We thank Joshua Marcus for technical support and Jolien Tyler, Ph.D., Director of the Richard J. McIntosh Light Microscopy Core Facility, for technical advice. This work was supported by funds from the University of Colorado Boulder and the University of Colorado Boulder Graduate School to J.D.O. R.T.B. is partially supported by pre-doctoral training grant from the NIH (T32 GM008759). We thank Karyopharm Therapeutics, Inc. for selinexor and Merck Serono for Kinesin-5 inhibitor. FUCCI plasmids are from Atsushi Miyawaki (RIKEN, Japan) via MTA. mCherry-BP1-2 was from Addgene. HeLa expressing H2b-mCherry and &#946;-tubulin-EGFP are from Daniel Gerlich (IMBA, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Austria).

The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.

مزايا المجهري الوقت الفاصل بين وتتبع طولية المجهر هو أداة مثالية للدراسات طولية من الاستجابة للدواء كما أنه يسمح للمحققين لتعقب الخلايا الفردية ومصائرهم وكذلك السكان. التغير في الاستجابة للدواء ضمن مجموعة من الخلايا ه...

المجهر الخلية الحية وتتبع طولية من الخلايا واحدة ليست تقنية جديدة. من أقرب المجاهر، وقد لاحظ المتحمسين والعلماء ودرس الخلايا وحيدة والكائنات، تصرفاتهم، والتنمية 1-3. ومن الأمثلة الشهيرة من أواخر ديفيد روجرز في جامعة فاندربيلت في 1950s يظهر العدلات الإنسان في بقعة من الدم مطاردة بكتيريا المكورات العنقودية الذهبية، وفي نهاية المطاف عملية البلعمة (4). هذا الفيلم الخلية الحية هو مثال ممتاز لكيفية عمليات متعددة يمكن ملاحظتها والمترابطة في تجربة واحدة: الاستشعار من التدرج الكيميائية، والميكانيكا وسرعة الحركة خلية، خلية الأشكال ديناميكية، التصاق، والبلعمة من العوامل المسببة للأمراض. وقد أدى ظهور المجاهر مؤتمتة بالكامل والكاميرات الرقمية حساسة للغاية في أعداد متزايدة من المحققين باستخدام المجهر لطرح الأسئلة الأساسية في بيولوجيا الخلية تتراوح ومدمج كيف تتحرك خلايا 5،6 و 7،8 تنقسم إلى العضيم ديناميات والاتجار غشاء 9-11. غير الفلورسنت، المجهري brightfield، بما في ذلك على النقيض من المرحلة (PC)، الذي حصل على جائزة نوبل للفريتس زيرنيكه في عام 1953، وعلى النقيض تدخل الفرق (DIC) تسمح لمراقبة خلايا ونوى ولكن أيضا الهياكل الفرعية الخلوية بما في ذلك حزم أنيبيب ، الكروموسومات، نويات، وديناميات العضيم، وألياف الأكتين سميكة 12. المشفرة وراثيا البروتينات الفلورية وتطوير الأصباغ الفلورية ضد عضيات أثرت بشكل كبير الوقت الفاصل بين المجهري 13-15. في حين لم يكن التركيز في هذه المادة، والتصوير في الكروية خلية وفي الموقع (intravital المجهري) باستخدام متحد البؤر والفحص المجهري multiphoton تمثل توسع آخر لهذا النهج، وهناك مواد المعلقة التي تستخدم ومناقشة هذه النهج 16-19. ردود الخلايا لمكافحة كانكونيتم تحديد المخدرات إيه أو المنتجات الطبيعية على المستوى الجزيئي والخلوي. العلاج فهم استجابات الخلايا ومصائر التالية غالبا ما ينطوي على المقايسات سكان المتوسط ​​(على سبيل المثال، immunoblotting، تدابير جيدا الكاملة)، أو الوقت نقطة ثابتة مع كشف مناعي والتدفق الخلوي، التي تقيس الخلايا وحيدة. الاختلاف في استجابة خلية واحدة إلى المخدرات ضمن مجموعة من السكان، ولا سيما في الأورام، قد يفسر بعض التباين في استجابة ينظر عبر خطوط الخلايا والأورام التي يتم التعامل مع نفس الدواء في التشبع. على المدى الطويل نهج طولية لمتابعة خلية واحدة معينة أو مجموعة من الخلايا هو نهج أقل شيوعا ولكنها قوية جدا التي تسمح للدراسة مباشرة لمسارات استجابة الجزيئية، الظواهر المختلفة (على سبيل المثال، موت الخلية أو انقسام الخلية)، ومراقبة تقلب الخلية الى خلية ضمن مجموعة من السكان، وكيف أن هذه العوامل تساهم في ديناميات استجابة السكان 20-22. بتفاؤل، أن تكون قادرةلمراقبة وقياس ردود خلية واحدة سوف تساعد على تحسين فهمنا لكيفية عمل الأدوية، لماذا فشلوا في بعض الأحيان، وكيفية استخدامها أفضل. تقنية طويلة الأجل الوقت الفاصل بين المجهري، وتتبع الطولي، وتحليل استجابات المخدرات هي متاحة لكثير من المحققين ويمكن أن تكون بسيطة، وذلك باستخدام الضوء فقط تنتقل إلى مراقبة ردود النمط الظاهري 20،21. المكونات الرئيسية لهذا النهج ما يلي: إعداد مناسب من الخلايا من الفائدة، المجهر الآلي مع الغرفة البيئية، متكاملة الكاميرا مع جهاز الكمبيوتر للحصول على وتخزين الصور، وبرامج لإعادة النظر في الوقت الفاصل بين وقياس وتحليل الخلايا وأية أجهزة الاستشعار الفلورسنت. ونحن نقدم بروتوكول مفصلة مع العديد من النصائح لإجراء الفحص المجهري الوقت الفاصل بين الخلايا المستزرعة لطالما عدة أيام باستخدام brightfield و / أو widefield المجهر epifluorescent. ويمكن استخدامها في أي خط الخلية التي يمكن زراعتها في ثقافة هذا البروتوكوللدراسة ردودهم على العلاجات المضادة للسرطان. نحن نقدم أمثلة على البيانات التي حصل عليها وتحليلها باستخدام متعددة مختلفة أجهزة الاستشعار الفلورسنت المشفرة وراثيا ومثال على المرحلة المجهري على النقيض، ومناقشة لفترة وجيزة أنواع مختلفة من تحقيقات، ومزايا وعيوب على المدى الطويل الوقت الفاصل بين وتتبع الطولي، ما يمكن أن يكون علمت لهذا النهج الذي يصعب فهمه من النهج غير المباشرة، وبعض الاختلافات التي نأمل أن تكون ذات فائدة وقيمة للباحثين عديمي الخبرة الذين لا يعتبر استخدام هذا النهج، والباحثين من ذوي الخبرة.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Taxol (paclitaxel)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>T7191</td>
			<td>microtubule stabilizing drug</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>etoposide</td>
			<td>Selleckchem</td>
			<td>S1225</td>
			<td>topoisomerase II inhibitor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>selinexor</td>
			<td>Karyopharm Therapeutics</td>
			<td>na</td>
			<td>XPO1/CRM1 inhibitor, gift</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Kinesin-5 inhibitor</td>
			<td>Merck Serono</td>
			<td>na</td>
			<td>gift, also available from American Custom Chemicals Corporation. CAS 858668-07-2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>cell growth medium</td>
			<td>HyClone (Fisher) or Mediatech</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>many companies available</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5% CO2/balance air, certified</td>
			<td>Airgas</td>
			<td>Z03NI7222004379</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>35mm dish, 20mm glass bottom</td>
			<td>Cellvis</td>
			<td>D35-20-1.5-N</td>
			<td>many companies available</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>35mm 4 well dish, 20mm glass bottom</td>
			<td>Cellvis</td>
			<td>D35C4-20-1.5-N</td>
			<td>many companies available</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>35mm dish, gridded glass bottom</td>
			<td>MatTek</td>
			<td>P35G-2-14-CGRD</td>
			<td>many companies available</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>multi-well, glass bottom</td>
			<td>Cellvis</td>
			<td>P12-1.5H-N</td>
			<td>many companies available</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Olympus IX81 inverted epifluorescence microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Olympus IX2-UCB controller</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PRIOR LumenPro200</td>
			<td>Prior Scientific</td>
			<td>Lumen200PRO</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PRIOR Proscan III motorized stage</td>
			<td>Prio Scientific</td>
			<td>H117</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>STEV chamber</td>
			<td>InVivo Scientific</td>
			<td>STEV.ECU.HC5 STAGE TOP</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Environmental Controller Unit</td>
			<td>InVivo Scientific</td>
			<td>STEV.ECU.HC5 STAGE TOP</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hamamatsu ORCA R2 CCD with controller</td>
			<td>Hamamatsu</td>
			<td>C10600</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nikon Eclipse Ti</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nikon laser launch</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SOLA light engine</td>
			<td>lumencor</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>iXon Ultra 897 EM-CCD</td>
			<td>ANDOR&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TOKAI HIT inclubation chamber</td>
			<td>TOKAI HIT</td>
			<td>TIZSH</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

through the looking glass: time-lapse microscopy and longitudinal tracking of single cells to study anti-cancer therapeutics

استجابة الخلايا وحيدة إلى الأدوية المضادة للسرطان تساهم بشكل كبير في تحديد استجابة السكان، وبالتالي تعتبر عاملا رئيسيا يسهم في النتيجة الإجمالية. Immunoblotting، التدفق الخلوي والتجارب خلية ثابتة وغالبا ما تستخدم لدراسة كيفية استجابة الخلايا للأدوية المضادة للسرطان. وهذه الأساليب هي مهمة، ولكن لديهم العديد من أوجه القصور. التباين في ردود المخدرات بين السرطان والخلايا الطبيعية، وبين خلايا المنشأ السرطانية المختلفة، وعابرة وردود نادرة من الصعب أن نفهم باستخدام فحوصات المتوسط ​​السكان ودون أن تكون قادرة على تتبع مباشرة وتحليلها بشكل طولي. المجهر بشكل خاص مناسبة تماما لصورة الخلايا الحية. التطورات في مجال التكنولوجيا تمكننا من روتيني خلايا الصورة في القرار الذي تمكن ليس فقط تتبع الخلية، ولكن أيضا مراقبة مجموعة متنوعة من الاستجابات الخلوية. وصفنا هذا النهج في التفاصيل التي تسمح للتصوير المستمر الوقت الفاصل بينالخلايا خلال الاستجابة للدواء لفي الأساس طالما رغبت في ذلك، عادة ما يصل إلى 96 ساعة. استخدام الاختلافات في النهج، وخلايا يمكن رصدها لأسابيع. مع توظيف المشفرة وراثيا أجهزة الاستشعار الفلورسنت العديد من العمليات، ومسارات والاستجابات يمكن اتباعها. وتبين لنا الأمثلة التي تشمل تتبع النوعي والكمي لنمو الخلايا وتقدم دورة الخلية، وديناميات كروموسوم، الحمض النووي من التلف، وموت الخلايا. نحن أيضا مناقشة الاختلافات في الأسلوب ومرونته، وتسليط الضوء على بعض المخاطر المشتركة.

على المدى الطويل الوقت الفاصل بين المجهر وتتبع الطولي المباشر يسمح لدراسة العديد من الآثار المضادة للسرطان خلال الاستجابة للدواء. بعد المخطط العام في الشكل 1، وترد أمثلة متعددة من الخلايا معربا عن صحفيين الفلورسنت التحقق من صحة أن تعامل م?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Through the Looking Glass: Time-lapse Microscopy and Longitudinal Tracking of Single Cells to Study Anti-cancer Therapeutics at JoVE.com

Through the Looking Glass: Time-lapse Microscopy and Longitudinal Tracking of Single Cells to Study Anti-cancer Therapeutics

Here, we describe a method of long-term time-lapse microscopy to longitudinally track single cells in response to anti-cancer therapeutics.

من خلال المرآة: المجهري الوقت الفاصل بين وتتبع طولية من الخلايا واحدة لدراسة العلاج المضادة للسرطان

The response of single cells to anti-cancer drugs contributes significantly in determining the population response, and therefore is a major contributing ...

through-looking-glass-time-lapse-microscopy-longitudinal-tracking

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

10.9K Views.  University of Colorado, Boulder. Here, we describe a method of long-term time-lapse microscopy to longitudinally track single cells in response to anti-cancer therapeutics.

Video: Through the Looking Glass: Time-lapse Microscopy and Longitudinal Tracking of Single Cells to Study Anti-cancer Therapeutics

Method for Novel Anti-Cancer Drug Development using Tumor Explants of Surgical Specimens

The current therapies for malignant glioma have only palliative effect. For therapeutic development, one hurdle is the discrepancy of efficacy determined by current drug efficacy tests and the efficacy on patients. Thus, novel and reliable methods for evaluating drug efficacy are warranted in pre-clinical phase. In vitro culture of tumor tissues, including cell lines, has substantial phenotypic, genetic, and epigenetic alterations of cancer cells caused by artificial environment of cell culture, which may not reflect the biology of original tumors in situ. Xenograft models with the immunodeficient mice also have limitations, i.e., the lack of immune system and interspecies genetic and epigenetic discrepancies in microenvironment. Here, we demonstrate a novel method using the surgical specimens of malignant glioma as undissociated tumor blocks to evaluate treatment effects. To validate this method, data with the current first-line chemotherapeutic agent, temozolomide (TMZ), are described.


We used the freshly-removed surgical specimen of malignant glioma for our experiments. We performed intratumoral injection of TMZ or other drug candidates, followed by incubation and analysis on surgical specimens. Here, we sought to establish a tumor tissue explant method as a platform to determine the efficacy of novel anti-cancer therapies so that we may be able to overcome, at least, some of the current limitations and fill the existing gap between the current experimental data and the efficacy on an actual patient's tumor. This method may have the potential to accelerate identifying novel chemotherapeutic agents for solid cancer treatment.

Here, we established a method for drug efficacy testing with surgical specimens of brain tumors, termed &#x201C;tumor explant method&#x201D;. With this method, we can evaluate drug efficacy without breaking the microenvironment of solid tumors. To validate reliability of this method, we describe representative data with our glioma specimen treated with the current first-line chemotherapeutic agent, temozolomide.

أسلوب الرواية تطوير أدوية لمكافحة السرطان باستخدام Explants ورم العينات الجراحية


The current therapies for malignant glioma have only palliative effect. For therapeutic development, one hurdle is the discrepancy of efficacy determined ...

The Measurement and Treatment of Suppression in Amblyopia

Amblyopia, a developmental disorder of the visual cortex, is one of the leading causes of visual dysfunction in the working age population. Current estimates put the prevalence of amblyopia at approximately 1-3%1-3, the majority of cases being monocular2. Amblyopia is most frequently caused by ocular misalignment (strabismus), blur induced by unequal refractive error (anisometropia), and in some cases by form deprivation.
Although amblyopia is initially caused by abnormal visual input in infancy, once established, the visual deficit often remains when normal visual input has been restored using surgery and/or refractive correction. This is because amblyopia is the result of abnormal visual cortex development rather than a problem with the amblyopic eye itself4,5 . Amblyopia is characterized by both monocular and binocular deficits6,7 which include impaired visual acuity and poor or absent stereopsis respectively. The visual dysfunction in amblyopia is often associated with a strong suppression of the inputs from the amblyopic eye under binocular viewing conditions8. Recent work has indicated that suppression may play a central role in both the monocular and binocular deficits associated with amblyopia9,10 .
Current clinical tests for suppression tend to verify the presence or absence of suppression rather than giving a quantitative measurement of the degree of suppression. Here we describe a technique for measuring amblyopic suppression with a compact, portable device11,12 . The device consists of a laptop computer connected to a pair of virtual reality goggles. The novelty of the technique lies in the way we present visual stimuli to measure suppression. Stimuli are shown to the amblyopic eye at high contrast while the contrast of the stimuli shown to the non-amblyopic eye are varied. Patients perform a simple signal/noise task that allows for a precise measurement of the strength of excitatory binocular interactions. The contrast offset at which neither eye has a performance advantage is a measure of the "balance point" and is a direct measure of suppression. This technique has been validated psychophysically both in control13,14 and patient6,9,11 populations.
In addition to measuring suppression this technique also forms the basis of a novel form of treatment to decrease suppression over time and improve binocular and often monocular function in adult patients with amblyopia12,15,16 . This new treatment approach can be deployed either on the goggle system described above or on a specially modified iPod touch device15.

Amblyopia is a developmental disorder of the visual cortex that is often accompanied by strong suppression of one eye. We present a new technique for measuring and treating interocular suppression in patients with amblyopia that can be deployed using virtual reality goggles or a portable iPod Touch device.

قياس وعلاج الحول في قمع

Amblyopia, a developmental disorder of the visual cortex, is one of the leading causes of visual dysfunction in the working age population. Current ...

Intranasal Administration of CNS Therapeutics to Awake Mice

Intranasal administration is a method of delivering therapeutic agents to the central nervous system (CNS). It is non-invasive and allows large molecules that do not cross the blood-brain barrier access to the CNS. Drugs are directly targeted to the CNS with intranasal delivery, reducing systemic exposure and thus unwanted systemic side effects1. Delivery from the nose to the CNS occurs within minutes along both the olfactory and trigeminal neural pathways via an extracellular route and does not require drug to bind to any receptor or axonal transport2. Intranasal delivery is a widely publicized method and is currently being used in human clinical trials3.
Intranasal delivery of drugs in animal models allows for initial evaluation of pharmacokinetic distribution and efficacy. With mice, it is possible to administer drugs to awake (non-anesthetized) animals on a regular basis using a specialized intranasal grip. Awake delivery is beneficial because it allows for long-term chronic dosing without anesthesia, it takes less time than with anesthesia, and can be learned and done by many people so that teams of technicians can dose large numbers of mice in short periods. Efficacy of therapeutics administered intranasally in this way to mice has been demonstrated in a number of studies including insulin in diabetic mouse models 4-6 and deferoxamine in Alzheimer's mouse models. 7,8
The intranasal grip for mice can be learned, but is not easy and requires practice, skill, and a precise grip to effectively deliver drug to the brain and avoid drainage to the lung and stomach. Mice are restrained by hand using a modified scruff in the non-dominant hand with the neck held parallel to the floor, while drug is delivered with a pipettor using the dominant hand. It usually takes 3-4 weeks of acclimating to handling before mice can be held with this grip without a stress response. We have prepared this JoVE video to make this intranasal delivery technique more accessible.

A method to intranasally administer drugs to awake mice for the purpose of targeting the brain is described. This method allows for repeat dosing over long periods using intranasal administration of drug without anesthesia, and nose-to-brain delivery with minimal systemic exposure.

الأنف التداوي إدارة CNS على الفئران استيقظ

Intranasal administration is a method of delivering  therapeutic agents to the central nervous system (CNS). It is  non-invasive and allows large ...

Time-lapse Imaging of Primary Preneoplastic Mammary Epithelial Cells Derived from Genetically Engineered Mouse Models of Breast Cancer

Time-lapse imaging can be used to compare behavior of cultured primary preneoplastic mammary epithelial cells derived from different genetically engineered mouse models of breast cancer. For example, time between cell divisions (cell lifetimes), apoptotic cell numbers, evolution of morphological changes, and mechanism of colony formation can be quantified and compared in cells carrying specific genetic lesions. Primary mammary epithelial cell cultures are generated from mammary glands without palpable tumor. Glands are carefully resected with clear separation from adjacent muscle, lymph nodes are removed, and single-cell suspensions of enriched mammary epithelial cells are generated by mincing mammary tissue followed by enzymatic dissociation and filtration. Single-cell suspensions are plated and placed directly under a microscope within an incubator chamber for live-cell imaging. Sixteen 650 &mu;m x 700 &mu;m fields in a 4x4 configuration from each well of a 6-well plate are imaged every 15 min for 5 days. Time-lapse images are examined directly to measure cellular behaviors that can include mechanism and frequency of cell colony formation within the first 24 hr of plating the cells (aggregation versus cell proliferation), incidence of apoptosis, and phasing of morphological changes. Single-cell tracking is used to generate cell fate maps for measurement of individual cell lifetimes and investigation of cell division patterns. Quantitative data are statistically analyzed to assess for significant differences in behavior correlated with specific genetic lesions.

Time-lapse imaging is used to assess behavior of primary preneoplastic mammary epithelial cells derived from genetically engineered mouse models of breast cancer risk to determine if there are correlations between specific behavioral parameters and distinct genetic lesions.

الوقت الفاصل بين التصوير من الخلايا الثديية سابق للورم ظهاري الأولية المستمدة من نماذج الماوس المعدلة وراثيا لسرطان الثدي

Time-lapse  imaging can be used to compare behavior of cultured primary preneoplastic  mammary epithelial cells derived from different genetically ...

A Novel High-resolution In vivo Imaging Technique to Study the Dynamic Response of Intracranial Structures to Tumor Growth and Therapeutics

We have successfully integrated previously established Intracranial window (ICW) technology 1-4 with intravital 2-photon confocal microscopy to develop a novel platform that allows for direct long-term visualization of tissue structure changes intracranially. Imaging at a single cell resolution in a real-time fashion provides supplementary dynamic information beyond that provided by standard end-point histological analysis, which looks solely at 'snap-shot' cross sections of tissue.
Establishing this intravital imaging technique in fluorescent chimeric mice, we are able to image four fluorescent channels simultaneously. By incorporating fluorescently labeled cells, such as GFP+ bone marrow, it is possible to track the fate of these cells studying their long-term migration, integration and differentiation within tissue. Further integration of a secondary reporter cell, such as an mCherry glioma tumor line, allows for characterization of cell:cell interactions. Structural changes in the tissue microenvironment can be highlighted through the addition of intra-vital dyes and antibodies, for example CD31 tagged antibodies and Dextran molecules.
Moreover, we describe the combination of our ICW imaging model with a small animal micro-irradiator that provides stereotactic irradiation, creating a platform through which the dynamic tissue changes that occur following the administration of ionizing irradiation can be assessed.
Current limitations of our model include penetrance of the microscope, which is limited to a depth of up to 900 &mu;m from the sub cortical surface, limiting imaging to the dorsal axis of the brain. The presence of the skull bone makes the ICW a more challenging technical procedure, compared to the more established and utilized chamber models currently used to study mammary tissue and fat pads 5-7. In addition, the ICW provides many challenges when optimizing the imaging.

A Novel High-resolution In vivo Imaging Technique to Study the Dynamic Response of Intracranial Structures to Tumor Growth and Therapeutics

We describe a novel in vivo imaging technique that couples fluorescent chimeric mice with intracranial windows and high-resolution 2-photon microscopy. This imaging platform aids studies of dynamic changes in brain tissue and microvasculature, at a single-cell level, following pathological insults and is adaptable to assess intracranial drug delivery and distribution.

رواية عالية الدقة<em&gt; في الجسم الحي</em&gt; تقنية التصوير لدراسة الاستجابة الديناميكية للمنشآت داخل القحف لنمو الورم والتداوي

We have successfully integrated previously established Intracranial window (ICW) technology 1-4 with intravital 2-photon confocal microscopy to develop a ...

Pulse Wave Velocity Testing in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging

Carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity is considered the gold standard for measurements of central arterial stiffness obtained through noninvasive methods1.&#160;Subjects are placed in the supine position and allowed to rest quietly for at least 10 min prior to the start of the exam. The proper cuff size is selected and a blood pressure is obtained using an oscillometric device. Once a resting blood pressure has been obtained, pressure waveforms are acquired from the right femoral and right common carotid arteries. The system then automatically calculates the pulse transit time between these two sites (using the carotid artery as a surrogate for the descending aorta). Body surface measurements are used to determine the distance traveled by the pulse wave between the two sampling sites. This distance is then divided by the pulse transit time resulting in the pulse wave velocity. The measurements are performed in triplicate and the average is used for analysis.

Pulse wave velocity (PWV) measurement assesses arterial stiffness by a tonometry-based system that measures the speed with which arterial pressure wave travels along the arterial tree, typically approximating the time that it takes this wave to travel from the descending aorta (using the carotid artery as a surrogate) to the femoral artery. Carotid-femoral PWV increases two- to threefold across the adult lifespan.

نبض الموجة سرعة اختبار في دراسة بالتيمور المطولة من الشيخوخة

Carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity is considered the gold standard for measurements of central arterial stiffness obtained through noninvasive ...

Confocal Time Lapse Imaging as an Efficient Method for the Cytocompatibility Evaluation of Dental Composites

It is generally accepted that in vitro cell material interaction is a useful criterion in the evaluation of dental material biocompatibility. The objective of this study was to use 3D CLSM time lapse confocal imaging to assess the in vitro biocompatibility of dental composites. This method provides an accurate and sensitive indication of viable cell rate in contact with dental composite extracts. The ELS extra low shrinkage, a dental composite used for direct restoration, has been taken as example. In vitro assessment was performed on cultured primary human gingival fibroblast cells using Live/Dead staining. Images were obtained with the FV10i confocal biological inverted system and analyzed with the FV10-ASW 3.1 Software. Image analysis showed a very slight cytotoxicity in the presence of the tested composite after 5 hours of time lapse. A slight decrease of cell viability was shown in contact with the tested composite extracts compared to control cells. The findings highlighted the use of 3D CLSM time lapse imaging as a sensitive method to qualitatively and quantitatively evaluate the biocompatibility behavior of dental composites.

The most studied aspect of the biocompatibility of dental composites is their cytotoxicity 3D CLSM time lapse imaging combined with fluorescent signal quantification allows sensitive evaluation of the cell fate over time. Utilizing this method could be an efficient tool to assess the cytocompatibility of dental composites.

التصوير متحد البؤر الفاصل الزمني كما وسيلة فعالة لتقييم Cytocompatibility من المركبات الأسنان

It is generally accepted that in vitro cell material interaction is a useful criterion in the evaluation of dental material biocompatibility. The ...

In Vivo Imaging and Tracking of Technetium-99m Labeled Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Equine Tendinopathy

Recent advances in the application of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSC) for the treatment of tendon and ligament injuries in the horse suggest improved outcome measures in both experimental and clinical studies. Although the BMMSC are implanted into the tendon lesion in large numbers (usually 10 - 20 million cells), only a relatively small number survive (&#60;10%) although these can persist for up to 5 months after implantation. This appears to be a common observation in other species where BMMSC have been implanted into other tissues and it is important to understand when this loss occurs, how many survive the initial implantation process and whether the cells are cleared into other organs. Tracking the fate of the cells can be achieved by radiolabeling the BMMSC prior to implantation which allows non-invasive in vivo imaging of cell location and quantification of cell numbers.
This protocol describes a cell labeling procedure that uses Technetium-99m (Tc-99m), and tracking of these cells following implantation into injured flexor tendons in horses. Tc-99m is a short-lived (t1/2 of 6.01 hr) isotope that emits gamma rays and can be internalized by cells in the presence of the lipophilic compound hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime (HMPAO). These properties make it ideal for use in nuclear medicine clinics for the diagnosis of many different diseases. The fate of the labeled cells can be followed in the short term (up to 36 hr) by gamma scintigraphy to quantify both the number of cells retained in the lesion and distribution of the cells into lungs, thyroid and other organs. This technique is adapted from the labeling of blood leukocytes and could be utilized to image implanted BMMSC in other organs.

In Vivo Imaging and Tracking of Technetium-99m Labeled Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Equine Tendinopathy

This protocol describes the radiolabeling of equine mesenchymal stem cells and their implantation into tendon injuries in the horse in order to determine cell survival and tissue distribution using gamma scintigraphy.

في فيفو التصوير وتتبع التكنيتيوم-99m إعتبر نخاع العظم الوسيطة الخلايا الجذعية في فرسي Tendinopathy

Recent advances in the application of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSC) for the treatment of tendon and ligament injuries in the horse suggest ...

Extended Time-lapse Intravital Imaging of Real-time Multicellular Dynamics in the Tumor Microenvironment

In the tumor microenvironment, host stromal cells interact with tumor cells to promote tumor progression, angiogenesis, tumor cell dissemination and metastasis. Multicellular interactions in the tumor microenvironment can lead to transient events including directional tumor cell motility and vascular permeability. Quantification of tumor vascular permeability has frequently used end-point experiments to measure extravasation of vascular dyes. However, due to the transient nature of multicellular interactions and vascular permeability, the kinetics of these dynamic events cannot be discerned. By labeling cells and vasculature with injectable dyes or fluorescent proteins, high-resolution time-lapse intravital microscopy has allowed the direct, real-time visualization of transient events in the tumor microenvironment. Here we describe a method for using multiphoton microscopy to perform extended intravital imaging in live mice to directly visualize multicellular dynamics in the tumor microenvironment. This method details cellular labeling strategies, the surgical preparation of a mammary skin flap, the administration of injectable dyes or proteins by tail vein catheter and the acquisition of time-lapse images. The time-lapse sequences obtained from this method facilitate the visualization and quantitation of the kinetics of cellular events of motility and vascular permeability in the tumor microenvironment.

This protocol describes the use of multiphoton microscopy to perform extended time-lapse imaging of multicellular interactions in real time, in vivo at single cell resolution.

تمديد الوقت الفاصل بين حيوي داخلي تصوير في الوقت الحقيقي متعددة الخلايا حيوية في المكروية ورم

In the tumor microenvironment, host stromal cells interact with tumor cells to promote tumor progression, angiogenesis, tumor cell dissemination and ...

Longitudinal In Vivo Imaging of the Cerebrovasculature: Relevance to CNS Diseases

Remodeling of the brain vasculature is a common trait of brain pathologies. In vivo imaging techniques are fundamental to detect cerebrovascular plasticity or damage occurring overtime and in relation to neuronal activity or blood flow. In vivo two-photon microscopy allows the study of the structural and functional plasticity of large cellular units in the living brain. In particular, the thinned-skull window preparation allows the visualization of cortical regions of interest (ROI) without inducing significant brain inflammation. Repetitive imaging sessions of cortical ROI are feasible, providing the characterization of disease hallmarks over time during the progression of numerous CNS diseases. This technique accessing the pial structures within 250 &#956;m of the brain relies on the detection of fluorescent probes encoded by genetic cellular markers and/or vital dyes. The latter (e.g., fluorescent dextrans) are used to map the luminal compartment of cerebrovascular structures. Germane to the protocol described herein is the use of an in vivo marker of amyloid deposits, Methoxy-O4, to assess Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD) progression. We also describe the post-acquisition image processing used to track vascular changes and amyloid depositions. While focusing presently on a model of AD, the described protocol is relevant to other CNS disorders where pathological cerebrovascular changes occur.

Longitudinal In Vivo Imaging of the Cerebrovasculature: Relevance to CNS Diseases

This manuscript describes a procedure to track the remodeling of the cerebrovasculature during amyloid plaque accumulation in vivo using longitudinal two-photon microscopy. A thinned-skull preparation enables the visualization of fluorescent dyes to assess the progression of cerebrovascular damage in a mouse model of Alzheimer&#39;s disease.

من خلال المرآة: المجهري الوقت الفاصل بين وتتبع طولية من الخلايا واحدة لدراسة العلاج المضادة للسرطان

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