ويجري هذا العمل دعم مالي من برنامج البحوث والتنمية الرئيسية الوطنية للصين (رقم المنحة 2017YFC0111800) وحكومة بلدية شانغهاي (معرف منحة 2013ZYJB0902 و 15GWZK1002). وأيد الدكتور تشانغ يي "الوطني طبيعة العلم مؤسسة في الصين" (منحة معرف. 81300239 و 81670377).

وأقر هذا البروتوكول أخلاقيات اللجنة من شانغهاي العاشر في مستشفى الشعب.
1-تجنيد المشاركين
<ol><li>تشمل البالغين مع معدل القلب معتدل (40 < HR < 160).</li>
	<li>استخدم معايير الاستبعاد التالية.<ol>
<li>استبعاد تلك دون الإصابة بناسور الولادة الداخلية للغسيل الكلوي أو أي الناسور الأجهزة الطرفية الأخرى مثل ذلك.</li>
		<li>استبعاد تلك دون تشنج الشرايين الطرفية، على سبيل المثال المرض رينو.</li>
		<li>استبعاد تلك دون تضيق الابهر صمامات القلب (ترانسبروسثيتيك الضغط التدرج > 60 ملم زئبقي).</li>
		<li>استبعاد تلك دون كتلة (AV) بي الثانية أو الدرجة الثالثة.</li>
		<li>استبعاد تلك دون الرجفان الاذيني أو رفرفة أذينية.</li>
		<li>استبعاد تلك دون لويحات تصلب الشرايين السباتي غير المستقرة التي قد تمزق بعد العجن. 9) دون ضعف الإدراك أو غير قادر على التعاون.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>ضمان أن المثانة المشتركين فارغة.</li>
	<li>وقد المشاركين الامتناع عن التدخين وتعاطي التبغ أو استخدام الكافيين لمالا يقل عن 3 ساعات قبل أخذ القياس. الامتناع عن الكحول لمدة 12 ساعة على الأقل قبل القياس. سريعة لمدة 3 ساعات على الأقل قبل القياس.</li>
</ol>2-القياسات تود الأوعية الدموية
ملاحظة: يتم تنفيذ قوات التحالف--بوب وقياسات PWA، مثل قياسات ضغط الدم أطرافهم الأربع التقليدية، من خلال أسلوب تقييم غير الغازية. بروتوكول قياسي أمر حاسم للحصول على قيمة دقيقة، خاصة عندما تكون هناك عوامل متعددة. تأكد من ممارسة أسلوب قبل العملية الفعلية. التعاون المشترك هو المفتاح لقياس cf-بوب.
<ol><li>شرح الإجراء للمشاركة والحصول على إذن.</li>
	<li>قياس ارتفاع الجسم والوزن قبل بدء القياسات.</li>
	<li>شرح أن العملية قد يستغرق 5-10 دقيقة، وينطوي على السماح بالكذب مشارك على السرير.<ol>
<li>الحفاظ على جلد المريض نظيفة وجافة عند تحويل المواقف ضعيف. إذا كان جلد المريض الرطوبة بسبب التعرق، ثم القضاء على الجفاف الجلد.</li>
		<li>إجراء القياسات في غرفة هادئة مع درجة حرارة الغرفة ثابتة.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>إشارة ECG وضع اليدين المشارك بجانب الجسم للتأكد من هناك على نحو سلس، دون عائق. قم بتوصيل ما يصل إلى 3-يؤدي شاشات ECG، تحديد المواقع ثلاثة أقطاب (RA، ليرة لبنانية، ولوس أنجليس) وفقا للمخطط التالي (الشكل 2). ملاحظة: ينصح استخدام أقطاب المتاح. لا يمكن استخدام العملاء المتوقعين ECG والأسلاك في ECG الأخرى الرسم المعدات.</li>
	<li>وقد بقية المرضى لمدة 5 دقائق على الأقل في موقف ضعيف. ثم قياس ضغط الدم للمريض مع جهاز الذبذبي شبه إليه. ملاحظة: يتم قياس ضغط الدم وفقا لتوصيات "المجتمع الأوروبي من ارتفاع ضغط الدم"17.</li>
	<li>وقد بقية المرضى لمدة 2 دقيقة على الأقل. ملاحظة: سيتم تغيير توسع الأوعية الدموية المحيطية الناجمة عن انسداد الشريان عند قياس ضغط الدم شريان عضدي انتقال نبض شريان عضدي. الراحة ضروري لتجنب الانحراف المفرط.</li>
	<li>في حين تقع على المشارك، أدخل المشاركين معلومات مفصلة، بما في ذلك ضغط الدم ضعيف وارتفاع الجسم، ووزن الجسم واسم المشغل، في جهاز القياس (الشكل 3).</li>
	<li>بعد إدخال كافة المعلومات، إبقاء المشاركين في موقف ضعيف.</li>
	<li>يدوياً لقياس البارامترات التالية (مم) (الشكل 3).<ol>
<li>قياس المسافة من الدرجة سوبراستيرنال (SSN) إلى نقطة الكشف البعيد (شريان فخذي).</li>
		<li>قياس المسافة من الشق القصية إلى نقطة الكشف الدانية (الشريان السباتي).</li>
		<li>قياس المسافة من نقطة الكشف البعيد (شريان فخذي) إلى نقطة الكشف الدانية (الشريان السباتي) (cf-المسافة).</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>اختيار وضع PWA. أدخل '0' كالمسافة السباتي SSN، وأدخل 0.8 * cf-مسافة كمسافة SSN فخذي. إذا كان الجهاز لا يقبل '0'، وضع قيمة أخرى كالمسافة SSN-السباتي وإضافة هذه القيمة إلى مسافة 80% cf SSN فخذي مسافة5. ملاحظة: يجب الجلوس المشغل في وضع أكثر راحة.</li>
	<li>اضغط على الزر لالتقاط البيانات. وضع في تونوميتير على درجة تقلب شريان شعاعي (1-2 سم فوق عملية styloid شعاعي عند نقطة حيث التذبذب قوي ومستقر) قياس ضغط الدم المركزي.<ol>
<li>الحفاظ على موقف تونوميتير للحصول على الموجي ثابت على الكمبيوتر. مرة واحدة بجودة وإمكانية تكرار نتائج القياسات tonometry التوصل إلى المعيار، تسجيل إشارة الانتهاء تلقائياً من جهاز الكمبيوتر.</li>
		<li>الحفاظ تونوميتير على 90 درجة.</li>
		<li>لتجنب حركة الطفيلي، شل tonometer القرب من القاعدة بالاصابع، وإيمانا راسخا إلصاق تونوميتير للجلد. ملاحظة: البرنامج تلقائياً السجلات البيانات حالما يتم وضعها تونوميتير على اتصال بموقع القياس. تلقائياً يتم اختبار جودة وإمكانية تكرار نتائج القياسات تونوميتري. ويعتبر فهرس عامل أكبر من 80% مقياسا يعول عليها. يعرف بأنه نسبة ضغط النبض المحيطي إلى وسط التضخيم ضغط النبض (PPA) ويتم حساب الصيغة، PPA = (عضدي SBP-عضدي افرجا)/(المركزية الوسطى الاستراتيجية والخطة الاستشرافية افرجا)-1. ويمكن ملاحظة PWA على الجهاز18 (الشكل 4).</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>اختيار وضع بوب. وضع في تونوميتير على درجة تقلب الشريان السباتي. الحفاظ على موقف تونوميتير للحصول على الموجي ثابت على الكمبيوتر. وبعد تسجيل الموجي مستقرة لمدة 15-20 ثانية. مرة الجودة وإمكانية تكرار نتائج القياسات tonometry التوصل إلى إنهاء القياسية، تسجيل يدوياً (الشكل 5).</li>
	<li>وضع في تونوميتير على درجة تقلب شريان فخذي (1-2 سم أسفل نقطة الوسط الرباط الآربي عند نقطة حيث التقلب مستقرة). الحفاظ على موقف تونوميتير لتسجيل الموجي مطرد. وبعد تسجيل الموجي مستقرة لمدة 15-20 ثانية، الانتهاء من تسجيل يدوياً مرة واحدة بجودة وإمكانية تكرار نتائج القياسات tonometry التوصل إلى المعيار. يمكن ملاحظة قيمة بوب على ≥ cf-بوب الجهاز 10 m/s يعتبر الشرياني تشنج (الشكل 5)1.</li>
</ol>

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الكتاب ليس لها علاقة بالكشف عن.

وهنا، علينا أن نظهر منهجية متاحة على نطاق واسع لتقييم رواية الإكلينيكية الأوعية الدموية تود المشتركين، تصلب الشرايين، تقييمها من قبل قوات التحالف--بوب. من أجل مقارنة PWs مع الحد الأدنى الاختلافات الفسيولوجية بين القياسات بالقيام به من قبل الأجهزة، فقط قبول البيانات عند BP الانقباضي والانب?...

تشنج الشرايين علامة جيدة للشيخوخة والأوعية الدموية التقييم1،2. ويجري قياس تشنج الشرايين عادة استخدام منهجية سرعة (بوب) موجه نبض تدبير مهم وموثوق بها من تصلب الشرايين1،3،،من45. على وجه التحديد، يمثل بوب تصلب الجزء الشرياني محددة. موجه النبض وينتقل عن طريق الأوعية الشريانية في شريحة محددة، وسرعته عكسيا المتصلة بخصائص لزج مطاطي للجدار نفسه6. زيادة قيمة بوب مع تشنج الشرايين.
بوب السباتي فخذي (cf-بوب) وبوب عضدي الكاحل (با-بوب) هي قياسات بوب الأكثر شيوعاً التطبيقي 2. أنها تستخدم على نطاق واسع في الممارسة السريرية، حيث cf-بوف تحظى بشعبية في البلدان الغربية وبا-بوف شعبية في البلدان الآسيوية. 7 , 8-في الواقع، تعتبر قوات التحالف--بوب قياس "المعيار الذهبي" لتصلّب الشرايين1. لقوات التحالف--بوب، أنها اتخذت كممثل لبوب للشريان الاورطي كامل. وإلى جانب ذلك، هناك با-بوب، لا الطريق الشرياني الحقيقي ربط مواقع القياس (عضدي للكاحل). يمثل المقدرة با-بوب بوب لمجمل النظام الشرياني المركزية والطرفية9. وقد أفادت دراسة سابقة أن قوات التحالف--بوب متفوقة على با-بوب في الجمعيات مع أعراض ارتفاع ضغط الدم المستهدف الجهاز الضرر (TOD)10 (الشكل 1).
متزايد الأجهزة عدم الغازية لتصلّب الإقليمية مجهزة tonometer محددة تستخدم لقياس صلابة السباتي على فخذي الجزء1. في القياسات cf-بوب، إنشاء هذا الجهاز ومن تونوميتير يده الموجي ثابت على الكمبيوتر الذي يمكنك تسجيل الصور الرقمية الموجي عالية الدقة وقيم بوب محددة (الشكل 2). بحاجة إلى توحيد جميع هذه القياسات. هنا، نحن إظهار كيفية تسجيل قوات التحالف--بوب ذات نوعية جيدة مع هذا الجهاز القائم على تونوميتري غير الغازية في بيئة العالم الحقيقي.
أنشأت بعض نماذج التنبؤ مخاطر القلب والأوعية الدموية مثل درجة المخاطر Framingham و "المخططات" درجة المخاطر أساسا تحسب ومفروزة حسب عوامل الخطر التقليدية11،12. ومع ذلك، ينبغي إضافة بعض المؤشرات الحيوية الرواية إلى نموذج تقييم المخاطر لتحسين التكوين الطبقي خطر13. ويعتبر تشنج الشرايين في الأدب، كدولة وسيطة بين عوامل الخطر التقليدية وأحداث القلب والأوعية الدموية السريرية14. وهكذا، مشيراً إلى قوات التحالف--بوب في نموذج تقييم المخاطر قد تكون أداة لخطر التقسيم الطبقي15،16.
وهنا نقوم بإنشاء خطة منهجية لتقييم cf-بوب المشاركين، جنبا إلى جنب مع PWA، وضع بروتوكول قياسي لتشديد تقييم الشرياني.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>SphygmoCor tonometry-based device</td>
			<td>AtCor Medical, Australia</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>For central blood pressures and cf-PWV</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electrodes</td>
			<td>AtCor Medical, Australia</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>To record the ECG</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Semiautomatic Oscillometric device</td>
			<td>OMRON Healthcare, kyoto, Japan</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>To measure brachial BP</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

measuring the carotid to femoral pulse wave velocity (cf-pwv) to evaluate arterial stiffness

للمسنين، وتشنج الشرايين علامة جيدة للشيخوخة التقييم ومن المستحسن أن يحدد تصلب الشرايين نونينفاسيفيلي قياس السباتي لنبض فخذي موجه السرعة (cf-بوب) (الفئة الأولى؛ مستوى الأدلة A). في الأدب، وأفادت العديد من الدراسات المستندة إلى المجتمع المحلي أو الخاصة بالمرض أن قوات التحالف--بوب أعلى يرتبط بزيادة مخاطر القلب والأوعية الدموية. هنا، نحن مناقشة استراتيجيات لتقييم تصلب الشرايين مع قوات التحالف--بوب. في أعقاب خطوات محددة تحديداً جيدا هنا بالتفصيل، مثلاً، الموقف السليم المشغل، وقياس المسافة، وموقف تونوميتير، سنحصل على قيمة بوب cf قياسية لتقييم تصلب الشرايين. في هذه الورقة، موجه أسلوب تدريجي مفصلة لتسجيل من نوعية جيدة بوب والنبض باستخدام تحليل (PWA) ستناقش جهاز tonometry غير الغازية.

قوات التحالف--بوب (بهذه الطريقة) وبوب با (مع طريقة أخرى10) أجريت في جميع المشاركين 2098 من "شمال شانغهاي الدراسة"19. واستخدمت قوات التحالف--بوب وبوب با في نفس نموذج الانحدار اللوجستي. وفي هذا النموذج، تم تعديل السن ونوع الجنس. وأظهرت النتائج أن قوات الت...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measuring the Carotid to Femoral Pulse Wave Velocity Cf-PWV to Evaluate Arterial Stiffness at JoVE.com

Measuring the Carotid to Femoral Pulse Wave Velocity Cf-PWV to Evaluate Arterial Stiffness

ويصف هذا البروتوكول وسيلة لتوحيد قياسات سرعة النبض السباتي فخذي موجه لتقييم تصلب الشرايين.

قياس السباتي لنبض فخذي موجه السرعة (Cf-بوب) لتقييم تصلب الشرايين

For the elderly, arterial stiffening is a good marker for aging evaluation and it is recommended that the arterial stiffness be determined noninvasively ...

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Measuring the Carotid to Femoral Pulse Wave Velocity (Cf-PWV) to Evaluate Arterial Stiffness

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17.2K Views.  Tongji University School of Medicine. ويصف هذا البروتوكول وسيلة لتوحيد قياسات سرعة النبض السباتي فخذي موجه لتقييم تصلب الشرايين.

Video: Measuring the Carotid to Femoral Pulse Wave Velocity Cf-PWV to Evaluate Arterial Stiffness

Use of Animal Model of Sepsis to Evaluate Novel Herbal Therapies

Sepsis refers to a systemic inflammatory response syndrome resulting from a microbial infection. It has been routinely simulated in animals by several techniques, including infusion of exogenous bacterial toxin (endotoxemia) or bacteria (bacteremia), as well as surgical perforation of the cecum by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)1-3. CLP allows bacteria spillage and fecal contamination of the peritoneal cavity, mimicking the human clinical disease of perforated appendicitis or diverticulitis. The severity of sepsis, as reflected by the eventual mortality rates, can be controlled surgically by varying the size of the needle used for cecal puncture2. In animals, CLP induces similar, biphasic hemodynamic cardiovascular, metabolic, and immunological responses as observed during the clinical course of human sepsis3. Thus, the CLP model is considered as one of the most clinically relevant models for experimental sepsis1-3.
Various animal models have been used to elucidate the intricate mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of experimental sepsis. The lethal consequence of sepsis is attributable partly to an excessive accumulation of early cytokines (such as TNF, IL-1 and IFN-&gamma;)4-6 and late proinflammatory mediators (e.g., HMGB1)7. Compared with early proinflammatory cytokines, late-acting mediators have a wider therapeutic window for clinical applications. For instance, delayed administration of HMGB1-neutralizing antibodies beginning 24 hours after CLP, still rescued mice from lethality8,9, establishing HMGB1 as a late mediator of lethal sepsis. The discovery of HMGB1 as a late-acting mediator has initiated a new field of investigation for the development of sepsis therapies using Traditional Chinese Herbal Medicine. In this paper, we describe a procedure of CLP-induced sepsis, and its usage in screening herbal medicine for HMGB1-targeting therapies.

Sepsis refers to a systemic inflammatory response syndrome resulting from a microbial infection, and can be simulated by a surgical technique termed cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Here we describe a method to use CLP-induced animal model to screen medicinal herbs for therapeutic agents.

استخدام نموذج حيواني للتسمم لتقييم العلاجات العشبية رواية

Sepsis refers to a systemic inflammatory response syndrome resulting from a microbial infection. It has been routinely simulated in animals by several ...

The Measurement and Treatment of Suppression in Amblyopia

Amblyopia, a developmental disorder of the visual cortex, is one of the leading causes of visual dysfunction in the working age population. Current estimates put the prevalence of amblyopia at approximately 1-3%1-3, the majority of cases being monocular2. Amblyopia is most frequently caused by ocular misalignment (strabismus), blur induced by unequal refractive error (anisometropia), and in some cases by form deprivation.
Although amblyopia is initially caused by abnormal visual input in infancy, once established, the visual deficit often remains when normal visual input has been restored using surgery and/or refractive correction. This is because amblyopia is the result of abnormal visual cortex development rather than a problem with the amblyopic eye itself4,5 . Amblyopia is characterized by both monocular and binocular deficits6,7 which include impaired visual acuity and poor or absent stereopsis respectively. The visual dysfunction in amblyopia is often associated with a strong suppression of the inputs from the amblyopic eye under binocular viewing conditions8. Recent work has indicated that suppression may play a central role in both the monocular and binocular deficits associated with amblyopia9,10 .
Current clinical tests for suppression tend to verify the presence or absence of suppression rather than giving a quantitative measurement of the degree of suppression. Here we describe a technique for measuring amblyopic suppression with a compact, portable device11,12 . The device consists of a laptop computer connected to a pair of virtual reality goggles. The novelty of the technique lies in the way we present visual stimuli to measure suppression. Stimuli are shown to the amblyopic eye at high contrast while the contrast of the stimuli shown to the non-amblyopic eye are varied. Patients perform a simple signal/noise task that allows for a precise measurement of the strength of excitatory binocular interactions. The contrast offset at which neither eye has a performance advantage is a measure of the "balance point" and is a direct measure of suppression. This technique has been validated psychophysically both in control13,14 and patient6,9,11 populations.
In addition to measuring suppression this technique also forms the basis of a novel form of treatment to decrease suppression over time and improve binocular and often monocular function in adult patients with amblyopia12,15,16 . This new treatment approach can be deployed either on the goggle system described above or on a specially modified iPod touch device15.

Amblyopia is a developmental disorder of the visual cortex that is often accompanied by strong suppression of one eye. We present a new technique for measuring and treating interocular suppression in patients with amblyopia that can be deployed using virtual reality goggles or a portable iPod Touch device.

قياس وعلاج الحول في قمع

Amblyopia, a developmental disorder of the visual cortex, is one of the leading causes of visual dysfunction in the working age population. Current ...

Pulse Wave Velocity Testing in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging

Carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity is considered the gold standard for measurements of central arterial stiffness obtained through noninvasive methods1.&#160;Subjects are placed in the supine position and allowed to rest quietly for at least 10 min prior to the start of the exam. The proper cuff size is selected and a blood pressure is obtained using an oscillometric device. Once a resting blood pressure has been obtained, pressure waveforms are acquired from the right femoral and right common carotid arteries. The system then automatically calculates the pulse transit time between these two sites (using the carotid artery as a surrogate for the descending aorta). Body surface measurements are used to determine the distance traveled by the pulse wave between the two sampling sites. This distance is then divided by the pulse transit time resulting in the pulse wave velocity. The measurements are performed in triplicate and the average is used for analysis.

Pulse wave velocity (PWV) measurement assesses arterial stiffness by a tonometry-based system that measures the speed with which arterial pressure wave travels along the arterial tree, typically approximating the time that it takes this wave to travel from the descending aorta (using the carotid artery as a surrogate) to the femoral artery. Carotid-femoral PWV increases two- to threefold across the adult lifespan.

نبض الموجة سرعة اختبار في دراسة بالتيمور المطولة من الشيخوخة

Carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity is considered the gold standard for measurements of central arterial stiffness obtained through noninvasive ...

Measuring Ascending Aortic Stiffness In Vivo in Mice Using Ultrasound

We present a protocol for measuring in vivo aortic stiffness in mice using high-resolution ultrasound imaging. Aortic diameter is measured by ultrasound and aortic blood pressure is measured invasively with a solid-state pressure catheter. Blood pressure is raised then lowered incrementally by intravenous infusion of vasoactive drugs phenylephrine and sodium nitroprusside. Aortic diameter is measured for each pressure step to characterize the pressure-diameter relationship of the ascending aorta. Stiffness indices derived from the pressure-diameter relationship can be calculated from the data collected. Calculation of arterial compliance is described in this protocol.
This technique can be used to investigate mechanisms underlying increased aortic stiffness associated with cardiovascular disease and aging. The technique produces a physiologically relevant measure of stiffness compared to ex vivo approaches because physiological influences on aortic stiffness are incorporated in the measurement. The primary limitation of this technique is the measurement error introduced from the movement of the aorta during the cardiac cycle. This motion can be compensated by adjusting the location of the probe with the aortic movement as well as making multiple measurements of the aortic pressure-diameter relationship and expanding the experimental group size.

Measuring Ascending Aortic Stiffness In Vivo in Mice Using Ultrasound

We describe a technique for measuring aortic stiffness from its pressure-diameter relationship in vivo in mice. Aortic diameter is recorded by ultrasound and aortic pressure is measured invasively with a solid-state pressure catheter. Blood pressure is changed incrementally and the resulting diameter is measured.

قياس تصاعدي الأورطي تصلب<em&gt; في فيفو</em&gt; في الفئران باستخدام الموجات فوق الصوتية

We present a protocol for measuring in vivo aortic stiffness in mice using high-resolution ultrasound imaging. Aortic diameter is measured by ultrasound ...

A Murine Model of Arterial Restenosis: Technical Aspects of Femoral Wire Injury

Cardiovascular disease caused by atherosclerosis is the leading cause of death in the developed world. Narrowing of the vessel lumen, due to atherosclerotic plaque development or the rupturing of established plaques, interrupts normal blood flow leading to various morbidities such as myocardial infarction and stroke. In the clinic endovascular procedures such as angioplasty are commonly performed to reopen the lumen. However, these treatments inevitably damage the vessel wall as well as the vascular endothelium, triggering an excessive healing response and the development of a neointimal plaque that extends into the lumen causing vessel restenosis (re-narrowing). Restenosis remains a major cause of failure of endovascular treatments for atherosclerosis. Thus, preclinical animal models of restenosis are vitally important for investigating the pathophysiological mechanisms as well as translational approaches to vascular interventions. Among several murine experimental models, femoral artery wire injury is widely accepted as the most suitable for studies of post-angioplasty restenosis because it closely resembles the angioplasty procedure that injures both endothelium and vessel wall. However, many researchers have difficulty utilizing this model due to its high degree of technical difficulty. This is primarily because a metal wire needs to be inserted into the femoral artery, which is approximately three times thinner than the wire, to generate sufficient injury to induce prominent neointima. Here, we describe the essential surgical details to effectively overcome the major technical difficulties of this model. By following the presented procedures, performing the mouse femoral artery wire injury becomes easier. Once familiarized, the whole procedure can be completed within 20 min.

The mouse femoral artery wire injury model of restenosis is technically challenging. In this protocol we show the key technical details essential for successfully performing wire injury to induce consistent&#160;neointima for studies of restenosis.

والفئران نموذج من عودة التضيق الشرياني: الجوانب الفنية من الفخذ إصابة سلك

Cardiovascular disease caused by atherosclerosis is the leading cause of death in the developed world. Narrowing of the vessel lumen, due to ...

Ultrasound-based Pulse Wave Velocity Evaluation in Mice

Arterial stiffness can be evaluated by calculating pulse wave velocity (PWV), i.e., the speed with which the pulse wave travels in a conduit vessel. This parameter is being increasingly investigated in small rodent models in which it is used for assessing alterations in vascular function related to particular genotypes/treatments or for characterizing cardiovascular disease progression. This protocol describes an image processing algorithm which leads to non-invasive arterial PWV measurement in mice using ultrasound (US) images only. The proposed technique has been used to assess abdominal aorta PWV in mice and evaluate its age-associated changes.
Abdominal aorta US scans are obtained from mice under gaseous anesthesia using a specific US device equipped with high-frequency US probes. B-mode and Pulse-Wave Doppler (PW-Doppler) images are analyzed in order to obtain diameter and mean velocity instantaneous values, respectively. For this purpose, edge detection and contour tracking techniques are employed. The single-beat mean diameter and velocity waveforms are time aligned and combined in order to achieve the diameter-velocity (lnD-V) loop. PWV values are obtained from the slope of the linear part of the loop, which corresponds to the early systolic phase.
With the present approach, anatomical and functional information about the mouse abdominal aorta can be non-invasively achieved. Requiring the processing of US images only, it may represent a useful tool for the non-invasive characterization of different arterial sites in the mouse in terms of elastic properties. The application of the present technique can be easily extended to other vascular districts, such as the carotid artery, thus providing the possibility to obtain a multi-site arterial stiffness assessment.

Arterial stiffness represents a key factor in cardiovascular disease and pulse wave velocity (PWV) can be considered as a surrogate index for arterial stiffness. This protocol describes an image processing algorithm for calculating PWV in mice based on ultrasound image processing that is applicable at different arterial sites.

الموجات فوق الصوتية على أساس نبض موجة سرعة التقييم في الفئران

Arterial stiffness can be evaluated by calculating pulse wave velocity (PWV), i.e., the speed with which the pulse wave travels in a conduit vessel. This ...

A Clinical Trial Assessing the Safety, Efficacy, and Delivery of Olive-Oil-Based Three-Chamber Bags for Parenteral Nutrition

Limited evidence exists to precisely estimate efficacy and safety differences between parenteral nutrition (PN) prepared using olive-oil-based three-chamber bags (3CBs) and soybean-oil-based compounded bags (CoBs) in hospitalized adult patients. We designed a multicenter, randomized, prospective, open-label, noninferiority protocol to compare the efficacy, safety, and distribution of olive-oil-based 3CBs and soybean-oil-based CoB formulations in adult Chinese patients requiring PN during surgical intervention. Subjects were randomized to receive either one of the study treatments using an interactive voice or web-based recognition system in accordance with the randomization code. Randomization was further stratified based on the study site and surgical category. Both treatment groups received similar amounts of calories and protein. In addition, the two study treatments contained a similar composition of the amino-acid component. The only difference between the two PN formulations was the lipid constitution. The duration of administration of study treatments was a minimum of 5 days up to a maximum of 14 days after the surgical procedure. The primary efficacy endpoint was serum prealbumin levels on day 5 of the study. Noninferiority was proved if the anti-log of the lower bound of the 95% confidence interval (CI) of the treatment difference was at least 0.80. Other efficacy measures included treatment preparation time; duration to achieve tolerability of oral nutrition; associated infectious complications; length of hospitalization; and laboratory assessment of markers of nutrition, inflammation, metabolism, and oxidative stress. A total of 458 patients were enrolled in the study. The results showed that olive-oil-based 3CBs were non-inferior to soybean-based CoBs, besides being well tolerated. The infection rate was found to be significantly lower in the olive-oil-based 3CB group. Thus, this study may be used as a reference for future research on lipid emulsion and 3CBs.

Here, we present a protocol for a study comparing the efficacy, safety, and delivery of olive-oil-based 3CB and soybean-oil-based CoB formulations in adults requiring parenteral nutrition. The results revealed that olive-oil-based 3CBs is non-inferior and well tolerated compared to soybean formulations.

تجربة سريرية لتقييم سلامة وفعالية وتسليم أكياس ثلاث غرف من زيت الزيتون للتغذية بالحقن

Limited evidence exists to precisely estimate efficacy and safety differences between parenteral nutrition (PN) prepared using olive-oil-based ...

Using a Knee Arthrometer to Evaluate Tissue-specific Contributions to Knee Flexion Contracture in the Rat

Normal knee range of motion (ROM) is critical to well-being and allows one to perform basic activities such as walking, climbing stairs and sitting. Lost ROM is called a joint contracture and results in increased morbidity. Due to the difficulty of reversing established knee contractures, early detection is important, and hence, knowing risk factors for their development is essential. The rat represents a good model with which the effect of an intervention can be studied due to the similarity of rat knee anatomy to that of humans, the rat's ability to tolerate long durations of knee immobilization in flexion, and because mechanical data can be correlated with histologic and biochemical analysis of knee tissue.
Using an automated arthrometer, we demonstrate a validated, precise, reproducible, user-independent method of measuring the extension ROM of the rat knee joint at specific torques. This arthrometer can be used to determine the effects of interventions on knee joint ROM in the rat.

The goal of the protocol is to measure the extension range of motion of the rat knee. The effects of various diseases that increase the stiffness of the knee joint and the effectiveness of treatments can be quantified.

استخدام أرثروميتير ركبة تقييم المساهمات الخاصة بالانسجة إلى انكماش انثناء الركبة في الفئران

Normal knee range of motion (ROM) is critical to well-being and allows one to perform basic activities such as walking, climbing stairs and sitting. Lost ...

Improved Renal Denervation Mitigated Hypertension Induced by Angiotensin II Infusion

The benefits of renal sympathetic denervation (RDN) on blood pressure have been proved in a large number of clinical trials in recent years. However, the regulatory mechanism of RDN on hypertension remains elusive. Thus, it&#39;s essential to establish a simpler RDN model in mice. In this study, osmotic mini pumps filled with Angiotensin II were implanted in 14-week-old C57BL/6 mice. One week after the implantation of the mini-osmotic pump, a modified RDN procedure was performed on bilateral renal arteries of the mice using phenol. Age-sex-matched mice were given saline and served as sham group. Blood pressure was measured at baseline and every week subsequently for 21 days. Then, renal artery, abdominal aorta and heart were collected for histological examination using H&#38;E and Masson staining. In this study, we present a simple, practical, repeatable, and standardized RDN model, which can control hypertension and alleviate cardiac hypertrophy. The technique can denervate peripheral renal sympathetic nerves without renal artery damage. Compared to previous models, the modified RDN facilitates the study of the pathobiology and pathophysiology of hypertension.

Here, we present a protocol for renal sympathetic denervation (RDN) in mice with hypertension induced by Angiotensin II infusion. The procedure is repeatable, convenient and allows to study the regulatory mechanisms of RDN on hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy.

تحسين إزالة التعصيب الكلوي تخفيف ارتفاع ضغط الدم الناجم عن ضخ الأنجيوتنسين الثاني

The benefits of renal sympathetic denervation (RDN) on blood pressure have been proved in a large number of clinical trials in recent years. However, the ...

التلاعب Tuina موحدة لهشاشة العظام في الركبة في الفئران

Tuina Manipulation to Reduce Inflammation and Cartilage Loss in Knee Osteoarthritis Rats

Clinical trials suggest that Tuina manipulation is effective in treating knee osteoarthritis (KOA), while further studies are required to discover its mechanism. Therefore, the manipulation of animal models of knee osteoarthritis is critical. This protocol provides a standard process for Tuina manipulation on KOA rats and a preliminary exploration of the mechanism of Tuina for KOA. The press and kneading manipulation method (a kind of Tuina manipulation that refers to pressing and kneading the specific area of the body surface) is applied on 5 acupoints around the knee joint of rats. The force and frequency of the manipulation were standardized by finger pressure recordings, and the position of the rat during manipulation is described in detail in the protocol. The effect of manipulation can be measured by pain behavior tests and microscopic findings in synovial and cartilage. KOA rats showed significant improvement in pain behavior. The synovial tissue inflammatory infiltration was reduced in the Tuina group, and the expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-&#945; was significantly lower. Compared to the control group, chondrocyte apoptosis was less in the Tuina group. This study provides a standardized protocol for Tuina manipulation on KOA rats and preliminary proof that the therapeutic effects of Tuina may be related to reducing synovial inflammation and delayed chondrocyte apoptosis.

تسليط الضوء على المؤلف: فهم آلية التلاعب Tuina في الفئران 

We present a protocol for Tuina manipulation performed on plaster-immobilized-induced knee osteoarthritis rats. Based on the preliminary results, it suggested that the efficacy of the method relied on the reduction of inflammation and cartilage loss.

التلاعب Tuina للحد من الالتهاب وفقدان الغضروف في الفئران هشاشة العظام في الركبة

Clinical trials suggest that Tuina manipulation is effective in treating knee osteoarthritis (KOA), while further studies are required to discover its ...