Name: measuring the carotid to femoral pulse wave velocity (cf-pwv) to evaluate arterial stiffness
Uploaded: 2018-05-03T13:30:00.000+00:00
Duration: 5 min 51 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measuring the Carotid to Femoral Pulse Wave Velocity Cf-PWV to Evaluate Arterial Stiffness at JoVE.com

Este trabalho está sob o apoio financeiro do programa nacional chave de pesquisa e desenvolvimento da China (Grant No. 2017YFC0111800) e o governo municipal de Shanghai (Grant ID. 2013ZYJB0902 e 15GWZK1002). Dr. Yi Zhang foi apoiada pelo nacional natureza Science Foundation da China (Grant ID. 81300239 e 81670377).

Este protocolo foi aprovado pelo Hospital de ética Comissão de Xangai décimo do povo.
1. o recrutamento de participantes
<ol><li>Incluir adultos com uma frequência cardíaca moderada (40 < HR < 160).</li>
	<li>Use os seguintes critérios de exclusão.<ol>
<li>Exclua aqueles sem fístula arteriovenosa interna para diálise renal ou qualquer outra fístula artério-venosa periférica assim.</li>
		<li>Exclua aqueles sem espasmo arterial periférico, por exemplo, a doença de Raynaud.</li>
		<li>Exclua aqueles sem estenose valvular aórtica (transprosthetic pressão gradiente > 60 mmHg).</li>
		<li>Exclua aqueles sem bloqueio (AV) atrioventricular de segundo ou terceiro grau.</li>
		<li>Exclua aqueles sem fibrilação atrial ou flutter atrial.</li>
		<li>Exclua aqueles sem instável ateroma carótida que pode romper-se após amassar. 9) sem comprometimento cognitivo ou incapaz de cooperar.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>Certifique-se de que a bexiga dos participantes está vazia.</li>
	<li>Tem participantes abster-se de fumar, tabagismo ou uso de cafeína pelo menos 3 horas antes da medição. Abster-se de álcool durante pelo menos 12 horas antes da medição. Rápido para pelo menos 3 horas antes da medição.</li>
</ol>2. medições de TOD Vascular
Nota: cf-VOP e medições de PWA, como as medições da pressão de sangue de quatro ramos convencional, são realizadas por meio de um método de avaliação não-invasiva. Um protocolo padrão é crucial para obter um valor exato, especialmente quando existem vários operadores. Certifique-se de praticar o método antes da operação real. Cooperação do participante é a chave para a medição de cf-VOP.
<ol><li>Explicar o procedimento ao participante e obter permissão.</li>
	<li>Medir a altura do corpo e peso antes do início das medições.</li>
	<li>Explica que o processo pode levar 5-10 min e envolve deixar a participante mentira na cama.<ol>
<li>Manter a pele do paciente limpo e seco quando trocando de posição supina. Se a pele do paciente é úmida devido à transpiração, depois seque a pele.</li>
		<li>Realize as medições em um quarto silencioso, com uma temperatura estável.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>Colocar as mãos do participante ao lado de seu corpo para certificar-se de que há uma suave e imperturbada sinal de ECG. Conecte até 3 derivações ECG monitores, posicionamento de três eletrodos (RA, LA, LL), de acordo com o diagrama a seguir (Figura 2). Nota: Recomenda-se o uso de eletrodos descartáveis. O ECG e os fios não podem ser usados em outro equipamentos de desenho de ECG.</li>
	<li>Tenho o resto do paciente pelo menos 5 minutos na posição supina. Então medir a pressão de sangue do paciente com um dispositivo semiautomático oscilométrico. Nota: A pressão arterial é medida de acordo com as recomendações da sociedade europeia de hipertensão17.</li>
	<li>Tenho o resto do paciente pelo menos 2 minutos. Nota: A dilatação vascular periférica causada por oclusão da artéria, ao medir a pressão arterial de artéria braquial mudará a transmissão do pulso de artéria braquial. Descanso é essencial para evitar o desvio excessivo.</li>
	<li>Enquanto o participante repousa, digite informações detalhadas do participante, incluindo a pressão arterial em decúbito dorsal, estatura, peso corporal e o nome do operador, para o dispositivo de medição (Figura 3).</li>
	<li>Depois de inserir todas as informações, manter os participantes em uma posição supina.</li>
	<li>Medir manualmente os seguintes parâmetros (mm) (Figura 3).<ol>
<li>Medir a distância do suprasternal notch (SSN) até o ponto de detecção remota (artéria femoral).</li>
		<li>Medir a distância entre o chanfro esternal para o ponto de deteção proximal (artéria carótida).</li>
		<li>Medir a distância desde o ponto de detecção remota (artéria femoral) para o ponto de deteção de proximal (artéria carótida) (cf-distância).</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>Escolha o modo de PWA. Digite '0' como distância SSN-carotídeas e digite 0.8 * cf-distância como distância SSN-femoral. Se o dispositivo não aceita '0', colocar outro valor como a distância de SSN-carotídeas e adicionar esse valor para a distância de cf 80% como SSN-femoral distância5. Nota: O operador deve sentar-se em uma posição mais confortável.</li>
	<li>Pressione o botão para captura de dados. Colocar o tonometer no ponto de flutuação de artéria radial (1-2 cm acima do processo estiloide radial em um ponto onde a flutuação é forte e estável) para medir a pressão arterial central.<ol>
<li>Manter a posição do tonometer para obter uma forma de onda constante no computador. Uma vez que a qualidade e a reprodutibilidade das medições tonometria alcance o padrão, a gravação do sinal é terminada automaticamente pelo computador.</li>
		<li>Manter o tonometer a 90°.</li>
		<li>Para evitar o movimento parasita, imobilizar o tonometer perto da base com os dedos, Fixe firmemente o tonometer à pele. Nota: O software grava automaticamente os dados, assim como o tonometer é colocado em contato com o site de medição. A qualidade e a reprodutibilidade das medições tonometria automaticamente são testados. Um índice de operador maior que 80% é considerado como uma medida confiável. Amplificação de pressão de pulso (PPA) é definida como a razão de pressão de pulso periférico-para-central e é calculada com a fórmula, PPA = (braquial SBP - braquial DBP) / (central SBP-central DBP) -1. PWA pode ser observado o dispositivo18 (Figura 4).</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>Escolha o modo de VOP. Colocar o tonometer no ponto de flutuação de artéria carótida. Manter a posição do tonometer para obter uma forma de onda constante no computador. Após a gravação de uma forma de onda estável por 15-20 segundos. Uma vez a qualidade e a reprodutibilidade das medições tonometria alcançam o acabamento padrão, gravação manualmente (Figura 5).</li>
	<li>Colocar o tonometer no ponto de flutuação de artéria femoral (1-2 cm abaixo do ponto médio do ligamento inguinal em um ponto onde a flutuação é estável). Manter a posição do tonometer para gravar uma forma de onda constante. Após a gravação de uma forma de onda estável por 15-20 segundos, termine a gravação manualmente, uma vez que a qualidade e a reprodutibilidade das medições tonometria alcance o padrão. O valor de VOP pode ser observado sobre o dispositivo cf-VOP ≥ 10 m/s é considerado como arterial enrijecimento (Figura 5)1.</li>
</ol>

<ol>
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J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prevalence,+Correlates,+and+Prognosis+of+Healthy+Vascular+Aging+in+a+Western+Community-Dwelling+Cohort:+The+Framingham+Heart+Study.">Prevalence, Correlates, and Prognosis of Healthy Vascular Aging in a Western Community-Dwelling Cohort: The Framingham Heart Study.</a> Hypertension. 70 (2), 267-274 (2017).</li><li>Reference Values for Arterial Stiffness, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Determinants+of+pulse+wave+velocity+in+healthy+people+and+in+the+presence+of+cardiovascular+risk+factors:+'establishing+normal+and+reference+values.">Determinants of pulse wave velocity in healthy people and in the presence of cardiovascular risk factors: 'establishing normal and reference values.</a> Eur Heart J. 31 (19), 2338-2350 (2010).</li><li>Van Bortel, L. 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B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=General+cardiovascular+risk+profile+for+use+in+primary+care:+the+Framingham+Heart+Study.">General cardiovascular risk profile for use in primary care: the Framingham Heart Study.</a> Circulation. 117 (6), 743-753 (2008).</li><li>Conroy, R. 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Os autores não têm nada para divulgar.

Aqui, vamos demonstrar uma metodologia amplamente acessível para avaliar romance pré-clínicos vascular TOD dos participantes, rigidez arterial, avaliado pela cf-VOP. A fim de comparar o PWs com mínimas diferenças hemodinâmicas entre as medições feitas antes de dispositivos, só aceitam dados quando o BP sistólica e diastólica braquial variado por menos de 3 mmHg. Isso reduz o desvio causado por manipulação humana. Neste protocolo, os passos críticos devem ter padronizado pacientes condições usando 80% da d...

Rigidez arterial é um bom marcador para avaliação de envelhecimento vascular1,2. A medição da rigidez arterial é tradicionalmente conduzida usando uma metodologia de velocidade (VOP) de onda de pulso é uma medida importante e fiável de rigidez arterial1,3,4,5. Especificamente, a VOP representa a rigidez de um segmento específico de arterial. A onda de pulso é transmitida através do vasos arteriais em um segmento específico, e sua velocidade é inversamente relacionada com as propriedades viscoelásticas da própria parede6. Valor de VOP aumenta com a rigidez arterial.
Carótida-femoral VOP (cf-VOP) e tornozelo-braquial VOP (ba-VOP) são as 2 medidas de VOP mais frequentemente aplicadas. São amplamente utilizados na prática clínica, onde cf-VOP é popular nos países ocidentais e ba-VOP é popular em países asiáticos. 7 , 8. na verdade, cf-VOP tem sido considerado como a "padrão-ouro" medição da rigidez arterial1. Para cf-VOP, é tomado como representante da VOP para a aorta inteira. Além disso, para ba-VOP, não há nenhum verdadeiro caminho arterial vinculando os sites de medição (braquiais ao tornozelo). O ba-VOP estimado representa a VOP para a totalidade do sistema arterial periférica e central9. Um estudo anterior relatou que cf-VOP é superior à ba-VOP em associações com hipertensos assintomáticos alvo órgãos danos (TOD)10 (Figura 1).
Dispositivos não-invasivos para rigidez regional equipado com um tonometer específico cada vez mais estão sendo usados para medir a rigidez da artéria carótida para segmento femoral1. Nas medições de cf-VOP, este dispositivo e uma mão tonometer criam uma onda constante no computador que pode gravar imagens de alta resolução digital de forma de onda e os valores específicos de VOP (Figura 2). Todas essas medidas precisam ser padronizados. Aqui, nós mostramos como gravar uma boa qualidade cf-VOP com este dispositivo não-invasivo tonometria-baseado em um cenário do mundo real.
Alguns consagrados modelos de predição de risco cardiovascular como o escore de risco de Framingham e as cartas de risco de Pontuação principalmente são calculados e classificados por fatores de risco convencionais11,12. No entanto, alguns novos biomarcadores devem ser adicionados para o modelo de avaliação de risco para melhorar a estratificação de risco13. Na literatura, enrijecimento arterial é considerado como um estado intermediário entre fatores de risco convencionais e de eventos cardiovasculares clínicos14. Assim, adicionar cf-VOP para o modelo de avaliação de risco pode ser uma ferramenta para a estratificação de risco15,16.
Aqui, podemos gerar um plano de metodologia para avaliação cf-VOP dos participantes, juntamente com a PWA, estabelecer um protocolo padrão para arterial avaliação de reforço.

<table><tbody><tr><td>SphygmoCor tonometry-based device</td><td>AtCor Medical, Australia</td><td></td><td>For central blood pressures and cf-PWV</td></tr><tr><td>Electrodes</td><td>AtCor Medical, Australia</td><td></td><td>To record the ECG</td></tr><tr><td>Semiautomatic Oscillometric device</td><td>OMRON Healthcare, kyoto, Japan</td><td></td><td>To measure brachial BP</td></tr></tbody></table>

measuring the carotid to femoral pulse wave velocity (cf-pwv) to evaluate arterial stiffness

Para os idosos, rigidez arterial é um bom marcador para avaliação do envelhecimento e é recomendável que a rigidez arterial fixadas canaliza a medição da carótida para velocidade de onda de pulso femoral (cf-VOP) (classe I; Nível de evidência A). Na literatura, numerosos estudos de base comunitária ou doenças específicas têm relatado que cf-VOP superior está associado com aumento do risco cardiovascular. Aqui, vamos discutir estratégias para avaliar a rigidez arterial com cf-VOP. Seguindo o etapas bem definidas, detalhadas aqui, por exemplo, operador de posição adequada, medição de distância e posição tonometer, obteremos um valor padrão cf-VOP para avaliar a rigidez arterial. Neste trabalho, um método em etapas detalhado para gravar uma boa qualidade VOP e pulso onda análise (PWA) usando um dispositivo não-invasivo de baseado em tonometria será discutido.

CF-VOP (com este método) e ba-VOP (com outro método10) foram realizados em todos os participantes do estudo de Shanghai norte192098. Tanto a cf-VOP e ba-VOP foram usados no mesmo modelo de regressão logística. Neste modelo, idade e sexo foram ajustados. Os resultados mostraram que apenas cf-VOP, mas não ba-VOP, foi significativamente associado com aumento de IMT e placas arteriais, que indica a superioridade da cf-VOP sobre ba-VOP em as...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measuring the Carotid to Femoral Pulse Wave Velocity Cf-PWV to Evaluate Arterial Stiffness at JoVE.com

Measuring the Carotid to Femoral Pulse Wave Velocity Cf-PWV to Evaluate Arterial Stiffness

Este protocolo descreve um método para padronizar as medições de velocidade da onda de pulso carotídeo-femoral para avaliar a rigidez arterial.

Medindo a carótida para velocidade de onda de pulso Femoral (Cf-VOP) para avaliar a rigidez Arterial

For the elderly, arterial stiffening is a good marker for aging evaluation and it is recommended that the arterial stiffness be determined noninvasively ...

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Measuring the Carotid to Femoral Pulse Wave Velocity (Cf-PWV) to Evaluate Arterial Stiffness

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17.3K visualizações.  Tongji University School of Medicine. Este protocolo descreve um método para padronizar as medições de velocidade da onda de pulso carotídeo-femoral para avaliar a rigidez arterial.

Vídeo: Measuring the Carotid to Femoral Pulse Wave Velocity Cf-PWV to Evaluate Arterial Stiffness

Use of Animal Model of Sepsis to Evaluate Novel Herbal Therapies

Sepsis refers to a systemic inflammatory response syndrome resulting from a microbial infection. It has been routinely simulated in animals by several techniques, including infusion of exogenous bacterial toxin (endotoxemia) or bacteria (bacteremia), as well as surgical perforation of the cecum by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)1-3. CLP allows bacteria spillage and fecal contamination of the peritoneal cavity, mimicking the human clinical disease of perforated appendicitis or diverticulitis. The severity of sepsis, as reflected by the eventual mortality rates, can be controlled surgically by varying the size of the needle used for cecal puncture2. In animals, CLP induces similar, biphasic hemodynamic cardiovascular, metabolic, and immunological responses as observed during the clinical course of human sepsis3. Thus, the CLP model is considered as one of the most clinically relevant models for experimental sepsis1-3.
Various animal models have been used to elucidate the intricate mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of experimental sepsis. The lethal consequence of sepsis is attributable partly to an excessive accumulation of early cytokines (such as TNF, IL-1 and IFN-&gamma;)4-6 and late proinflammatory mediators (e.g., HMGB1)7. Compared with early proinflammatory cytokines, late-acting mediators have a wider therapeutic window for clinical applications. For instance, delayed administration of HMGB1-neutralizing antibodies beginning 24 hours after CLP, still rescued mice from lethality8,9, establishing HMGB1 as a late mediator of lethal sepsis. The discovery of HMGB1 as a late-acting mediator has initiated a new field of investigation for the development of sepsis therapies using Traditional Chinese Herbal Medicine. In this paper, we describe a procedure of CLP-induced sepsis, and its usage in screening herbal medicine for HMGB1-targeting therapies.

Sepsis refers to a systemic inflammatory response syndrome resulting from a microbial infection, and can be simulated by a surgical technique termed cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Here we describe a method to use CLP-induced animal model to screen medicinal herbs for therapeutic agents.

Uso de Modelo Animal de Sepse para avaliar novas terapias à base de plantas

Sepsis refers to a systemic inflammatory response syndrome resulting from a microbial infection. It has been routinely simulated in animals by several ...

Medicina

The Measurement and Treatment of Suppression in Amblyopia

Amblyopia, a developmental disorder of the visual cortex, is one of the leading causes of visual dysfunction in the working age population. Current estimates put the prevalence of amblyopia at approximately 1-3%1-3, the majority of cases being monocular2. Amblyopia is most frequently caused by ocular misalignment (strabismus), blur induced by unequal refractive error (anisometropia), and in some cases by form deprivation.
Although amblyopia is initially caused by abnormal visual input in infancy, once established, the visual deficit often remains when normal visual input has been restored using surgery and/or refractive correction. This is because amblyopia is the result of abnormal visual cortex development rather than a problem with the amblyopic eye itself4,5 . Amblyopia is characterized by both monocular and binocular deficits6,7 which include impaired visual acuity and poor or absent stereopsis respectively. The visual dysfunction in amblyopia is often associated with a strong suppression of the inputs from the amblyopic eye under binocular viewing conditions8. Recent work has indicated that suppression may play a central role in both the monocular and binocular deficits associated with amblyopia9,10 .
Current clinical tests for suppression tend to verify the presence or absence of suppression rather than giving a quantitative measurement of the degree of suppression. Here we describe a technique for measuring amblyopic suppression with a compact, portable device11,12 . The device consists of a laptop computer connected to a pair of virtual reality goggles. The novelty of the technique lies in the way we present visual stimuli to measure suppression. Stimuli are shown to the amblyopic eye at high contrast while the contrast of the stimuli shown to the non-amblyopic eye are varied. Patients perform a simple signal/noise task that allows for a precise measurement of the strength of excitatory binocular interactions. The contrast offset at which neither eye has a performance advantage is a measure of the "balance point" and is a direct measure of suppression. This technique has been validated psychophysically both in control13,14 and patient6,9,11 populations.
In addition to measuring suppression this technique also forms the basis of a novel form of treatment to decrease suppression over time and improve binocular and often monocular function in adult patients with amblyopia12,15,16 . This new treatment approach can be deployed either on the goggle system described above or on a specially modified iPod touch device15.

Amblyopia is a developmental disorder of the visual cortex that is often accompanied by strong suppression of one eye. We present a new technique for measuring and treating interocular suppression in patients with amblyopia that can be deployed using virtual reality goggles or a portable iPod Touch device.

A Medição e Tratamento de Supressão de ambliopia

Amblyopia, a developmental disorder of the visual cortex, is one of the leading causes of visual dysfunction in the working age population. Current ...

Pulse Wave Velocity Testing in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging

Carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity is considered the gold standard for measurements of central arterial stiffness obtained through noninvasive methods1.&#160;Subjects are placed in the supine position and allowed to rest quietly for at least 10 min prior to the start of the exam. The proper cuff size is selected and a blood pressure is obtained using an oscillometric device. Once a resting blood pressure has been obtained, pressure waveforms are acquired from the right femoral and right common carotid arteries. The system then automatically calculates the pulse transit time between these two sites (using the carotid artery as a surrogate for the descending aorta). Body surface measurements are used to determine the distance traveled by the pulse wave between the two sampling sites. This distance is then divided by the pulse transit time resulting in the pulse wave velocity. The measurements are performed in triplicate and the average is used for analysis.

Pulse wave velocity (PWV) measurement assesses arterial stiffness by a tonometry-based system that measures the speed with which arterial pressure wave travels along the arterial tree, typically approximating the time that it takes this wave to travel from the descending aorta (using the carotid artery as a surrogate) to the femoral artery. Carotid-femoral PWV increases two- to threefold across the adult lifespan.

Pulso de onda Velocity Ensaios no Estudo Longitudinal de Envelhecimento de Baltimore

Carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity is considered the gold standard for measurements of central arterial stiffness obtained through noninvasive ...

Assessment of Vascular Function in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease

Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have significantly increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) compared to the general population, and this is only partially explained by traditional CVD risk factors. Vascular dysfunction is an important non-traditional risk factor, characterized by vascular endothelial dysfunction (most commonly assessed as impaired endothelium-dependent dilation [EDD]) and stiffening of the large elastic arteries. While various techniques exist to assess EDD and large elastic artery stiffness, the most commonly used are brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMDBA) and aortic pulse-wave velocity (aPWV), respectively. Both of these noninvasive measures of vascular dysfunction are independent predictors of future cardiovascular events in patients with and without kidney disease. Patients with CKD demonstrate both impaired FMDBA, and increased aPWV. While the exact mechanisms by which vascular dysfunction develops in CKD are incompletely understood, increased oxidative stress and a subsequent reduction in nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability are important contributors. Cellular changes in oxidative stress can be assessed by collecting vascular endothelial cells from the antecubital vein and measuring protein expression of markers of oxidative stress using immunofluorescence. We provide here a discussion of these methods to measure FMDBA, aPWV, and vascular endothelial cell protein expression.

The degree of vascular dysfunction and contributing physiological mechanisms can be assessed in patients with chronic kidney disease by measuring brachial artery flow-mediated dilation, aortic pulse-wave velocity, and vascular endothelial cell protein expression.

Avaliação da função vascular em pacientes com doença renal crônica

Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have significantly increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) compared to the general population, and this ...

Measuring Ascending Aortic Stiffness In Vivo in Mice Using Ultrasound

We present a protocol for measuring in vivo aortic stiffness in mice using high-resolution ultrasound imaging. Aortic diameter is measured by ultrasound and aortic blood pressure is measured invasively with a solid-state pressure catheter. Blood pressure is raised then lowered incrementally by intravenous infusion of vasoactive drugs phenylephrine and sodium nitroprusside. Aortic diameter is measured for each pressure step to characterize the pressure-diameter relationship of the ascending aorta. Stiffness indices derived from the pressure-diameter relationship can be calculated from the data collected. Calculation of arterial compliance is described in this protocol.
This technique can be used to investigate mechanisms underlying increased aortic stiffness associated with cardiovascular disease and aging. The technique produces a physiologically relevant measure of stiffness compared to ex vivo approaches because physiological influences on aortic stiffness are incorporated in the measurement. The primary limitation of this technique is the measurement error introduced from the movement of the aorta during the cardiac cycle. This motion can be compensated by adjusting the location of the probe with the aortic movement as well as making multiple measurements of the aortic pressure-diameter relationship and expanding the experimental group size.

Measuring Ascending Aortic Stiffness In Vivo in Mice Using Ultrasound

We describe a technique for measuring aortic stiffness from its pressure-diameter relationship in vivo in mice. Aortic diameter is recorded by ultrasound and aortic pressure is measured invasively with a solid-state pressure catheter. Blood pressure is changed incrementally and the resulting diameter is measured.

Medição da aorta ascendente Rigidez<em&gt; In Vivo</em&gt; Em ratos usando ultra-som

We present a protocol for measuring in vivo aortic stiffness in mice using high-resolution ultrasound imaging. Aortic diameter is measured by ultrasound ...

A Methodological Approach to Non-invasive Assessments of Vascular Function and Morphology

The endothelium is the innermost lining of the vasculature and is involved in the maintenance of vascular homeostasis. Damage to the endothelium may predispose the vessel to atherosclerosis and increase the risk for cardiovascular disease. Assessments of peripheral endothelial function are good indicators of early abnormalities in the vascular wall and correlate well with assessments of coronary endothelial function. The present manuscript details the important methodological steps necessary for the assessment of microvascular endothelial function using laser Doppler imaging with iontophoresis, large vessel endothelial function using flow-mediated dilatation, and carotid atherosclerosis using carotid artery ultrasound. A discussion on the methodological considerations for each of the techniques is also presented, and recommendations are made for future research.

The present article describes the methodological considerations for several non-invasive assessments of vascular function and morphology that are commonly used in medical research to assess different stages of atherosclerosis.

Uma abordagem metodológica para avaliações não-invasivas de função vascular e Morfologia

The endothelium is the innermost lining of the vasculature and is involved in the maintenance of vascular homeostasis.  Damage to the endothelium may ...

Ultrasound-based Pulse Wave Velocity Evaluation in Mice

Arterial stiffness can be evaluated by calculating pulse wave velocity (PWV), i.e., the speed with which the pulse wave travels in a conduit vessel. This parameter is being increasingly investigated in small rodent models in which it is used for assessing alterations in vascular function related to particular genotypes/treatments or for characterizing cardiovascular disease progression. This protocol describes an image processing algorithm which leads to non-invasive arterial PWV measurement in mice using ultrasound (US) images only. The proposed technique has been used to assess abdominal aorta PWV in mice and evaluate its age-associated changes.
Abdominal aorta US scans are obtained from mice under gaseous anesthesia using a specific US device equipped with high-frequency US probes. B-mode and Pulse-Wave Doppler (PW-Doppler) images are analyzed in order to obtain diameter and mean velocity instantaneous values, respectively. For this purpose, edge detection and contour tracking techniques are employed. The single-beat mean diameter and velocity waveforms are time aligned and combined in order to achieve the diameter-velocity (lnD-V) loop. PWV values are obtained from the slope of the linear part of the loop, which corresponds to the early systolic phase.
With the present approach, anatomical and functional information about the mouse abdominal aorta can be non-invasively achieved. Requiring the processing of US images only, it may represent a useful tool for the non-invasive characterization of different arterial sites in the mouse in terms of elastic properties. The application of the present technique can be easily extended to other vascular districts, such as the carotid artery, thus providing the possibility to obtain a multi-site arterial stiffness assessment.

Arterial stiffness represents a key factor in cardiovascular disease and pulse wave velocity (PWV) can be considered as a surrogate index for arterial stiffness. This protocol describes an image processing algorithm for calculating PWV in mice based on ultrasound image processing that is applicable at different arterial sites.

O ultra-som à base de pulso de onda Velocity Avaliação em ratos

Arterial stiffness can be evaluated by calculating pulse wave velocity (PWV), i.e., the speed with which the pulse wave travels in a conduit vessel. This ...

Measuring the Stiffness of Ex Vivo Mouse Aortas Using Atomic Force Microscopy

Arterial stiffening is a significant risk factor and biomarker for cardiovascular disease and a hallmark of aging. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a versatile analytical tool for characterizing viscoelastic mechanical properties for a variety of materials ranging from hard (plastic, glass, metal, etc.) surfaces to cells on any substrate. It has been widely used to measure the stiffness of cells, but less frequently used to measure the stiffness of aortas. In this paper, we will describe the procedures for using AFM in contact mode to measure the ex vivo elastic modulus of unloaded mouse arteries. We describe our procedure for isolation of mouse aortas, and then provide detailed information for the AFM analysis. This includes step-by-step instructions for alignment of the laser beam, calibration of the spring constant and deflection sensitivity of the AFM probe, and acquisition of force curves. We also provide a detailed protocol for data analysis of the force curves.

Measuring the Stiffness of Ex Vivo Mouse Aortas Using Atomic Force Microscopy

We present detailed protocols for isolation of aortas from mouse and measurement of their elastic modulus using atomic force microscopy.

Medindo a rigidez<em&gt; Ex Vivo</em&gt; Mouse aortas Usando Microscopia de Força Atômica

Arterial stiffening is a significant risk factor and biomarker for cardiovascular disease and a hallmark of aging. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a ...

Biologia

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>Usando rigidez arterial e função endotelial para avaliação cardiovascular

Pulse-Wave Velocity, Flow-Mediated Dilation, and Carotid Intima-Media Thickness to Assess Cardiovascular Risk in Population with Metabolic Syndrome

Pulse-wave velocity (PWV), flow-mediated dilation (FMD), and carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) are established methods used in research and clinical settings to assess arterial stiffness, endothelial function, and subclinical atherogenesis. These measurements may reflect vascular disease and atherosclerotic progression, which are major causes of adverse cardiovascular events. These methods are particularly valuable in determining cardiovascular dysfunction among populations with different risk factors, such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and other metabolic dysfunction-related conditions. They provide a non-invasive and reliable source of information that complements clinical practice. Early detection, risk assessment, and therapeutic decisions regarding cardiovascular disease can be achieved, ultimately contributing to improved patient outcomes. Traditional tools for evaluating cardiovascular disease do not reveal whether metabolic syndrome affects early subclinical cardiovascular disease in patients with obesity. Recent research has highlighted the importance of including arterial stiffness and endothelial function in a comprehensive cardiovascular assessment. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to describe methods that provide information on early subclinical vascular aging, endothelial dysfunction, and atherogenic disease, enabling vascular-targeted risk stratification among populations with obesity and different metabolic profiles.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>Autor em destaque: Avaliação do perfil cardiovascular de pacientes com síndrome metabólica

Endothelial/vascular aging and atherogenesis are key mechanisms that promote the development of cardiovascular diseases. The present protocol describes methods to evaluate arterial stiffness, endothelial dysfunction, and atherogenesis in patients with related risk factors, which are highly valuable in the cardiovascular research field.

Velocidade de onda de pulso, dilatação mediada por fluxo e espessura médio-intimal da carótida para avaliar o risco cardiovascular em população com síndrome metabólica

Pulse-wave velocity (PWV), flow-mediated dilation (FMD), and carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) are established methods used in research and clinical ...

Medindo a carótida para velocidade de onda de pulso Femoral (Cf-VOP) para avaliar a rigidez Arterial

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Avaliação da função vascular em pacientes com doença renal crônica

Medição da aorta ascendente Rigidez

Uma abordagem metodológica para avaliações não-invasivas de função vascular e Morfologia

O ultra-som à base de pulso de onda Velocity Avaliação em ratos

Medindo a rigidez

Velocidade de onda de pulso, dilatação mediada por fluxo e espessura médio-intimal da carótida para avaliar o risco cardiovascular em população com síndrome metabólica

Velocidade de onda de pulso, dilatação mediada por fluxo e espessura médio-intimal da carótida para avaliar o risco cardiovascular em população com síndrome metabólica