Name: measuring the carotid to femoral pulse wave velocity (cf-pwv) to evaluate arterial stiffness
Uploaded: 2018-05-03T13:30:00.000+00:00
Duration: 5 min 51 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measuring the Carotid to Femoral Pulse Wave Velocity Cf-PWV to Evaluate Arterial Stiffness at JoVE.com

Questo lavoro è sotto il sostegno finanziario dal programma nazionale di ricerca e sviluppo chiave della Cina (Grant No. 2017YFC0111800) e il governo municipale di Shanghai (Grant ID. 2013ZYJB0902 e 15GWZK1002). Dr. Yi Zhang è stato sostenuto dal National Nature Science Foundation della Cina (Grant ID. 81300239 e 81670377).

Questo protocollo è stato approvato dall'ospedale l'etica Comitato del decimo del popolo di Shanghai.
1. reclutamento dei partecipanti
<ol><li>Sono gli adulti con una frequenza cardiaca moderata (40 < HR < 160).</li>
	<li>Utilizzare i seguenti criteri di esclusione.<ol>
<li>Escludi quelli senza fistola arterovenosa interna per la dialisi renale o qualsiasi altre fistola arterovenosa periferica come quella.</li>
		<li>Escludi quelli senza lo spasmo arterioso periferico, ad esempio la malattia di Raynaud.</li>
		<li>Escludi quelli senza stenosi valvolare aortica (transprosthetic pressione gradiente > 60 mmHg).</li>
		<li>Escludi quelli senza secondo o terzo grado blocco atrioventricolare (AV).</li>
		<li>Escludi quelli senza fibrillazione atriale o flutter atriale.</li>
		<li>Escludi quelli senza instabile carotiche aterosclerotiche che possono rompersi dopo impastare. 9) senza danno conoscitivo o incapaci di cooperare.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>Assicurarsi che vescica i partecipanti sia vuota.</li>
	<li>Chiedere ai partecipanti di astenersi dal fumo, uso di tabacco o caffeina per almeno 3 ore prima della misurazione. Astenersi dall'alcool per almeno 12 ore prima della misurazione. Veloce per almeno 3 ore prima della misurazione.</li>
</ol>2. misure di TOD vascolare
Nota: cf-PWV e misurazioni di PWA, come le misure convenzionali del quattro-membro della pressione sanguigna, vengono eseguite tramite un metodo di valutazione non invasiva. Un protocollo standard è fondamentale per ottenere un valore preciso, soprattutto quando sono presenti più operatori. Assicurati di praticare il metodo prima l'operazione effettiva. Cooperazione del partecipante è la chiave per la misurazione del cf-PWV.
<ol><li>Spiegare la procedura al partecipante e ottenere il permesso.</li>
	<li>Misurare l'altezza del corpo e peso prima dell'inizio delle misurazioni.</li>
	<li>Spiegare che il processo potrebbe richiedere 5-10 min e coinvolge lasciando il partecipante bugia sul letto.<ol>
<li>Mantenere la pelle del paziente, pulito e asciutto, nel cambio delle posizioni supina. Se la pelle del paziente è umida a causa della sudorazione, quindi asciugare la pelle.</li>
		<li>Eseguire le misure in una camera tranquilla con una temperatura stabile.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>Mettere le mani del partecipante accanto al loro corpo per assicurarsi che ci sia una superficie liscia, indisturbata del segnale ECG. Collegare fino a 3 derivazioni ECG monitor, posizione tre elettrodi (RA, LL, LA) secondo lo schema seguente (Figura 2). Nota: È consigliabile l'uso di elettrodi USA e getta. Le derivazioni ECG e i fili non possono essere utilizzati in altri ECG equipaggiamento.</li>
	<li>Avere il resto paziente per almeno 5 minuti in posizione supina. Quindi misurare la pressione sanguigna del paziente con un dispositivo semiautomatico oscillometrico. Nota: La pressione arteriosa viene misurata secondo le raccomandazioni della società europea dell'ipertensione arteriosa17.</li>
	<li>Avere il paziente riposo per almeno 2 minuti. Nota: La dilatazione vascolare periferica causata tramite l'occlusione dell'arteria quando si misura la pressione sanguigna dell'arteria brachiale cambierà la trasmissione di impulso dell'arteria brachiale. Il riposo è essenziale per evitare eccessiva deviazione.</li>
	<li>Mentre il partecipante si riposa, immettere informazioni dettagliate del partecipante, tra cui la pressione in posizione supina, altezza, peso corporeo e il nome dell'operatore, nel dispositivo di misurazione (Figura 3).</li>
	<li>Dopo aver inserito tutte le informazioni, mantenere i partecipanti in una posizione supina.</li>
	<li>Misurare manualmente i seguenti parametri (mm) (Figura 3).<ol>
<li>Misurare la distanza tra la tacca di suprasternal (SSN) fino al punto di rilevamento remoto (arteria femorale).</li>
		<li>Misurare la distanza tra l'incavo sternale per il punto di rilevamento prossimale (carotide).</li>
		<li>Misurare la distanza dal punto di rilevamento remoto (arteria femorale) fino al punto di rilevamento (arteria carotica) prossimale (cf-distanza).</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>Scegliere la modalità di PWA. Immettere '0' come distanza SSN-carotideo e 0,8 * cf-distanza come distanza SSN-femorale. Se il dispositivo non accetta '0', mettere un altro valore come la distanza di SSN-carotideo e aggiungere tale valore per la distanza cf 80% come SSN-femorale distanza5. Nota: L'operatore deve sedersi in una posizione più comoda.</li>
	<li>Premere il pulsante per acquisire i dati. Mettere il tonometro sul punto di fluttuazione di arteria radiale (1-2 cm di sopra del processo stiloideo radiale in un punto dove la fluttuazione è forte e stabile) per misurare la pressione arteriosa centrale.<ol>
<li>Mantenere la posizione del tonometro per ottenere una forma d'onda costante sul computer. Una volta che la qualità e la riproducibilità delle misurazioni tonometria raggiungono lo standard, la registrazione di segnale è terminata automaticamente dal computer.</li>
		<li>Mantenere il tonometro a 90°.</li>
		<li>Per evitare movimenti del parassita, immobilizzare il tonometro vicino alla base con le dita, fissare saldamente il tonometro sulla pelle. Nota: Il software registra automaticamente i dati, non appena il tonometro è messo in contatto con il sito di misurazione. La qualità e la riproducibilità delle misurazioni tonometria automaticamente vengono testati. Un indice di operatore maggiore di 80% è considerato come una misura affidabile. Amplificazione di pressione di impulso (PPA) è definita come il rapporto di pressione di impulso centro-periferico e viene calcolato con la formula, PPA = (brachiale SBP - DBP brachiale) / (central SBP-central DBP) -1. PWA può essere osservato sul dispositivo18 (Figura 4).</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>Scegliere la modalità PWV. Mettere il tonometro sul punto di fluttuazione dell'arteria carotica. Mantenere la posizione del tonometro per ottenere una forma d'onda costante sul computer. Dopo aver registrato una forma d'onda stabile per 15-20 secondi. Una volta la qualità e la riproducibilità delle misurazioni tonometria raggiungere la finitura standard, registrazione manualmente (Figura 5).</li>
	<li>Mettere il tonometro sul punto di fluttuazione dell'arteria femorale (1-2 cm sotto il punto medio del legamento inguinale in un punto dove la fluttuazione è stabile). Mantenere la posizione del tonometro per registrare una forma d'onda costante. Dopo aver registrato una forma d'onda stabile per 15-20 secondi, terminare la registrazione manualmente una volta la qualità e la riproducibilità delle misurazioni tonometria raggiungere lo standard. Il valore PWV si può osservare il dispositivo cf-PWV ≥ 10 m/s è considerato come arteriosa irrigidimento (Figura 5)1.</li>
</ol>

<ol>
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J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prevalence,+Correlates,+and+Prognosis+of+Healthy+Vascular+Aging+in+a+Western+Community-Dwelling+Cohort:+The+Framingham+Heart+Study.">Prevalence, Correlates, and Prognosis of Healthy Vascular Aging in a Western Community-Dwelling Cohort: The Framingham Heart Study.</a> Hypertension. 70 (2), 267-274 (2017).</li><li>Reference Values for Arterial Stiffness, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Determinants+of+pulse+wave+velocity+in+healthy+people+and+in+the+presence+of+cardiovascular+risk+factors:+'establishing+normal+and+reference+values.">Determinants of pulse wave velocity in healthy people and in the presence of cardiovascular risk factors: 'establishing normal and reference values.</a> Eur Heart J. 31 (19), 2338-2350 (2010).</li><li>Van Bortel, L. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Expert+consensus+document+on+the+measurement+of+aortic+stiffness+in+daily+practice+using+carotid-femoral+pulse+wave+velocity.">Expert consensus document on the measurement of aortic stiffness in daily practice using carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity.</a> J Hypertens. 30 (3), 445-448 (2012).</li><li>Salvi, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Pulse waves: how vascular hemodynamics affect blood pressure. , (2011).</li><li>Mancia, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=2013+ESH/ESC+Guidelines+for+the+management+of+arterial+hypertension:+the+Task+Force+for+the+management+of+arterial+hypertension+of+the+European+Society+of+Hypertension+(ESH)+and+of+the+European+Society+of+Cardiology+(ESC).">2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: the Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC).</a> J Hypertens. 31 (7), 1281-1357 (2013).</li><li>Yamashina, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Validity,+reproducibility,+and+clinical+significance+of+noninvasive+brachial-ankle+pulse+wave+velocity+measurement.">Validity, reproducibility, and clinical significance of noninvasive brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity measurement.</a> Hypertens Res. 25 (3), 359-364 (2002).</li><li>Tanaka, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+between+carotid-femoral+and+brachial-ankle+pulse+wave+velocity+as+measures+of+arterial+stiffness.">Comparison between carotid-femoral and brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity as measures of arterial stiffness.</a> J Hypertens. 27 (10), 2022-2027 (2009).</li><li>Lu, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+Carotid-Femoral+and+Brachial-Ankle+Pulse-Wave+Velocity+in+Association+With+Target+Organ+Damage+in+the+Community-Dwelling+Elderly+Chinese:+The+Northern+Shanghai+Study.">Comparison of Carotid-Femoral and Brachial-Ankle Pulse-Wave Velocity in Association With Target Organ Damage in the Community-Dwelling Elderly Chinese: The Northern Shanghai Study.</a> J Am Heart Assoc. 6 (2), (2017).</li><li>D'Agostino, R. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=General+cardiovascular+risk+profile+for+use+in+primary+care:+the+Framingham+Heart+Study.">General cardiovascular risk profile for use in primary care: the Framingham Heart Study.</a> Circulation. 117 (6), 743-753 (2008).</li><li>Conroy, R. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Estimation+of+ten-year+risk+of+fatal+cardiovascular+disease+in+Europe:+the+SCORE+project.">Estimation of ten-year risk of fatal cardiovascular disease in Europe: the SCORE project.</a> Eur Heart J. 24 (11), 987-1003 (2003).</li><li>Zethelius, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+multiple+biomarkers+to+improve+the+prediction+of+death+from+cardiovascular+causes.">Use of multiple biomarkers to improve the prediction of death from cardiovascular causes.</a> N Engl J Med. 358 (20), 2107-2116 (2008).</li><li>Vernooij, J. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hypertensive+target+organ+damage+and+the+risk+for+vascular+events+and+all-cause+mortality+in+patients+with+vascular+disease.">Hypertensive target organ damage and the risk for vascular events and all-cause mortality in patients with vascular disease.</a> J Hypertens. 31 (3), 492-499 (2013).</li><li>van der Veen, P. 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Qui, dimostriamo una metodologia ampiamente accessibile per valutare romanzo preclinici vascolare TOD dei partecipanti, rigidezza arteriosa, valutati da cf-PWV. Al fine di confrontare PWs con differenze minime emodinamiche tra le misurazioni effettuate prima del dispositivi, accettano solo dati quando il BP sistolica e diastolica brachiale varia da meno di 3 mmHg. Questo riduce la deviazione causata tramite manipolazione umana. In questo protocollo, i passaggi critici sono hanno standardizzato le condizioni del paziente ...

Irrigidimento arterioso è un buon indicatore per invecchiamento vascolare valutazione1,2. La misurazione di irrigidimento arterioso è tradizionalmente condotto utilizzando una metodologia di velocità (PWV) onda di impulso che è una misura importante ed affidabile di rigidezza arteriosa1,3,4,5. In particolare, PWV rappresenta la rigidità di uno specifico segmento arterioso. L'onda di impulso viene trasmesso attraverso i vasi arteriosi in un segmento specifico, e la sua velocità è inversamente correlata alle proprietà viscoelastiche del muro stesso6. PWV valore aumenta con irrigidimento arterioso.
Le 2 misurazioni PWV più frequentemente applicate PWV carotideo-femorale (cf-PWV) e caviglia-brachiale PWV (ba-PWV). Essi sono ampiamente utilizzati nella pratica clinica, dove cf-PWV è popolare in paesi occidentali e ba-PWV è popolare in paesi asiatici. 7 , 8. infatti, cf-PWV è stata considerata come la misura di "gold-standard" di rigidezza arteriosa1. Per cf-PWV, è preso come rappresentante della PWV per l'intera aorta. Inoltre, per ba-PWV, non c'è nessun vero via arteriosa che collega i siti di misura (brachiali alla caviglia). Il ba-PWV stimato rappresenta la PWV per l'interezza del sistema arterioso periferico e centrale9. Uno studio precedente ha riferito che cf-PWV è superiore a ba-PWV in associazioni con ipertesi asintomatici destinazione organo danni (TOD)10 (Figura 1).
Dispositivi non invasivi per rigidità regionale dotata di un tonometro specifico sono sempre più utilizzati per misurare la rigidità della carotide a segmento femorale1. Nelle misurazioni di cf-PWV, questo dispositivo e un tonometer palmare creano una forma d'onda costante sul computer che può registrare immagini di forme d'onda digitali ad alta risoluzione e i valori specifici di PWV (Figura 2). Tutte queste misure devono essere standardizzati. Qui, vi mostriamo come registrare una buona qualità cf-PWV con questo dispositivo basato su tonometria non invasivo in un ambiente reale.
Alcuni stabiliti modelli di previsione di rischio cardiovascolare quali il Punteggio di rischio di Framingham e SCORE Risk Charts principalmente sono calcolati e filtrate i fattori di rischio convenzionali11,12. Tuttavia, alcuni nuovi biomarcatori devono essere aggiunto nel modello di valutazione del rischio per migliorare la stratificazione di rischio13. In letteratura, irrigidimento arterioso è considerato come uno stato intermedio tra i fattori di rischio convenzionali e di eventi cardiovascolari clinici14. Quindi, l'aggiunta di cf-PWV nel modello di valutazione del rischio può essere uno strumento per rischio stratificazione15,16.
Qui, generiamo un piano metodologico per la valutazione cf-PWV dei partecipanti, insieme al PWA, per stabilire un protocollo standard per la valutazione di irrigidimento arterioso.

<table><tbody><tr><td>SphygmoCor tonometry-based device</td><td>AtCor Medical, Australia</td><td></td><td>For central blood pressures and cf-PWV</td></tr><tr><td>Electrodes</td><td>AtCor Medical, Australia</td><td></td><td>To record the ECG</td></tr><tr><td>Semiautomatic Oscillometric device</td><td>OMRON Healthcare, kyoto, Japan</td><td></td><td>To measure brachial BP</td></tr></tbody></table>

measuring the carotid to femoral pulse wave velocity (cf-pwv) to evaluate arterial stiffness

Per gli anziani, irrigidimento arterioso è un buon indicatore per la valutazione di invecchiamento e si raccomanda che la rigidità arteriosa essere determinato in modo non invasivo tramite la misura della carotide a velocità di onda di impulso femorale (cf-PWV) (classe I; Livello di evidenza A). In letteratura, numerosi studi basati sulla comunità o malattia-specifica hanno riferito che quello superiore cf-PWV è associato a un aumentato rischio cardiovascolare. Qui, si discute di strategie per la valutazione della rigidità arteriosa con cf-PWV. A seguito di passaggi ben definiti dettagliate qui, ad esempio, corretta posizione operatore, misurazione della distanza e posizione tonometro, otterremo un valore standard cf-PWV per valutare la rigidezza arteriosa. In questa carta, un metodo graduale dettagliato per registrare una buona qualità PWV e l'impulso dell'onda analisi (PWA) utilizzando un dispositivo non invasivo basato su tonometria sarà discussi.

CF-PWV (con questo metodo) e ba-PWV (con altro metodo10) sono stati condotti in tutti i partecipanti di 2098 da nord Shanghai Studio19. Cf-PWV sia ba-PWV sono stati utilizzati nello stesso modello di regressione logistica. In questo modello, età e sesso sono stati adeguati. I risultati hanno mostrato che solo cf-PWV, ma non ba-PWV, è stata associata significativamente con IMT aumentato e placca arteriosa, che indica la superiorità del cf-...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measuring the Carotid to Femoral Pulse Wave Velocity Cf-PWV to Evaluate Arterial Stiffness at JoVE.com

Measuring the Carotid to Femoral Pulse Wave Velocity Cf-PWV to Evaluate Arterial Stiffness

Questo protocollo descrive un metodo per standardizzare le misure di velocità di onda di impulso carotico-femorale per valutare la rigidezza arteriosa.

La carotide a femorale Pulse Wave Velocity (Cf-PWV) per valutare la rigidezza arteriosa di misurazione

For the elderly, arterial stiffening is a good marker for aging evaluation and it is recommended that the arterial stiffness be determined noninvasively ...

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Measuring the Carotid to Femoral Pulse Wave Velocity (Cf-PWV) to Evaluate Arterial Stiffness

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17.3K Views.  Tongji University School of Medicine. Questo protocollo descrive un metodo per standardizzare le misure di velocità di onda di impulso carotico-femorale per valutare la rigidezza arteriosa.

Video: Measuring the Carotid to Femoral Pulse Wave Velocity Cf-PWV to Evaluate Arterial Stiffness

Use of Animal Model of Sepsis to Evaluate Novel Herbal Therapies

Sepsis refers to a systemic inflammatory response syndrome resulting from a microbial infection. It has been routinely simulated in animals by several techniques, including infusion of exogenous bacterial toxin (endotoxemia) or bacteria (bacteremia), as well as surgical perforation of the cecum by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)1-3. CLP allows bacteria spillage and fecal contamination of the peritoneal cavity, mimicking the human clinical disease of perforated appendicitis or diverticulitis. The severity of sepsis, as reflected by the eventual mortality rates, can be controlled surgically by varying the size of the needle used for cecal puncture2. In animals, CLP induces similar, biphasic hemodynamic cardiovascular, metabolic, and immunological responses as observed during the clinical course of human sepsis3. Thus, the CLP model is considered as one of the most clinically relevant models for experimental sepsis1-3.
Various animal models have been used to elucidate the intricate mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of experimental sepsis. The lethal consequence of sepsis is attributable partly to an excessive accumulation of early cytokines (such as TNF, IL-1 and IFN-&gamma;)4-6 and late proinflammatory mediators (e.g., HMGB1)7. Compared with early proinflammatory cytokines, late-acting mediators have a wider therapeutic window for clinical applications. For instance, delayed administration of HMGB1-neutralizing antibodies beginning 24 hours after CLP, still rescued mice from lethality8,9, establishing HMGB1 as a late mediator of lethal sepsis. The discovery of HMGB1 as a late-acting mediator has initiated a new field of investigation for the development of sepsis therapies using Traditional Chinese Herbal Medicine. In this paper, we describe a procedure of CLP-induced sepsis, and its usage in screening herbal medicine for HMGB1-targeting therapies.

Sepsis refers to a systemic inflammatory response syndrome resulting from a microbial infection, and can be simulated by a surgical technique termed cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Here we describe a method to use CLP-induced animal model to screen medicinal herbs for therapeutic agents.

Uso di un modello animale di sepsi per valutare nuove terapie a base di erbe

Sepsis refers to a systemic inflammatory response syndrome resulting from a microbial infection. It has been routinely simulated in animals by several ...

Ricerca

Medicina

The Measurement and Treatment of Suppression in Amblyopia

Amblyopia, a developmental disorder of the visual cortex, is one of the leading causes of visual dysfunction in the working age population. Current estimates put the prevalence of amblyopia at approximately 1-3%1-3, the majority of cases being monocular2. Amblyopia is most frequently caused by ocular misalignment (strabismus), blur induced by unequal refractive error (anisometropia), and in some cases by form deprivation.
Although amblyopia is initially caused by abnormal visual input in infancy, once established, the visual deficit often remains when normal visual input has been restored using surgery and/or refractive correction. This is because amblyopia is the result of abnormal visual cortex development rather than a problem with the amblyopic eye itself4,5 . Amblyopia is characterized by both monocular and binocular deficits6,7 which include impaired visual acuity and poor or absent stereopsis respectively. The visual dysfunction in amblyopia is often associated with a strong suppression of the inputs from the amblyopic eye under binocular viewing conditions8. Recent work has indicated that suppression may play a central role in both the monocular and binocular deficits associated with amblyopia9,10 .
Current clinical tests for suppression tend to verify the presence or absence of suppression rather than giving a quantitative measurement of the degree of suppression. Here we describe a technique for measuring amblyopic suppression with a compact, portable device11,12 . The device consists of a laptop computer connected to a pair of virtual reality goggles. The novelty of the technique lies in the way we present visual stimuli to measure suppression. Stimuli are shown to the amblyopic eye at high contrast while the contrast of the stimuli shown to the non-amblyopic eye are varied. Patients perform a simple signal/noise task that allows for a precise measurement of the strength of excitatory binocular interactions. The contrast offset at which neither eye has a performance advantage is a measure of the "balance point" and is a direct measure of suppression. This technique has been validated psychophysically both in control13,14 and patient6,9,11 populations.
In addition to measuring suppression this technique also forms the basis of a novel form of treatment to decrease suppression over time and improve binocular and often monocular function in adult patients with amblyopia12,15,16 . This new treatment approach can be deployed either on the goggle system described above or on a specially modified iPod touch device15.

Amblyopia is a developmental disorder of the visual cortex that is often accompanied by strong suppression of one eye. We present a new technique for measuring and treating interocular suppression in patients with amblyopia that can be deployed using virtual reality goggles or a portable iPod Touch device.

La misurazione e trattamento di soppressione in Ambliopia

Amblyopia, a developmental disorder of the visual cortex, is one of the leading causes of visual dysfunction in the working age population. Current ...

Pulse Wave Velocity Testing in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging

Carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity is considered the gold standard for measurements of central arterial stiffness obtained through noninvasive methods1.&#160;Subjects are placed in the supine position and allowed to rest quietly for at least 10 min prior to the start of the exam. The proper cuff size is selected and a blood pressure is obtained using an oscillometric device. Once a resting blood pressure has been obtained, pressure waveforms are acquired from the right femoral and right common carotid arteries. The system then automatically calculates the pulse transit time between these two sites (using the carotid artery as a surrogate for the descending aorta). Body surface measurements are used to determine the distance traveled by the pulse wave between the two sampling sites. This distance is then divided by the pulse transit time resulting in the pulse wave velocity. The measurements are performed in triplicate and the average is used for analysis.

Pulse wave velocity (PWV) measurement assesses arterial stiffness by a tonometry-based system that measures the speed with which arterial pressure wave travels along the arterial tree, typically approximating the time that it takes this wave to travel from the descending aorta (using the carotid artery as a surrogate) to the femoral artery. Carotid-femoral PWV increases two- to threefold across the adult lifespan.

Velocità dell&#39;onda di polso testing a Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging

Carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity is considered the gold standard for measurements of central arterial stiffness obtained through noninvasive ...

Assessment of Vascular Function in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease

Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have significantly increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) compared to the general population, and this is only partially explained by traditional CVD risk factors. Vascular dysfunction is an important non-traditional risk factor, characterized by vascular endothelial dysfunction (most commonly assessed as impaired endothelium-dependent dilation [EDD]) and stiffening of the large elastic arteries. While various techniques exist to assess EDD and large elastic artery stiffness, the most commonly used are brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMDBA) and aortic pulse-wave velocity (aPWV), respectively. Both of these noninvasive measures of vascular dysfunction are independent predictors of future cardiovascular events in patients with and without kidney disease. Patients with CKD demonstrate both impaired FMDBA, and increased aPWV. While the exact mechanisms by which vascular dysfunction develops in CKD are incompletely understood, increased oxidative stress and a subsequent reduction in nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability are important contributors. Cellular changes in oxidative stress can be assessed by collecting vascular endothelial cells from the antecubital vein and measuring protein expression of markers of oxidative stress using immunofluorescence. We provide here a discussion of these methods to measure FMDBA, aPWV, and vascular endothelial cell protein expression.

The degree of vascular dysfunction and contributing physiological mechanisms can be assessed in patients with chronic kidney disease by measuring brachial artery flow-mediated dilation, aortic pulse-wave velocity, and vascular endothelial cell protein expression.

Valutazione della funzione vascolare nei pazienti con malattia renale cronica

Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have significantly increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) compared to the general population, and this ...

Measuring Ascending Aortic Stiffness In Vivo in Mice Using Ultrasound

We present a protocol for measuring in vivo aortic stiffness in mice using high-resolution ultrasound imaging. Aortic diameter is measured by ultrasound and aortic blood pressure is measured invasively with a solid-state pressure catheter. Blood pressure is raised then lowered incrementally by intravenous infusion of vasoactive drugs phenylephrine and sodium nitroprusside. Aortic diameter is measured for each pressure step to characterize the pressure-diameter relationship of the ascending aorta. Stiffness indices derived from the pressure-diameter relationship can be calculated from the data collected. Calculation of arterial compliance is described in this protocol.
This technique can be used to investigate mechanisms underlying increased aortic stiffness associated with cardiovascular disease and aging. The technique produces a physiologically relevant measure of stiffness compared to ex vivo approaches because physiological influences on aortic stiffness are incorporated in the measurement. The primary limitation of this technique is the measurement error introduced from the movement of the aorta during the cardiac cycle. This motion can be compensated by adjusting the location of the probe with the aortic movement as well as making multiple measurements of the aortic pressure-diameter relationship and expanding the experimental group size.

Measuring Ascending Aortic Stiffness In Vivo in Mice Using Ultrasound

We describe a technique for measuring aortic stiffness from its pressure-diameter relationship in vivo in mice. Aortic diameter is recorded by ultrasound and aortic pressure is measured invasively with a solid-state pressure catheter. Blood pressure is changed incrementally and the resulting diameter is measured.

Misurare Crescente aortica Rigidità<em&gt; In Vivo</em&gt; In topi con ultrasuoni

We present a protocol for measuring in vivo aortic stiffness in mice using high-resolution ultrasound imaging. Aortic diameter is measured by ultrasound ...

A Methodological Approach to Non-invasive Assessments of Vascular Function and Morphology

The endothelium is the innermost lining of the vasculature and is involved in the maintenance of vascular homeostasis. Damage to the endothelium may predispose the vessel to atherosclerosis and increase the risk for cardiovascular disease. Assessments of peripheral endothelial function are good indicators of early abnormalities in the vascular wall and correlate well with assessments of coronary endothelial function. The present manuscript details the important methodological steps necessary for the assessment of microvascular endothelial function using laser Doppler imaging with iontophoresis, large vessel endothelial function using flow-mediated dilatation, and carotid atherosclerosis using carotid artery ultrasound. A discussion on the methodological considerations for each of the techniques is also presented, and recommendations are made for future research.

The present article describes the methodological considerations for several non-invasive assessments of vascular function and morphology that are commonly used in medical research to assess different stages of atherosclerosis.

Un approccio metodologico alle valutazioni non invasive di funzione vascolare e morfologia

The endothelium is the innermost lining of the vasculature and is involved in the maintenance of vascular homeostasis.  Damage to the endothelium may ...

Ultrasound-based Pulse Wave Velocity Evaluation in Mice

Arterial stiffness can be evaluated by calculating pulse wave velocity (PWV), i.e., the speed with which the pulse wave travels in a conduit vessel. This parameter is being increasingly investigated in small rodent models in which it is used for assessing alterations in vascular function related to particular genotypes/treatments or for characterizing cardiovascular disease progression. This protocol describes an image processing algorithm which leads to non-invasive arterial PWV measurement in mice using ultrasound (US) images only. The proposed technique has been used to assess abdominal aorta PWV in mice and evaluate its age-associated changes.
Abdominal aorta US scans are obtained from mice under gaseous anesthesia using a specific US device equipped with high-frequency US probes. B-mode and Pulse-Wave Doppler (PW-Doppler) images are analyzed in order to obtain diameter and mean velocity instantaneous values, respectively. For this purpose, edge detection and contour tracking techniques are employed. The single-beat mean diameter and velocity waveforms are time aligned and combined in order to achieve the diameter-velocity (lnD-V) loop. PWV values are obtained from the slope of the linear part of the loop, which corresponds to the early systolic phase.
With the present approach, anatomical and functional information about the mouse abdominal aorta can be non-invasively achieved. Requiring the processing of US images only, it may represent a useful tool for the non-invasive characterization of different arterial sites in the mouse in terms of elastic properties. The application of the present technique can be easily extended to other vascular districts, such as the carotid artery, thus providing the possibility to obtain a multi-site arterial stiffness assessment.

Arterial stiffness represents a key factor in cardiovascular disease and pulse wave velocity (PWV) can be considered as a surrogate index for arterial stiffness. This protocol describes an image processing algorithm for calculating PWV in mice based on ultrasound image processing that is applicable at different arterial sites.

Ultrasound-based velocità dell&#39;onda di polso di valutazione nei topi

Arterial stiffness can be evaluated by calculating pulse wave velocity (PWV), i.e., the speed with which the pulse wave travels in a conduit vessel. This ...

Measuring the Stiffness of Ex Vivo Mouse Aortas Using Atomic Force Microscopy

Arterial stiffening is a significant risk factor and biomarker for cardiovascular disease and a hallmark of aging. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a versatile analytical tool for characterizing viscoelastic mechanical properties for a variety of materials ranging from hard (plastic, glass, metal, etc.) surfaces to cells on any substrate. It has been widely used to measure the stiffness of cells, but less frequently used to measure the stiffness of aortas. In this paper, we will describe the procedures for using AFM in contact mode to measure the ex vivo elastic modulus of unloaded mouse arteries. We describe our procedure for isolation of mouse aortas, and then provide detailed information for the AFM analysis. This includes step-by-step instructions for alignment of the laser beam, calibration of the spring constant and deflection sensitivity of the AFM probe, and acquisition of force curves. We also provide a detailed protocol for data analysis of the force curves.

Measuring the Stiffness of Ex Vivo Mouse Aortas Using Atomic Force Microscopy

We present detailed protocols for isolation of aortas from mouse and measurement of their elastic modulus using atomic force microscopy.

Misurare la rigidità<em&gt; Ex Vivo</em&gt; Mouse aorte Utilizzando microscopia a forza atomica

Arterial stiffening is a significant risk factor and biomarker for cardiovascular disease and a hallmark of aging. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a ...

Biologia

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>Utilizzo della rigidità arteriosa e della funzione endoteliale per la valutazione cardiovascolare

Pulse-Wave Velocity, Flow-Mediated Dilation, and Carotid Intima-Media Thickness to Assess Cardiovascular Risk in Population with Metabolic Syndrome

Pulse-wave velocity (PWV), flow-mediated dilation (FMD), and carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) are established methods used in research and clinical settings to assess arterial stiffness, endothelial function, and subclinical atherogenesis. These measurements may reflect vascular disease and atherosclerotic progression, which are major causes of adverse cardiovascular events. These methods are particularly valuable in determining cardiovascular dysfunction among populations with different risk factors, such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and other metabolic dysfunction-related conditions. They provide a non-invasive and reliable source of information that complements clinical practice. Early detection, risk assessment, and therapeutic decisions regarding cardiovascular disease can be achieved, ultimately contributing to improved patient outcomes. Traditional tools for evaluating cardiovascular disease do not reveal whether metabolic syndrome affects early subclinical cardiovascular disease in patients with obesity. Recent research has highlighted the importance of including arterial stiffness and endothelial function in a comprehensive cardiovascular assessment. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to describe methods that provide information on early subclinical vascular aging, endothelial dysfunction, and atherogenic disease, enabling vascular-targeted risk stratification among populations with obesity and different metabolic profiles.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>Autore in primo piano: Valutazione del profilo cardiovascolare dei pazienti con sindrome metabolica

Endothelial/vascular aging and atherogenesis are key mechanisms that promote the development of cardiovascular diseases. The present protocol describes methods to evaluate arterial stiffness, endothelial dysfunction, and atherogenesis in patients with related risk factors, which are highly valuable in the cardiovascular research field.

Velocità dell'onda del polso, dilatazione flusso-mediata e spessore intima-medio carotideo per valutare il rischio cardiovascolare nella popolazione con sindrome metabolica

Pulse-wave velocity (PWV), flow-mediated dilation (FMD), and carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) are established methods used in research and clinical ...

La carotide a femorale Pulse Wave Velocity (Cf-PWV) per valutare la rigidezza arteriosa di misurazione

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Esplora Altri Video

Capitoli in questo video

Uso di un modello animale di sepsi per valutare nuove terapie a base di erbe

La misurazione e trattamento di soppressione in Ambliopia

Velocità dell'onda di polso testing a Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging

Valutazione della funzione vascolare nei pazienti con malattia renale cronica

Misurare Crescente aortica Rigidità

Un approccio metodologico alle valutazioni non invasive di funzione vascolare e morfologia

Ultrasound-based velocità dell'onda di polso di valutazione nei topi

Misurare la rigidità

Velocità dell'onda del polso, dilatazione flusso-mediata e spessore intima-medio carotideo per valutare il rischio cardiovascolare nella popolazione con sindrome metabolica

Velocità dell'onda del polso, dilatazione flusso-mediata e spessore intima-medio carotideo per valutare il rischio cardiovascolare nella popolazione con sindrome metabolica