The financial support from Innovate UK, Ultra-light Car Bodies (UlCab, reference 101568) and Make it lighter, with less (LightBlank, reference 131818) are gratefully acknowledged. The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union's Seventh Framework Program (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement No. 604240, project title 'An industrial system enabling the use of a patented, lab-proven materials processing technology for Low Cost forming of Lightweight structures for transportation industries (LoCoLite)'. Significant support was also received from the AVIC Centre for Structural Design and Manufacture at Imperial College London, which is funded by Aviation Industry Corporation of China (AVIC).

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

تمكن تقنية المحاكاة KBC-FE محاكاة متقدمة لإجراء خارج الموقع استخدام وحدات مخصصة. فإنه يمكن تشغيل وحدات وظيفية على البيئة السحابية، التي تصل حتى العقد من مختلف التخصصات، لضمان إجراء محاكاة عملية بأكبر قدر ممكن. قد تنطوي على جوانب حاسمة في محاكاة KBC-FE استقلالية رموز FE، كفاءة الحساب، ودقة وحدات وظيفية. ان تحقيق كل وظيفة متقدمة في وحدة نمطية تعتمد على تطوير نموذج جديد و / أو تقنية تجريبية رواية. على سبيل المثال، وضعت استنادا إلى وحدة الحد تتشكل على توحيد تشكيل الحد نموذج جديد للتنبؤ 11، وقد تم حاليا وضع أداة الاحتكاك وحدة التنبؤ الحياة من خلال تنفيذ نموذج الاحتكاك التفاعلي 20. كما يوفر تقنية المحاكاة KBC-FE وظيفة حساب انتقائية، أي فقط العناصر الوفاء اختيارويتم اختيار معايير لمزيد من التقييم في الوحدات الفردية. على سبيل المثال، وحدة أداة التنبؤ الحياة تلقائيا بتحديد العناصر التي لطلاء الصلب يميل إلى انهيار، من خلال ترتيب معدل التآكل من جميع العناصر في 1 تشكيل دورة، وسيتم اختيار وبالتالي عادة ما تكون أقل من 1٪ من العناصر لمزيد من التقييمات الحياة أداة تحت ظروف التحميل متعددة دورة. في هذا البحث، والتنبؤ الحياة أداة بعد 300 دورات تشكيل يمكن أن تكتمل في غضون 5 دقائق. من خلال إجراء الاختبارات ذات الصلة ومعايرة وفقا لذلك، يمكن تطبيق نموذج حد تشكيل لتشكيل المحاكاة العملية لتحديد بالتالي المعلمات المثلى لإنتاج عنصر من هذه السبائك بنجاح، ودون أي حوادث معانقة. تم تطوير نموذج حد التنبؤ تشكيل وحدة نمطية السحابة التي كانت مستقلة عن البرنامج FE يجري استخدامها، ويمكن تطبيقها على أي برنامج FE لتقييم القابليه للتشكيل من مادة خلالتشكيل، دون الوظائف الفرعية المعقدة 17. عن طريق استيراد البيانات ذات الصلة في هذا النموذج، يمكن أن تقوم الحسابات لتحديد ما إذا كان يحدث الفشل، في مناطق المكون الذي يمكن للمستخدم تحديد، على توفير الموارد الحاسوبية. ومع ذلك، تجدر الإشارة إلى أن مثل منحنيات الإجهاد والانفعال هي مدخلات البرنامج FE خلال جدول ننظر متابعة بسيطة، قد يكون من الصعب على تمثيل كامل للخصائص المواد في مختلف درجات الحرارة ومعدلات الضغط خلال المحاكاة. في وحدة التنبؤ الحياة أداة، والسلوك الاحتكاك خلال تشكيل يمكن التنبؤ عن طريق استيراد البيانات تشوه التاريخ المطلوبة في وحدة الاحتكاك التحقق 20، ثم استيراد نقاط البيانات المنفصلة وتحسب على أساس وحدة سحابة لكل عنصر مرة أخرى إلى البرنامج FE. وهذا يضمن أن وحدة الاحتكاك المتقدمة يمكن استخدامها من قبل جميع رموز FE، بغض النظر عن قدرتهم على إدراج المستخدم الوظائف الفرعية. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، وزارة الدفاعule يمكن بالتوازي لزيادة خفض الوقت اللازم للحساب. يفترض هذا النموذج الاحتكاك / ارتداء التفاعلية غياب الجسيمات ارتداء أثناء الأولي انزلاق، ونتيجة لذلك، قد يكون من المعقول أن نتوقع القيمة الأولية مستمرة من معامل الاحتكاك 0.17 20. على الرغم من أن هذا النموذج كشف تطور توزيع الاحتكاك، والسلوك الاحتكاك خلال عملية تشكيل معقد للغاية، وأنه من الصعب على الاندماج تماما في السلوك الاحتكاك معقدة من وحدة السحابة إلى محاكاة FE. ونتيجة لتكنولوجيا المستقبل، فإن محاكاة KBC-FE تعتمد على تطوير الإنترنت متخصص وقوي حزم البرمجيات FE محاكاة أساس، وهو ما يتطلب نموذجا تجارة مربحة للغاية، ولكنها مختلفة تماما المزمع إنشاؤها من قبل مطوري البرمجيات. وبالإضافة إلى ذلك، يجب أن تكون مبنية داخل الأحزاب التعاونية لضمان أمن البيانات والسيطرة موثوقية النظام الصناعي شبكة داخلية مخصصة. </P&gt;

Finite Element (FE) simulations have become a powerful tool for optimizing process parameters in the metal forming industry. The reliability of FE simulation results is dependent on the accuracy of the material definition, input in the form of flow stress data or constitutive equations, and the assignment of the boundary conditions, such as the friction coefficient and the heat transfer coefficient. In the past few years, advanced FE simulations have been developed via the implementation of user-defined subroutines, which have significantly broadened the capability of FE software.
The use of such advanced FE simulations in the design of forming processes for structural components has been investigated by both the aviation and automotive industries, with the intention of producing lightweight structures that reduces operating costs and CO2 emissions. Particular focus has been placed on the replacement of steel components with lower density materials, such as aluminum alloys and magnesium alloys. However, these alloys, especially the stronger variants, offer limited formability at room temperature and thus complex-shaped components cannot be manufactured using the conventional cold stamping process. Therefore, advanced high temperature forming technologies, such as warm aluminum forming 1-4, hot stamping of aluminum alloys 5-9 and hot stamping of high strength steels 10, have been developed over the past decades to enable complex-shaped components to be formed. In general, high temperature forming processes involve significant temperature variations, strain rate and loading path changes 11, which would, for instance, cause inevitable viscoplastic and loading history dependent responses from the work piece materials. These are intrinsic features of high temperature forming processes and may be difficult to represent using conventional FE simulation techniques. Another desirable feature would be the ability to predict the tool life over multiple forming cycles in such processes, since they require low friction characteristics achieved through coatings that degrade with each forming operation. To represent all these features via the implementation of user-defined subroutines would be computationally very expensive. Moreover, the development and implementation of multiple subroutines would require excessive multi-disciplinary knowledge from an engineer conducting the simulations.
In the present work, a novel Knowledge Based Cloud FE (KBC-FE) simulation technique is proposed, based on the application of modules on a cloud computing environment, that enables an efficient and effective method of modeling advanced forming features in conjunction with conventional FE simulations. In this technique, data from the FE software is processed at each cloud module, and then imported back into the FE software in the relevant consistent format, for further processing and analysis. The development of these modules and their implementation in the KBC-FE is detailed.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>AA6082-T6</td>
			<td>AMAG</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Material</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AA5754-H111</td>
			<td>AMAG</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Material</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#160;1000 kN high-speed press</td>
			<td>ESH</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Forming press</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ARGUS</td>
			<td>GOM</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Optical forming analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PAM-STAMP 2015</td>
			<td>ESI</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>FE simulation software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Matlab&#160;</td>
			<td>MathWorks</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Numerical calculation software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gleeble 3800</td>
			<td>DSI</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Uniaxial tensile test</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>High Temperature Tribometer (THT)</td>
			<td>Anton Paar</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Friction property test</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NewViewTM 7100</td>
			<td>ZYGO</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Surface profilometer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#160;Magnetron sputtering equipment</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Coating deposition</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microhardness tester</td>
			<td>Wolpert Wilson Instruments</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nano-hardness indenter&#160;</td>
			<td>MTS</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

knowledge based cloud fe simulation of sheet metal forming processes

The use of Finite Element (FE) simulation software to adequately predict the outcome of sheet metal forming processes is crucial to enhancing the efficiency and lowering the development time of such processes, whilst reducing costs involved in trial-and-error prototyping. Recent focus on the substitution of steel components with aluminum alloy alternatives in the automotive and aerospace sectors has increased the need to simulate the forming behavior of such alloys for ever more complex component geometries. However these alloys, and in particular their high strength variants, exhibit limited formability at room temperature, and high temperature manufacturing technologies have been developed to form them. Consequently, advanced constitutive models are required to reflect the associated temperature and strain rate effects. Simulating such behavior is computationally very expensive using conventional FE simulation techniques.
This paper presents a novel Knowledge Based Cloud FE (KBC-FE) simulation technique that combines advanced material and friction models with conventional FE simulations in an efficient manner thus enhancing the capability of commercial simulation software packages. The application of these methods is demonstrated through two example case studies, namely: the prediction of a material's forming limit under hot stamping conditions, and the tool life prediction under multi-cycle loading conditions.

<html> KBC-FE محاكاة لالمعانقة التنبؤ في عملية ختم الساخنة، فإن استخدام فارغة الأمثل شكل إنقاذ ليس فقط التكلفة المادية ولكن أيضا يساعد على الحد من وجود عيوب، مثل معانقة، وتكسير، والتجاعيد. شكل فارغ الأولي يؤثر على تدفق المواد بشكل ملحوظ خلال تشكيل، وبالتالي تصميم معقول من شكل فارغ أمر بالغ الأهمية لنجاح عملية ختم الساخنة وجودة المنتجات النهائية. للحد من جهود من التجارب التجربة والخطأ لتحديد هندسة فارغة المثلى، وقد أثبتت KBC-FE محاكاة لتكون وسيلة فعالة للغاية وفعالة للتقليل من المناطق مع معانقة. باستخدام هذه التقنية، كل محاكاة يأخذ حوالي 2 ساعة، في حين اكتمال مواز حساب وحدة سحابة لمعانقة التنبؤ في غضون 4 ساعات. ن الصفحات = &quot;1&quot;&gt; ويبين الشكل 4 تطور شكل فارغة المستخدمة في ختم الساخنة، ومثال على العنصر الداخلي باب السيارات. شكل فارغ الأولي، اعتمدت من عملية ختم الباردة التقليدية، وقد استخدم لأول مرة في محاكاة KBC-FE. النتائج التجريبية في الشكل 4 (أ) تبين أن فشل كبير (تكسير أو المعانقة) المناطق مرئية بعد ختم الساخنة. بعد تكرار واحد من الشكل الأمثل فارغة، يمكن أن ينظر إليه في الشكل 4 (ب) أن يتم تشكيل لجنة تقريبا ناجحة تماما مع أقل بكثير معانقة، مقارنة باستخدام شكل فارغ الأولي. يمكن أن ينظر إليه أنه لا يزال هناك مؤشرا على معانقة في جيوب في أعلى اليمين واليسار زوايا اللوحة. بعد مزيد من التحسين في الشكل 4 (ج)، تم الحصول على شكل فارغ الأمثل أخيرا من دون معانقة واضحة على لوحة. تم التحقق من شكل فارغ الأمثل يحدده محاكاة KBC-FE تجريبيا من خلال ختم الساخنةأجرت تجارب على خط إنتاج مؤتمتة بالكامل عرضت من قبل الشركة المصنعة نظام الإنتاج. KBC-FE محاكاة للتنبؤ أداة الحياة يتم تنفيذ المحاكاة FE التقليدية لعمليات تشكيل المعادن لدورة واحدة. ومع ذلك، في بيئة الإنتاج، يتم تنفيذ عدة دورات تتشكل على أداة معينة، حيث وجدت أن زيادة عدد دورات تشكيل نتائج في زيادة التباين بين مكونات تشكيلها. هذا الاختلاف أثناء متعددة دورة أداة التحميل هو نتيجة لتغيير تضاريس السطح. على سبيل المثال، سوف تحميل متعددة دورة تشكيل الأدوات مع الطلاء وظيفية تؤدي إلى انخفاض سمك الطلاء المناسب لارتداء. وعلاوة على ذلك، كما ستتأثر انهيار للطلاء من خلال تشكيل المعلمات، مثل تحميل / الضغط، وتشكيل بسرعة، وما إلى ذلك تقنية KBC-FE تمكنمحاكاة من الصفائح المعدنية العمليات تحت ظروف التحميل متعددة دورة تشكيل، وهو أمر ضروري للتنبؤ الحياة في خدمة تشكيل الأدوات مع الطلاء وظيفية متقدمة. للتحقيق في الآثار المترتبة على قوة القابضة فارغة على الحياة أداة والقيم القوة عقد فارغة من 5، 20، و 50 كيلو نيوتن تم فحص لسرعة تشكيل ثابتة من 250 ملم / ثانية. ويبين الشكل 5 توزيع سمك أداة طلاء المتبقية مع مختلف القوى عقد فارغة بعد 300 دورات تشكيل. فإنه يشير بوضوح إلى أن سمك الطلاء المتبقية يتناقص مع زيادة في القوة عقد فارغة. ويبين الشكل 6 توزيع سمك الضغط وطلاء المتبقية مع قوات إجراء فارغة من 5، 20، و 50 كيلو نيوتن، على التوالي، على طول المسافة انحنائي من يموت بعد 300 دورات تشكيل. منذ المنطقة AB يمثل الأنف والحنجرة يموت، كانت المنطقة رانس أثناء عملية الانحناء U- شكل الضغط وبعد ارتداء النسبية في هذه المنطقة أعلى بكثير من مناطق أخرى من يموت. وبالتالي، فإن ارتداء الطلاء حدث بشكل رئيسي في هذا المجال. هناك نوعان من القيم الذروة للحد من سمك الطلاء على 20 كيلو نيوتن و 50 كيلو نيوتن التي تتوافق مع قمم اثنين تحت ضغط. وفي الوقت نفسه، يقلل من سمك الطلاء المتبقية مع زيادة القوة عقد فارغة. أقل سمك المتبقية طلاء مع قوات إجراء فارغة من 5، 20، و 50 كيلو نيوتن، كان 0.905، 0.570، 0.403 ميكرون و، على التوالي، حيث كان سمك الطلاء الأولي 2.1 ميكرون. <img alt="شكل 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/53957/53957fig1.jpg" /> الشكل 1: مقارنة بين سلالات حد التجريبية وتوقع تشكيل عند درجات حرارة مختلفة. تزيد من سلالات حد تشكيل مع ارتفاع درجة الحرارة، وبسرعة ثابتة من 250 مم/ ثانية، أو مكافئ، وهو معدل سلالة من 6.26 ق -1. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/53957/53957fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">الرجاء انقر هنا لعرض نسخة أكبر من هذا الرقم.</a> <img alt="الشكل 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/53957/53957fig2.jpg" /> الشكل 2: الرسم البياني التخطيطي للمعرفة القائمة على السحابة FE محاكاة لعملية تشكيل الصفائح المعدنية. التجاري برامج المحاكاة FE، ويستخدم لتشغيل المحاكاة وتصدير النتائج المطلوبة للوحدات الفردية. الوحدات، على سبيل المثال، القابليه للتشكيل، ونقل الحرارة، وتشكيل ما بعد قوة (المجهرية)، والتنبؤ الحياة أداة، أداة تصميم، وما إلى ذلك، والعمل في وقت واحد وبشكل مستقل في سحابة، وبالتالي تمكين التكامل قطع المعرفة حافة من مصادر متعددة في محاكاة FE . <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/53957/53957fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">يرجى CL</a>إك هنا لمشاهدة نسخة أكبر من هذا الرقم. <img alt="الشكل (3)" src="/files/ftp_upload/53957/53957fig3.jpg" /> الشكل (3): هندسة قطعة العمل وأدوات لU- شكل الانحناء المحاكاة. الأدوات، أي، لكمة، حامل فارغة ويموت، وعلى غرار باستخدام عناصر جامدة. وتستخدم عناصر قذيفة لعمل قطعة عناصر (فارغة). <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/53957/53957fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">الرجاء انقر هنا لعرض نسخة أكبر من هذا الرقم.</a> <img alt="الشكل (4)" src="/files/ftp_upload/53957/53957fig4.jpg" /> الشكل 4: تطور شكل فارغ لختم الساخنة على لوحة داخل باب (عرض في محاكاة FE). اليسار: الأرقام في إطارات خضراء تمثل الأشكال الفارغة في كل مرحلة التحسين، ومنها باللون الأحمرإطارات تتوافق مع شكل فارغ قبل الأمثل لها. الحق: معانقة النتائج التنبؤ في كل مرحلة الأمثل. (أ) النتائج الأولية مع فشل كبير (تكسير / معانقة هو مبين في اللون الأحمر)، (ب) انخفاض فشل مع بعض معانقة بعد المرحلة الأولى من التحسين، و(ج) النهائي الأمثل شكل فارغة مع عدم وجود معانقة مرئية. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/53957/53957fig4large.jpg" target="_blank">الرجاء انقر هنا لعرض نسخة أكبر من هذا الرقم.</a> <img alt="الرقم 5" src="/files/ftp_upload/53957/53957fig5.jpg" /> الشكل 5: توزيع سمك الطلاء المتبقية (عرض في محاكاة FE) مع قوات إجراء فارغة من: (أ) 5 كيلو نيوتن، (ب) 20 كيلو نيوتن، و (ج) 50 كيلو نيوتن، بعد 300 تشكيل دورات في سرعة ختم ثابتة من 250 ملم / ثانية. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/53957/53957fig5large.jpg" target="_blank">من فضلك</a>انقر هنا لمشاهدة نسخة أكبر من هذا الرقم. <img alt="الشكل (6)" src="/files/ftp_upload/53957/53957fig6.jpg" /> الشكل 6: التنبؤ الضغط الاتصال وتبقى سمك الطلاء مع قوات إجراء فارغة من: (أ) 5 كيلو نيوتن، (ب) 20 كيلو نيوتن، و (ج) 50 كيلو نيوتن، وعلى طول المسافة انحنائي من يموت بسرعة ختم ثابتة من 250 ملم / ثانية. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/53957/53957fig6large.jpg" target="_blank">الرجاء انقر هنا لعرض نسخة أكبر من هذا الرقم.</a>

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Knowledge Based Cloud FE Simulation of Sheet Metal Forming Processes

The following paper presents a novel FE simulation technique (KBC-FE), which reduces computational cost by performing simulations on a cloud computing environment, through the application of individual modules. Moreover, it establishes a seamless collaborative network between world leading scientists, enabling the integration of cutting edge knowledge modules into FE simulations.

المعرفة وبناء سحابة FE محاكاة عمليات رقة تشكيل المعادن

The use of Finite Element (FE) simulation software to adequately predict the outcome of sheet metal forming processes is crucial to enhancing the ...

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12.0K Views.  Imperial College London. The following paper presents a novel FE simulation technique (KBC-FE), which reduces computational cost by performing simulations on a cloud computing environment, through the application of individual modules. Moreover, it establishes a seamless collaborative network between world leading scientists, enabling the integration of cutting edge knowledge modules into FE simulations.

Video: Knowledge Based Cloud FE Simulation of Sheet Metal Forming Processes

Simulation, Fabrication and Characterization of THz Metamaterial Absorbers

Metamaterials (MM), artificial materials engineered to have properties that may not be found in nature, have been widely explored since the first theoretical1 and experimental demonstration2 of their unique properties. MMs can provide a highly controllable electromagnetic response, and to date have been demonstrated in every technologically relevant spectral range including the optical3, near IR4, mid IR5 , THz6 , mm-wave7 , microwave8 and radio9 bands. Applications include perfect lenses10, sensors11, telecommunications12, invisibility cloaks13 and filters14,15. We have recently developed single band16, dual band17 and broadband18 THz metamaterial absorber devices capable of greater than 80% absorption at the resonance peak. The concept of a MM absorber is especially important at THz frequencies where it is difficult to find strong frequency selective THz absorbers19. In our MM absorber the THz radiation is absorbed in a thickness of ~ &lambda;/20, overcoming the thickness limitation of traditional quarter wavelength absorbers. MM absorbers naturally lend themselves to THz detection applications, such as thermal sensors, and if integrated with suitable THz sources (e.g. QCLs), could lead to compact, highly sensitive, low cost, real time THz imaging systems.

This protocol outlines the simulation, fabrication and characterization of THz metamaterial absorbers. Such absorbers, when coupled with an appropriate sensor, have applications in THz imaging and spectroscopy.

المحاكاة، تصنيع وتوصيف امتصاص Metamaterial THz

Metamaterials (MM),  artificial materials engineered to have properties that may not be found in  nature, have been widely explored since the first ...

Simulation of the Planetary Interior Differentiation Processes in the Laboratory

A planetary interior is under high-pressure and high-temperature conditions and it has a layered structure. There are two important processes that led to that layered structure, (1) percolation of liquid metal in a solid silicate matrix by planet differentiation, and (2) inner core crystallization by subsequent planet cooling. We conduct high-pressure and high-temperature experiments to simulate both processes in the laboratory. Formation of percolative planetary core depends on the efficiency of melt percolation, which is controlled by the dihedral (wetting) angle. The percolation simulation includes heating the sample at high pressure to a target temperature at which iron-sulfur alloy is molten while the silicate remains solid, and then determining the true dihedral angle to evaluate the style of liquid migration in a crystalline matrix by 3D visualization. The 3D volume rendering is achieved by slicing the recovered sample with a focused ion beam (FIB) and taking SEM image of each slice with a FIB/SEM crossbeam instrument. The second set of experiments is designed to understand the inner core crystallization and element distribution between the liquid outer core and solid inner core by determining the melting temperature and element partitioning at high pressure. The melting experiments are conducted in the multi-anvil apparatus up to 27 GPa and extended to higher pressure in the diamond-anvil cell with laser-heating. We have developed techniques to recover small heated samples by precision FIB milling and obtain high-resolution images of the laser-heated spot that show melting texture at high pressure. By analyzing the chemical compositions of the coexisting liquid and solid phases, we precisely determine the liquidus curve, providing necessary data to understand the inner core crystallization process.

The high-pressure and high-temperature experiments described here mimic planet interior differentiation processes. The processes are visualized and better understood by high-resolution 3D imaging and quantitative chemical analysis.

محاكاة لعمليات الكواكب الداخلية التمايز في المختبر

A planetary interior is under high-pressure and high-temperature conditions and it has a layered structure. There are two important processes that led to ...

Picoinjection of Microfluidic Drops Without Metal Electrodes

Existing methods for picoinjecting reagents into microfluidic drops require metal electrodes integrated into the microfluidic chip. The integration of these electrodes adds cumbersome and error-prone steps to the device fabrication process. We have developed a technique that obviates the needs for metal electrodes during picoinjection. Instead, it uses the injection fluid itself as an electrode, since most biological reagents contain dissolved electrolytes and are conductive. By eliminating the electrodes, we reduce device fabrication time and complexity, and make the devices more robust. In addition, with our approach, the injection volume depends on the voltage applied to the picoinjection solution; this allows us to rapidly adjust the volume injected by modulating the applied voltage. We demonstrate that our technique is compatible with reagents incorporating common biological compounds, including buffers, enzymes, and nucleic acids.

We have developed a technique for picoinjecting microfluidic drops that does not require metal electrodes. As such, devices incorporating our technique are simpler to fabricate and to use.

Picoinjection من قطرات ميكروفلويديك بدون أقطاب معدنية

Existing methods for picoinjecting reagents into microfluidic drops require metal electrodes integrated into the microfluidic chip. The integration of ...

Selective Area Modification of Silicon Surface Wettability by Pulsed UV Laser Irradiation in Liquid Environment

The wettability of silicon (Si) is one of the important parameters in the technology of surface functionalization of this material and fabrication of biosensing devices. We report on a protocol of using KrF and ArF lasers irradiating Si (001) samples immersed in a liquid environment with low number of pulses and operating at moderately low pulse fluences to induce Si wettability modification. Wafers immersed for up to 4 hr in a 0.01% H2O2/H2O solution did not show measurable change in their initial contact angle (CA) ~75&#176;. However, the 500-pulse KrF and ArF lasers irradiation of such wafers in a microchamber filled with 0.01% H2O2/H2O solution at 250 and 65 mJ/cm2, respectively, has decreased the CA to near 15&#176;, indicating the formation of a superhydrophilic surface. The formation of OH-terminated Si (001), with no measurable change of the wafer&#8217;s surface morphology, has been confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy measurements. The selective area irradiated samples were then immersed in a biotin-conjugated fluorescein-stained nanospheres solution for 2 hr, resulting in a successful immobilization of the nanospheres in the non-irradiated area. This illustrates the potential of&#160;the method for selective area biofunctionalization and fabrication of advanced Si-based biosensing architectures. We also describe a similar protocol of irradiation of wafers immersed in methanol (CH3OH) using ArF laser operating at pulse fluence of 65 mJ/cm2 and in situ formation of a strongly hydrophobic surface of Si (001) with the CA of 103&#176;. The XPS results indicate ArF laser induced formation of Si&#8211;(OCH3)x compounds responsible for the observed hydrophobicity. However, no such compounds were found by XPS on the Si surface irradiated by KrF laser in methanol, demonstrating the inability of the KrF laser to photodissociate methanol and create -OCH3 radicals.

We report on a process of in situ alteration of HF treated Si (001) surface into a hydrophilic or hydrophobic state by irradiating samples in microfluidic chambers filled with&#160;H2O2/H2O solution (0.01%-0.5%) or methanol solutions using pulsed UV laser of a relative low pulse fluence.

انتقائية المساحة تعديل السيليكون بلل السطح بواسطة الليزر النبضي للأشعة فوق البنفسجية تشعيع في البيئة السائلة

The wettability of silicon (Si) is one of the important parameters in the technology of surface functionalization of this material and fabrication of ...

Experimental Methods for Investigation of Shape Memory Based Elastocaloric Cooling Processes and Model Validation

Shape Memory Alloys (SMA) using elastocaloric cooling processes have the potential to be an environmentally friendly alternative to the conventional vapor compression based cooling process. Nickel-Titanium (Ni-Ti) based alloy systems, especially, show large elastocaloric effects. Furthermore, exhibit large latent heats which is a necessary material property for the development of an efficient solid-state based cooling process. A scientific test rig has been designed to investigate these processes and the elastocaloric effects in SMAs. The realized test rig enables independent control of an SMA&#39;s mechanical loading and unloading cycles, as well as conductive heat transfer between SMA cooling elements and a heat source/sink. The test rig is equipped with a comprehensive monitoring system capable of synchronized measurements of mechanical and thermal parameters. In addition to determining the process-dependent mechanical work, the system also enables measurement of thermal caloric aspects of the elastocaloric cooling effect through use of a high-performance infrared camera. This combination is of particular interest, because it allows illustrations of localization and rate effects &#8212; both important for efficient heat transfer from the medium to be cooled.
The work presented describes an experimental method to identify elastocaloric material properties in different materials and sample geometries. Furthermore, the test rig is used to investigate different cooling process variations. The introduced analysis methods enable a differentiated consideration of material, process and related boundary condition influences on the process efficiency. The comparison of the experimental data with the simulation results (of a thermomechanically coupled finite element model) allows for better understanding of the underlying physics of the elastocaloric effect. In addition, the experimental results, as well as the findings based on the simulation results, are used to improve the material properties.

Experimental methods for investigation of solid state cooling processes and characterization of elastocaloric material properties of Shape Memory Alloys (SMA) are presented. A custom-built test rig has been designed for controlling and comprehensive monitoring of elastocaloric cooling processes. Furthermore, it provides a validation platform for thermomechanically coupled modeling approaches.

طرق تجريبية لElastocaloric عمليات التبريد التحقيق في ذاكرة الشكل وبناء ونموذج التحقق من صحة

Shape Memory Alloys (SMA) using elastocaloric cooling processes have the potential to be an environmentally friendly alternative to the conventional vapor ...

Simulation of Human-induced Vibrations Based on the Characterized In-field Pedestrian Behavior

For slender and lightweight structures, vibration serviceability is a matter of growing concern, often constituting the critical design requirement. With designs governed by the dynamic performance under human-induced loads, a strong demand exists for the verification and refinement of currently available load models. The present contribution uses a 3D inertial motion tracking technique for the characterization of the in-field pedestrian behavior. The technique is first tested in laboratory experiments with simultaneous registration of the corresponding ground reaction forces. The experiments include walking persons as well as rhythmical human activities such as jumping and bobbing. It is shown that the registered motion allows for the identification of the time variant pacing rate of the activity. Together with the weight of the person and the application of generalized force models available in literature, the identified time-variant pacing rate allows to characterize the human-induced loads. In addition, time synchronization among the wireless motion trackers allows identifying the synchronization rate among the participants. Subsequently, the technique is used on a real footbridge where both the motion of the persons and the induced structural vibrations are registered. It is shown how the characterized in-field pedestrian behavior can be applied to simulate the induced structural response. It is demonstrated that the in situ identified pacing rate and synchronization rate constitute an essential input for the simulation and verification of the human-induced loads. The main potential applications of the proposed methodology are the estimation of human-structure interaction phenomena and the development of suitable models for the correlation among pedestrians in real traffic conditions.

A protocol is presented for the characterization of the in-field pedestrian behavior and the simulation of the resulting structural response. Field-tests demonstrate that the in situ identified pacing rate and synchronization rate among the participants constitute an essential input for the simulation and verification of the human-induced loads.

محاكاة من الاهتزازات التي يسببها الإنسان استنادا إلى وتتميز في حقل السلوك للمشي

For slender and lightweight structures, vibration serviceability is a matter of growing concern, often constituting the critical design requirement. With ...

Studying Dynamic Processes of Nano-sized Objects in Liquid using Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy

Samples fully embedded in liquid can be studied at a nanoscale spatial resolution with Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM) using a microfluidic chamber assembled in the specimen holder for Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and STEM. The microfluidic system consists of two silicon microchips supporting thin Silicon Nitride (SiN) membrane windows. This article describes the basic steps of sample loading and data acquisition. Most important of all is to ensure that the liquid compartment is correctly assembled, thus providing a thin liquid layer and a vacuum seal. This protocol also includes a number of tests necessary to perform during sample loading in order to ensure correct assembly. Once the sample is loaded in the electron microscope, the liquid thickness needs to be measured. Incorrect assembly may result in a too-thick liquid, while a too-thin liquid may indicate the absence of liquid, such as when a bubble is formed. Finally, the protocol explains how images are taken and how dynamic processes can be studied. A sample containing AuNPs is imaged both in pure water and in saline.

This protocol describes the operation of a liquid flow specimen holder for scanning transmission electron microscopy of AuNPs in water, as used for the observation of nanoscale dynamic processes.

دراسة العمليات الديناميكية للأجسام نانو الحجم في السائل باستخدام المسح الضوئي نقل المجهر

Samples fully embedded in liquid can be studied at a nanoscale spatial resolution with Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM) using a ...

Study of Siphon Breaker Experiment and Simulation for a Research Reactor

Under the design conditions of a research reactor, the siphon phenomenon induced by pipe rupture can cause continuous outward flow of water. To prevent this outflow, a control device is required. A siphon breaker is a type of safety device that can be utilized to control the loss of coolant water effectively.
To analyze the characteristics of siphon breaking, a real-scale experiment was conducted. From the results of the experiment, it was found that there are several design factors that affect the siphon breaking phenomenon. Therefore, there is a need to develop a theoretical model capable of predicting and analyzing the siphon breaking phenomenon under various design conditions. Using the experimental data, it was possible to formulate a theoretical model that accurately predicts the progress and the result of the siphon breaking phenomenon. The established theoretical model is based on fluid mechanics and incorporates the Chisholm model to analyze two-phase flow. From Bernoulli&#39;s equation, the velocity, quantity, undershooting height, water level, pressure, friction coefficient, and factors related to the two-phase flow could be obtained or calculated. Moreover, to utilize the model established in this study, a siphon breaker analysis and design program was developed. The simulation program operates on the theoretical model basis and returns the result as a graph. The user can confirm the possibility of the siphon breaking by checking the shape of the graph. Furthermore, saving the entire simulation result is possible and it can be used as a resource for analyzing the real siphon breaking system.
In conclusion, the user can confirm the status of the siphon breaking and design the siphon breaker system using the program developed in this study.

The siphon breaking phenomenon was investigated experimentally and a theoretical model was proposed. A simulation program based on the theoretical model was developed and the results of the simulation program were compared with experimental results. It was concluded that the results of the simulation program matched the experimental results well.

دراسة تجربة الكسارة السيفون ومحاكاة لمفاعل للأبحاث

Under the design conditions of a research reactor, the siphon phenomenon induced by pipe rupture can cause continuous outward flow of water. To prevent ...

Growth and Electrostatic/chemical Properties of Metal/LaAlO3/SrTiO3 Heterostructures

The quasi 2D electron system (q2DES) that forms at the interface between LaAlO3 (LAO) and SrTiO3 (STO) has attracted much attention from the oxide electronics community. One of its hallmark features is the existence of a critical LAO thickness of 4 unit-cells (uc) for interfacial conductivity to emerge. Although electrostatic mechanisms have been proposed in the past to describe the existence of this critical thickness, the importance of chemical defects has been recently accentuated. Here, we describe the growth of metal/LAO/STO heterostructures in an ultra-high vacuum (UHV) cluster system combining pulsed laser deposition (to grow the LAO), magnetron sputtering (to grow the metal) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). We study step by step the formation and evolution of the q2DES and the chemical interactions that occur between the metal and the LAO/STO. Additionally, magnetotransport experiments elucidate on the transport and electronic properties of the q2DES. This systematic work not only demonstrates a way to study the electrostatic and chemical interplay between the q2DES and its environment, but also unlocks the possibility to couple multifunctional capping layers with the rich physics observed in two-dimensional electron systems, allowing the fabrication of new types of devices.

Growth and Electrostatic/chemical Properties of Metal/LaAlO3/SrTiO3 Heterostructures

We fabricate metal/LaAlO3/SrTiO3 heterostructures using a combination of pulsed laser deposition and in situ magnetron sputtering. Through magnetotransport and in situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy experiments, we investigate the interplay between electrostatic and chemical phenomena of the quasi two-dimensional electron gas formed in this system.

النمو والخصائص الكيميائية الكتروستاتي للمعدن/ﻻلو3/SrTiO3 هيتيروستروكتوريس

The quasi 2D electron system (q2DES) that forms at the interface between LaAlO3 (LAO) and SrTiO3 (STO) has attracted much attention from the oxide ...

Fabrication of Superhydrophobic Metal Surfaces for Anti-Icing Applications

Several ways to produce superhydrophobic metal surfaces are presented in this work. Aluminum was chosen as the metal substrate due to its wide use in industry. The wettability of the produced surface was analyzed by bouncing drop experiments and the topography was analyzed by confocal microscopy. In addition, we show various methodologies to measure its durability and anti-icing properties. Superhydrophobic surfaces hold a special texture that must be preserved to keep their water-repellency. To fabricate durable surfaces, we followed two strategies to incorporate a resistant texture. The first strategy is a direct incorporation of roughness to the metal substrate by acid etching. After this surface texturization, the surface energy was decreased by silanization or fluoropolymer deposition. The second strategy is the growth of a ceria layer (after surface texturization) that should enhance the surface hardness and corrosion resistance. The surface energy was decreased with a stearic acid film.
The durability of the superhydrophobic surfaces was examined by a particle impact test, mechanical wear by lateral abrasion, and UV-ozone resistance. The anti-icing properties were explored by studying the ability to repeal subcooled water, freezing delay, and ice adhesion.

We illustrate several methodologies to produce superhydrophobic metal surfaces and to explore their durability and anti-icing properties.

تصنيع سوبيرهيدروفوبيك الأسطح المعدنية لتطبيقات مضادة للتجمد

Several ways to produce superhydrophobic metal surfaces are presented in this work. Aluminum was chosen as the metal substrate due to its wide use in ...