinary methods used for larger fish. It is safe, as we have observed zero mortality. Additionally, we have seen bleeding at the injection site in only 5 out of 127 injections, and in each of those cases the bleeding was brief, lasting several seconds, and the quantity of blood lost was small. Success with this procedure requires gentle handling of the fish through several steps including fasting, weighing, anesthetizing, injection, and recovery. Precautions are required to minimize stress throughout the procedure. Our precautions include using a small injection volume and a 35G needle. We use Cortland salt solution as the vehicle, which is osmotically balanced for freshwater fish. Aeration of the gills is maintained during the injection procedure by first bringing the fish into a surgical plane of anesthesia, which allows slow operculum movements, and second, by holding the fish in a trough within a water-saturated sponge during the injection itself. We demonstrate the utility of IP injection by injecting glucose and monitoring the rise in blood glucose level and its subsequent return to normal. As stress is known to increase blood glucose in teleost fish, we compare blood glucose levels in vehicle-injected and non-injected adults and show that the procedure does not cause a significant rise in blood glucose.

We demonstrate intraperitoneal injection into adult zebrafish. We use a 10 &mu;l NanoFil microsyringe controlled by a Micro4 controller and UltraMicroPump III. This demonstration includes the use of cold water as an anesthetic.

Inyección intraperitoneal en adultos de pez cebra

A convenient method for chemically treating zebrafish is to introduce the reagent into the tank water, where it will be taken up by the fish. However, ...

Optimized Intravenous Injection in Adult Zebrafish

Intravenous (IV) injection is widely recognized as the most effective and commonly utilized method for achieving systemic delivery of substances in mammalian research models. However, its application in adult zebrafish for drug delivery, stem cell transplantation, and regenerative and cancer studies has been limited due to the challenges posed by their small body size and intricate blood vessels. To overcome these limitations, alternative injection techniques such as intracardiac and retro-orbital (RO) injection have been explored in the past for stem cell transplantation in adult zebrafish. However, these techniques have their drawbacks, including the need for meticulous injection techniques or increased risk of mortality.
In this study, we have developed a refined and optimized IV injection procedure specifically tailored to adult zebrafish, addressing the challenges associated with their unique anatomy. To demonstrate the effectiveness of this technique, we performed successful IV injections of whole kidney marrow cells from Tg(mpo: EGFP) fish and FITC-dextran dye into adult Casper fish. The subsequent visualization of injected cells and dyes using a fluorescence microscope confirmed their successful delivery and engraftment within the zebrafish. Furthermore, we demonstrated that compared with the intracardiac and RO injections, the IV injection resulted in improved survival rates and engraftment efficiency in treated zebrafish. This approach enables precise delivery and localization of substances and holds great potential for large-scale drug and chemical screening using adult zebrafish. Additionally, the ability to visually track the injected cells and dyes provides invaluable insights into their engraftment, migration, and interactions with host tissues, enabling a more comprehensive evaluation of therapeutic effects and biological processes in zebrafish models.

Here, we present an optimized and effective protocol for the intravenous injection of cells or pharmacological agents into adult zebrafish, resulting in enhanced cell engraftment and increased survival rates of the treated zebrafish.

Inyección intravenosa optimizada en pez cebra adulto

Intravenous (IV) injection is widely recognized as the most effective and commonly utilized method for achieving systemic delivery of substances in ...

Investigación sobre el cáncer

Blood Collection for Biochemical Analysis in Adult Zebrafish

The zebrafish has been used as an animal model for studies of several human diseases. It can serve as a powerful preclinical platform for studies of molecular events and therapeutic strategies as well as for evaluating the physiological mechanisms of some pathologies1. 
There are relatively few publications related to adult zebrafish physiology of organs and systems2, which may lead researchers to infer that the basic techniques needed to allow the exploration of zebrafish systems are lacking3. Hematologic biochemical values of zebrafish were first reported in 2003 by Murtha and colleagues4 who employed a blood collection technique first described by Jagadeeswaran and colleagues in 1999. Briefly, blood was collected via a micropipette tip through a lateral incision, approximately 0.3 cm in length, in the region of the dorsal aorta5. Because of the minute dimensions involved, this is a high-precision technique requiring a highly skilled practitioner. The same technique was used by the same group in another publication in that same year6. In 2010, Eames and colleagues assessed whole blood glucose levels in zebrafish7. They gained access to the blood by performing decapitations with scissors and then inserting a heparinized microcapillary collection tube into the pectoral articulation. They mention difficulties with hemolysis that were solved with an appropriate storage temperature based on the work Kilpatrick et al.8. When attempting to use Jagadeeswaran's technique in our laboratory, we found that it was difficult to make the incision in precisely the right place as not to allow a significant amount of blood to be lost before collection could be started. 
Recently, Gupta et al.9 described how to dissect adult zebrafish organs, Kinkle et al.10 described how to perform intraperitoneal injections, and Pugach et al.11 described how to perform retro-orbital injections. However, more work is needed to more fully explore basic techniques for research in zebrafish.
The small size of zebrafish presents challenges for researchers using it as an experimental model. Furthermore, given this smallness of scale, it is important that simple techniques are developed to enable researchers to explore the advantages of the zebrafish model.

This paper presents a technique for collection of blood from the dorsal aorta of Zebrafish. It also provides instructions for obtaining serum for use in biochemical analyses, such as tests for determining cholesterol and triglyceride levels.

Extracción de sangre para análisis bioquímicos en adultos de pez cebra

The zebrafish has been used as an animal model for studies of several human diseases. It can serve as a powerful preclinical platform for studies of ...

Gavaging Adult Zebrafish

The zebrafish has become an important in vivo model in biomedical research. Effective methods must be developed and utilized to deliver compounds or agents in solutions for scientific research. Current methods for administering compounds orally to adult zebrafish are inaccurate due to variability in voluntary consumption by the fish. A gavage procedure was developed to deliver precise quantities of infectious agents to zebrafish for study in biomedical research. Adult zebrafish over 6 months of age were anesthetized with 150 mg/L of buffered MS-222 and gavaged with 5 &mu;l of solution using flexible catheter implantation tubing attached to a cut 22-G needle tip. The flexible tubing was lowered into the oral cavity of the zebrafish until the tip of the tubing extended past the gills (approximately 1 cm). The solution was then injected slowly into the intestinal tract. This method was effective 88% of the time, with fish recovering uneventfully. This procedure is also efficient as one person can gavage 20-30 fish in one hour. This method can be used to precisely administer agents for infectious diseases studies, or studies of other compounds in adult zebrafish.

The increasing use of zebrafish as an animal model requires the development of effective methods for the delivery of known quantities of compounds and solutions. The gavage procedure described below allows for the oral delivery of precise volumes of solution reliably, safely and efficiently to adult zebrafish.

Gavage adultos de pez cebra

The zebrafish has become an important in vivo model in biomedical research. Effective methods must be developed and utilized to deliver compounds or ...

Recovery of Adult Zebrafish Hearts for High-throughput Applications

Use of the zebrafish model system for studying development, regeneration, and disease is expanding toward use of adult hearts for cell dissociation and purification of RNA, DNA, and proteins. All of these applications demand the rapid recovery of significant numbers of zebrafish hearts to avoid gene regulatory, metabolic, and other changes that begin after death. Adult zebrafish hearts are also required for studying heart structure for a variety of mutants and for studying heart regeneration. However, the traditional zebrafish heart dissection is slow and difficult and requires specialized tools, making large-scale dissection of adult zebrafish hearts tedious. Traditional methods also harbor the risk of damaging the heart during the dissection. Here, we describe a method for dissection of adult zebrafish hearts that is fast, reproducible, and preserves heart architecture. Furthermore, this method does not require specialized tools, is painless for the zebrafish, can be performed on fresh or fixed specimens, and can be performed on zebrafish as young as one month old. The approach described expands the use of adult zebrafish for cardiovascular research.

Use of zebrafish for cardiovascular research is expanding towards research on adult hearts. For these applications, quick and simple isolation of cardiac tissues is key to avoid post-mortem changes and to obtain an adequate number of samples. Here, we describe a fast and reproducible method for dissecting adult zebrafish hearts.

Recuperación de adultos de pez cebra Corazones para aplicaciones de alto rendimiento

Use of the zebrafish model system for studying development, regeneration, and disease is expanding toward use of adult hearts for cell dissociation and ...