المؤلفين قد لا شكر وتقدير.

جميع الأساليب الموصوفة هنا أقرتها لجنة الأخلاقيات في مستشفى ببكين. دلائل لجراحة وفقا للمبادئ التوجيهية "الرابطة الأوروبية للمسالك البولية" لطرفيات المستعملين المحليين الذكور نونيوروجينيك. وتشمل موانع المشتبه فيها خلل السرطان أو ديتروسور البروستاتا.
1-الصكوك للعملية
<ol><li>ضمان توافر الليزر الكريستال مستويي مع الحد أقصى من طاقة من 160 جورج</li>
	<li>توظيف اندفيرينج ليزر الألياف والمياه المالحة حلاً لري المثانة الموضعية.</li>
	<li>استخدام ريسيكتوسكوبي ليزر 26 واو للحصول على رؤية جيدة وتعزيز كفاءة الاستئصال.</li>
</ol>2-الإعداد للعملية
<ol><li>توفير المضادات الحيوية عن طريق الحقن الوريدي تأهيلي (الإدارة عن طريق الحقن الوريدي سيفوروكسيم الصوديوم 1.5 غرام مع 100 مل 0.9%sodium كلوريد الحل 30 دقيقة قبل العملية) لجميع المرضى.</li>
	<li>قبل التخدير، تجعل المريض الاستلقاء على طاولة العمليات. ملاحظة: التخدير العام الفعال والمناسب لهذه العملية، التخدير وأخيراً تحديد طريقة التخدير تبعاً للحالة العامة للمريض.</li>
	<li>ثني المرضى بطريقة عقيمة في موقف ليثوتومي dorsa. لا يؤدون أي إعداد الجلد.</li>
</ol>3-إجراء الخطوات
<ol><li>
فابوريسيكشن الفص المتوسط
	<ol>
<li>فحص تجويف المثانة كلها ومجرى البول في البروستاتا بعناية من خلال ريسيكتوسكوبي بعد المثانة هو منتفخة. ملاحظة: تساعد هذه الخطوة في المسالك البولية لتحديد موقع بعض تغني التشريحية الرئيسية بما في ذلك الثنائية الفوهة الحالب وفيرومونتانوم.</li>
		<li>وضع علامة على سطرين في البداية. تتكفل بأن هذه الخطوط في 05:00 ص و 07:00 ص في عنق المثانة وتستمر على طول الحدود الفاصلة بين الوسيط والفصوص الجانبية، تنتهي أخيرا على هامش الدانية فيرومونتانوم.</li>
		<li>الليزر تعيين السلطة في 80 W. فابوريزي أنسجة البروستاتا عن طريق ألياف بصرية بالتبخير الليزر على طول هذه الخطوط حتى تعتبر الألياف دوري بيضاء. ملاحظة: هذا هو علامة على كبسولة البروستاتا. يتم دمج السطرين في سطر واحد المتاخمة فيرومونتانوم.</li>
		<li>تعيين السلطة الليزر في 80 إلى 100 دبليو مارك عدة خطوط على السطح للفص الأوسط عبر ألياف الليزر. ثم تقسم الفص الأوسط ويدجيشابيد إلى قطع عدة وفقا لهذه الخطوط من خلال تقنية التبخير. ثم تقسيم كل قطعة من الفص الأوسط. وأخيراً، قم بإزالة الفص الأوسط كله.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
فابوريسيكشن الفصوص الجانبية
	<ol>
<li>تبخير الأنسجة الساعة 12:00 م من قمة البروستاتا لعنق المثانة عن طريق تناوب cystoscope 180 °. لا تدع ألياف الليزر الذهاب قريبة جداً من القمة الساعة 12:00 م التي يمكن أن تسبب سلس البول بعد العملية الجراحية. ملاحظة: ويعزز هذا الأسلوب معدل استئصال الأنسجة حول سقف البروستاتا.</li>
		<li>التعرف بوضوح على الهامش السفلي لكلا الفصوص الجانبية مجرد الانتهاء من فابوريسيكشن.</li>
		<li>قبل إزالة الفصوص الجانبية، تعيين آخر الأخاديد مماثلة 2 التي تنشأ من عنق المثانة في 03:00 ص و 09:00 ص إلى نهاية الدانية فيرومونتانوم.</li>
		<li>إزالة أنسجة الغدة الأفقي. تعيين قوة الليزر على 80 إلى 100 واط ومارك عدة خطوط على السطح من الفص الأيسر عن طريق الليزر الألياف تقسم الفص الأيسر إلى قطع عدة وفقا لهذه الخطوط من خلال تقنية التبخير. ثم تقسيم كل قطعة من الفص وأخيراً إزالة الفص الأيسر كله. كرر هذا الإجراء إزالة الفص الأيمن.</li>
		<li>إزالة أنسجة الغدة بقايا على طول الحدود القائمة الكبسولة.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
قناة التشذيب
	<ol>
<li>تذكر أن تقوم تقليم بعض أنسجة بارزة حول قمة الغدة، لتعزيز سلامة التجويف.</li>
		<li>لتجنب المضاعفات الموضعية (أي، إصابة انثقاب أو المصرة كبسولة)، استخدام تقنية التبخير بدلاً من بتر لقطع الأنسجة قرب العضلة العاصرة الاحليل الخارجية وأقل القوة إلى أقل من 80 واط.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
الأرقاء وقسطرة
	<ol>
<li>استخدام المحاقن زجاجية التي تطابق واجهة ريسيكتوسكوبي لإزالة قطعة النسيج بتدفق المياه. تأكد من أن لا يوجد دليل للأنسجة المتبقية في المثانة والبروستاتا الحفرة عن طريق ريسيكتوسكوبي، وتحديد سليمة من فتحات الحالب.</li>
		<li>تستخدم طاقة ليزر أقل (30 إلى 50 واط) لوقف نزيف حول موقع الجراحية. الحفاظ على مسافة مناسبة عادة من 3 إلى 5 ملم بين الألياف والسفن للحصول على تأثير الأرقاء مرضية.</li>
		<li>قم بإزالة ريسيكتوسكوبي من مجرى البول. وضع قسطرة "فولي الفرنسية" 22 من الفوهة الاحليل إلى تجويف المثانة بلطف مع 30 مل من الماء في البالون بعد بما فيه الكفاية تشحيم مجرى البول قبل يدوكائين هلام.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
الرعاية ما بعد الجراحة
	<ol>
<li>ترك المريض الاستلقاء على السرير لحوالي 3 ح بعد في وحدة الرعاية حتى تستيقظ تماما من التخدير. وفي الوقت نفسه، تأكد من أن تتوفر شاشات المريض والأوكسجين الطبي خلال هذا الوقت.</li>
		<li>عند الاستيقاظ تماما، عودة المريض إلى الجناح. ترك المريض يبدأ بشرب بعض الماء وتأخذ بعض المواد الغذائية. سجل الإخراج البول وإيلاء الاهتمام للون البول.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>

<ol>
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N., Ahyai, S., Bachmann, A., de la Rosette, J., Gilling, P., Gratzke, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis+of+functional+outcomes+and+complications+following+transurethral+procedures+for+lower+urinary+tract+symptoms+resulting+from+benign+prostatic+obstruction:+An+update.">A systematic review and meta-analysis of functional outcomes and complications following transurethral procedures for lower urinary tract symptoms resulting from benign prostatic obstruction: An update.</a> Eur Urol. 67 (6), (2014).</li><li>Kang, H. W., Jebens, D., Malek, R. 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EAU guidelines on laser technologies.</a> Eur Urol. 61 (4), 783-795 (2012).</li><li>Braeckman, J., Denis, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Management+of+BPH+then+2000+and+now+2016+-+From+BPH+to+BPO.">Management of BPH then 2000 and now 2016 - From BPH to BPO.</a> Asian J Urol. 4 (3), 138-147 (2017).</li><li>Bachmann, A., Tubaro, A., Barber, N., d'Ancona, F., Muir, G., Witzsch, U., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+European+multicenter+randomized+noninferiority+trial+comparing+180+W+GreenLight+XPS+laser+vaporization+and+transurethral+resection+of+the+prostate+for+the+treatment+of+benign+prostatic+obstruction:+12-month+results+of+the+GOLIATH+study.">A European multicenter randomized noninferiority trial comparing 180 W GreenLight XPS laser vaporization and transurethral resection of the prostate for the treatment of benign prostatic obstruction: 12-month results of the GOLIATH study.</a> J Urol. 193 (2), 570-578 (2015).</li><li>Peyronnet, B., Pradere, B., Brichart, N., Bodin, T., Bertrand, P., Members of French Group of GreenLight Users, ., Bruy&#232;re, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Complications+associated+with+photoselective+vaporization+of+the+prostate:+Categorization+by+a+panel+of+GreenLight+users+according+to+Clavien+score+and+report+of+a+single-center+experience.">Complications associated with photoselective vaporization of the prostate: Categorization by a panel of GreenLight users according to Clavien score and report of a single-center experience.</a> Urology. 84 (3), 657-664 (2014).</li><li>Cho, S. Y., Park, S., Jeong, M. Y., Ro, Y. K., Son, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=120W+GreenLight+high+performance+system+laser+for+benign+prostate+hyperplasia:+68+patients+with+3-year+follow-up+and+analysis+of+predictors+of+response.">120W GreenLight high performance system laser for benign prostate hyperplasia: 68 patients with 3-year follow-up and analysis of predictors of response.</a> Urology. 80 (2), 396-401 (2012).</li><li>Elmansy, H. M., Elzayat, E., Elhilali, M. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Holmium+laser+ablation+versus+photoselective+vaporization+of+prostate+less+than+60+cc:+Long-term+results+of+a+randomized+trial.">Holmium laser ablation versus photoselective vaporization of prostate less than 60 cc: Long-term results of a randomized trial.</a> J Urol. 184 (5), 2023-2028 (2010).</li><li>Hong, K., Liu, Y. Q., Lu, J., Xiao, C. L., Huang, Y., Ma, L. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficacy+and+safety+of+120W+thulium:+Yttrium-aluminum-garnet+vapoenucleation+of+prostates+compared+with+holmium+laser+enucleation+of+prostates+for+benign+prostatic+hyperplasia.">Efficacy and safety of 120W thulium: Yttrium-aluminum-garnet vapoenucleation of prostates compared with holmium laser enucleation of prostates for benign prostatic hyperplasia.</a> Chin Med J (Engl). 128 (7), 884-889 (2015).</li><li>Hermanns, T., Sulser, T., Fatzer, M., Baumgartner, M. K., Rey, J. M., Sigrist, M. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laser+fiber+deterioration+and+loss+of+power+output+during+photo-selective+80-W+potassiumtitanyl-phosphate+laser+vaporization+of+the+prostate.">Laser fiber deterioration and loss of power output during photo-selective 80-W potassiumtitanyl-phosphate laser vaporization of the prostate.</a> Eur Urol. 55 (3), 679-686 (2009).</li><li>Hermanns, T., Strebel, D. D., Hefermehl, L. J., Gross, O., Mortezavi, A., M&#252;ller, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lithium+triborate+laser+vaporization+of+the+prostate+using+the+120+W,+high+performance+system+laser:+High+performance+all+the+way?.">Lithium triborate laser vaporization of the prostate using the 120 W, high performance system laser: High performance all the way?.</a> J Urol. 185 (6), 2241-2247 (2011).</li><li>Schwartz, J., Renard, J., Wolf, J. P., Moret, M., Iselin, C. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-power+potassium-titanyl-phosphate+laser+fibres+for+endovaporization+of+benign+prostatic+hyperplasia:+How+much+do+they+deteriorate+during+the+procedure?.">High-power potassium-titanyl-phosphate laser fibres for endovaporization of benign prostatic hyperplasia: How much do they deteriorate during the procedure?.</a> BJU Int. 107 (12), 1938-1942 (2011).</li><li>Son, H., Ro, Y. K., Min, S. H., Choo, M. S., Kim, J. K., Lee, C. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modified+vaporization-resection+for+photoselective+vaporization+of+the+prostate+using+a+GreenLight+high+-performance+system+120-W+Laser:+the+Seoul+technique.">Modified vaporization-resection for photoselective vaporization of the prostate using a GreenLight high -performance system 120-W Laser: the Seoul technique.</a> Urology. 77 (2), 427-432 (2011).</li><li>Mandal, S., Sankhwar, S. N., Kathpalia, R., Singh, M. K., Kumar, M., Goel, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Grading+complications+after+transurethral+resection+of+prostate+using+modified+Clavien+classification+system+and+predicting+complications+using+the+Charlson+comorbidity+index.">Grading complications after transurethral resection of prostate using modified Clavien classification system and predicting complications using the Charlson comorbidity index.</a> Int Urol Nephrol. 45 (2), 347-354 (2013).</li><li>Gong, Y. G., Liu, R. M., Gao, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Photoselective+vaporesection+of+the+prostate+with+a+front-firing+lithium+triborate+laser:+Surgical+technique+and+experience+after+215+procedures.">Photoselective vaporesection of the prostate with a front-firing lithium triborate laser: Surgical technique and experience after 215 procedures.</a> Eur Urol. 67 (6), 1142-1159 (2015).</li></ol>

ورعت هذه الدراسة الوطنية مفتاح التطوير برنامج الصين د (2017YFC0840100 و 2017YFC0840102).

وهنا، نحن نتبادل الخبرات مع بفرب. أولاً، بفرب مكن التعرض أفضل الكبسولة البروستاتا مع ترسيم الحدود المناسبة، وقللت من خطر انثقاب كبسولة. ثانيا، ينبغي أن تتم إزالة الأنسجة على طول الكبسولة الجراحية، لا سيما مع الاخدود الساعة 12:00 م، مما يسهل استئصال الأنسجة حول السقف مجرى البول البروستاتا و?...

على الرغم من أن لا يزال يتم قبول transurethral استئصال البروستاتا (المقرر) كمعيار الذهب في تضخم البروستاتا الحميد (بف) العلاج الجراحي، جراحات الليزر وأصبحت تدريجيا أكثر شعبية بسبب التسامح المريض أفضل والمضاعفات أقل فقدان الدم وكفاءة مرضية، وأقصر التعافي بعد العملية الجراحية1،،من23. حاليا، يتم إنشاؤها الليزر الأكثر استخداماً لعلاج بف في جميع أنحاء العالم بواسطة ليثيوم فوسفات تيتانيل البوتاسيوم أو الليثيوم تريبورت (مستويي) بلورات4،5. تقليديا، هذه تصنف كأشعة الليزر سيديفيرينج مقارنة بالأنواع الأخرى من الليزر مثل ليزر الهولميوم والليزر ثوليوم.
تبخير فوتوسيليكتيفي جراحة البروستاتا (حماية الأصناف النباتية) يمكن أن تنخفض إلى حد كبير متلازمة المقرر بسبب الري المالحة6،7، ومقارنة بالأنواع الأخرى من أشعة الليزر، وفعالية موثوقة الالتهاب المسالك البولية السفلي (طرفيات المستعملين المحليين) قبل تم التحقق من حماية الأصناف النباتية بسلسلة من الدراسات8،،من910. ومع ذلك، قد حماية الأصناف النباتية المرتبطة بالجانب إطلاق الليزر الانبعاثات أيضا بعض العيوب، بما في ذلك فقدان الطاقة حوالي 20% وعمر قصيرة من ألياف الليزر11،،من1213. وعلاوة على ذلك، حماية الأصناف النباتية يزيد من إمكانية تشخيص سرطان البروستاتا بسبب تبخير الأنسجة كاملة غاب.
إدخال فوتوسيليكتيفي فابوريسيكشن من البروستات (بفرب) مع ألياف إطلاق النار نهاية تغلبت بنجاح معظم العيوب لحماية الأصناف النباتية المذكورة أعلاه. أولاً، التلميح غير قادرة على الليزر المرسلة إلى الأنسجة مع عدم فقدان الطاقة تقريبا إينتراوبيراتيفيلي. ثانيا، عندما تجمع الحطام الألياف على الحافة، أنها واضحة للحفاظ على طاقة الإنتاج المثالي ببساطة إزالة الأجزاء المتضررة. وأخيراً، تمكن استئصال الليزر جمع العينات لفحص باثولوجي بعد العملية الجراحية. ومن ثم استخدام هذا البروتوكول في علاج بف يمكن زيادة معدل إزالة الأنسجة وتوفيرا للوقت من المنطوق وتحسين سلامة الموضعية.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1026">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="124">
			<td height="124" style="height:124px;width:279px;">FLARE surgical Laser Fiber</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">REALTON</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:477px;">The FLARE Surgical laser Fiber is a 600 micron fiber with an straight tip that transmits the laser energy directly. this product is packaged sterile for disposable use and should not be re-sterilized or reused. Dispose of properly after use.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="213">
			<td height="213" style="height:213px;width:279px;">AURORA Surgical Green Laser System</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">REALTON</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">pvp-160-021</td>
			<td style="width:477px;">The AURORA Surgical green laser system is a diode-pumped, frequency-doubled Nd:YAG solid state laser. The AURORA Surgical green laser system features a &#8220;Plug and Play&#8221; capability that self-adjusts to the facility&#8217;s individual voltage requirements, eliminating the need for electrical modifications. The laser system also includes an air-cooled internal mechanism, ensuring safe operating temperatures with no external water connections. Laser energy emission and system status selection is activated through a surgeon-controlled, color-coded footswitch or system touch screen feature located in the laser console.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

photoselective vaporesection of the prostate via an end-firing lithium triborate crystal laser

حدوث أعراض المسالك البولية السفلي (طرفيات المستعملين المحليين) الناجم عن تضخم البروستاتا الحميد (BPH) مشكلة شائعة بكثرة في شيخوخة السكان الذكور. على الرغم من أنه ليس أمراض التي تهدد الحياة، بف أسباب المشاكل التي تؤثر تأثيراً خطيرا على نوعية الحياة. وهنا، نقدم تقنية جديدة تسمى فابوريسيكشن فوتوسيليكتيفي البروستاتا (بفرب) في علاج ببه، الذي يمكن اعتباره شكلاً من فوتوسيليكتيفي تبخير البروستاتا (حماية الأصناف النباتية). ويعرض هذا الإجراء العديد من المزايا مقارنة بتقنية حماية الأصناف النباتية بما في ذلك فقدان الطاقة ليزر أقل وأقل المضاعفات الموضعية، فضلا عن أكثر من نسبة استئصال الأنسجة.

وأدرجت ما مجموعة 35 من المرضى الذين خضعوا بفرب في إحدى الدراسات التي لدينا. وكان متوسط عمر المريض 72.1 ± 7.1 سنة (مجموعة سنة 53-85).
وترد في الجدول 1بيانات المحيطة بالجراحة. واستأثرت الوقت انبعاث الليزر يعني ما يقرب من 50% الوقت المنطوق يعن...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Photoselective Vaporesection of the Prostate via an End-firing Lithium Triborate Crystal Laser at JoVE.com

Photoselective Vaporesection of the Prostate via an End-firing Lithium Triborate Crystal Laser

نقدم هنا بروتوكولا لأداء فوتوسيليكتيفي فابوريسيكشن من البروستات (بفرب) لعلاج تضخم البروستاتا الحميد (بف).

فابوريسيكشن فوتوسيليكتيفي من البروستات عن طريق ليزر كريستال تريبورت ليثيوم نهاية--إطلاق نار

The occurrence of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common problem with a high incidence in the aging ...

photoselective-vaporesection-prostate-via-an-end-firing-lithium

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

7.9K Views.  Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology. نقدم هنا بروتوكولا لأداء فوتوسيليكتيفي فابوريسيكشن من البروستات (بفرب) لعلاج تضخم البروستاتا الحميد (بف).

Video: Photoselective Vaporesection of the Prostate via an End-firing Lithium Triborate Crystal Laser

Evaluation of Nanoparticle Uptake in Tumors in Real Time Using Intravital Imaging

Current technologies for tumor imaging, such as ultrasound, MRI, PET and CT, are unable to yield high-resolution images for the assessment of nanoparticle uptake in tumors at the microscopic level1,2,3, highlighting the utility of a suitable xenograft model in which to perform detailed uptake analyses. Here, we use high-resolution intravital imaging to evaluate nanoparticle uptake in human tumor xenografts in a modified, shell-less chicken embryo model. The chicken embryo model is particularly well-suited for these in vivo analyses because it supports the growth of human tumors, is relatively inexpensive and does not require anesthetization or surgery 4,5. Tumor cells form fully vascularized xenografts within 7 days when implanted into the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) 6. The resulting tumors are visualized by non-invasive real-time, high-resolution imaging that can be maintained for up to 72 hours with little impact on either the host or tumor systems. Nanoparticles with a wide range of sizes and formulations administered distal to the tumor can be visualized and quantified as they flow through the bloodstream, extravasate from leaky tumor vasculature, and accumulate at the tumor site. We describe here the analysis of nanoparticles derived from Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) decorated with near-infrared fluorescent dyes and/or polyethylene glycol polymers (PEG) 7, 8, 9,10,11. Upon intravenous administration, these viral nanoparticles are rapidly internalized by endothelial cells, resulting in global labeling of the vasculature both outside and within the tumor7,12. PEGylation of the viral nanoparticles increases their plasma half-life, extends their time in the circulation, and ultimately enhances their accumulation in tumors via the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect 7, 10,11. The rate and extent of accumulation of nanoparticles in a tumor is measured over time using image analysis software. This technique provides a method to both visualize and quantify nanoparticle dynamics in human tumors.

We present a novel approach to quantify nanoparticle localization in the vasculature of human xenografted tumors using dynamic, real-time intravital imaging in an avian embryo model.

تقييم امتصاص الجسيمات النانوية في الأورام في الوقت الحقيقي باستخدام التصوير Intravital

Current technologies for tumor imaging, such as ultrasound, MRI, PET and CT, are unable to yield high-resolution images for the assessment of nanoparticle ...

Probe-based Confocal Laser Endomicroscopy of the Urinary Tract: The Technique

Probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) is an emerging optical imaging technology that enables real-time in vivo microscopy of mucosal surfaces during standard endoscopy. With applications currently in the respiratory1 and gastrointestinal tracts,2-6 CLE has also been explored in the urinary tract for bladder cancer diagnosis.7-10 Cellular morphology and tissue microarchitecture can be resolved with micron scale resolution in real time, in addition to dynamic imaging of the normal and pathological vasculature.7
The probe-based CLE system (Cellvizio, Mauna Kea Technologies, France) consists of a reusable fiberoptic imaging probe coupled to a 488 nm laser scanning unit. The imaging probe is inserted in the working channels of standard flexible and rigid endoscopes. An endoscope-based CLE system (Optiscan, Australia), in which the confocal endomicroscopy functionality is integrated onto the endoscope, is also used in the gastrointestinal tract. Given the larger scope diameter, however, application in the urinary tract is currently limited to ex vivo use.11 Confocal image acquisition is done through direct contact of the imaging probe with the target tissue and recorded as video sequences. As in the gastrointestinal tract, endomicroscopy of the urinary tract requires an exogenenous contrast agent&mdash;most commonly fluorescein, which can be administered intravenously or intravesically. Intravesical administration is a well-established method to introduce pharmacological agents locally with minimal systemic toxicity that is unique to the urinary tract. Fluorescein rapidly stains the extracellular matrix and has an established safety profile.12 Imaging probes of various diameters enable compatibility with different caliber endoscopes. To date, 1.4 and 2.6 mm probes have been evaluated with flexible and rigid cystoscopy.10 Recent availability of a &lt; 1 mm imaging probe13 opens up the possibility of CLE in the upper urinary tract during ureteroscopy. Fluorescence cystoscopy (i.e. photodynamic diagnosis) and narrow band imaging are additional endoscope-based optical imaging modalities14 that can be combined with CLE to achieve multimodal imaging of the urinary tract. In the future, CLE may be coupled with molecular contrast agents such as fluorescently labeled peptides15 and antibodies for endoscopic imaging of disease processes with molecular specificity.

Probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy enables real-time microscopy of the human urinary tract during cystoscopy, providing dynamic, intravital imaging of pathological states such as bladder cancer with cellular resolution. Endomicroscopy may augment the diagnostic accuracy of standard white light endoscopy and provide intraoperative image guidance to improve surgical resection.

التحقيق المستندة إلى Endomicroscopy الليزر متحد البؤر في المسالك البولية: تقنية

Probe-based  confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) is an emerging optical imaging technology  that enables real-time in vivo microscopy of mucosal surfaces ...

Endotracheal Intubation in Mice via Direct Laryngoscopy Using an Otoscope

Mice, both wildtype and transgenic, are the principal mammalian model in biomedical research currently. Intubation and mechanical ventilation are necessary for whole animal experiments that require surgery under deep anesthesia or measurements of lung function. Tracheostomy has been the standard for intubating the airway in these mice to allow mechanical ventilation. Orotracheal intubation has been reported but has not been successfully used in many studies because of the substantial technical difficulty or a requirement for highly specialized and expensive equipment. Here we report a technique of direct laryngoscopy using an otoscope fitted with a 2.0 mm speculum and using a 20 G&#160;intravenous catheter as an endotracheal tube. We have used this technique extensively and reliably to intubate and conduct accurate assessments of lung function in mice. This technique has proven safe, with essentially no animal loss in experienced hands. Moreover, this technique can be used for repeated studies of mice in chronic models.

Endotracheal Intubation in Mice via Direct Laryngoscopy Using an Otoscope

We have developed a simple, reliable, and relatively inexpensive method for endotracheal intubation in mice via direct laryngoscopy using an otoscope with a 2.0 mm speculum. This technique is atraumatic and can be used for repeated measurements in chronic experiments. We find it superior to tracheostomy or previously reported nonsurgical techniques.

التنبيب الرغامي في الفئران<em&gt; عبر</em&gt; تنظير الحنجرة المباشر باستخدام منظار الأذن

Mice, both wildtype and transgenic, are the principal mammalian model in biomedical research currently. Intubation and mechanical ventilation are ...

Permanent Cerebral Vessel Occlusion via Double Ligature and Transection

Stroke is a leading cause of death, disability, and socioeconomic loss worldwide. The majority of all strokes result from an interruption in blood flow (ischemia) 1. Middle cerebral artery (MCA) delivers a great majority of blood to the lateral surface of the cortex 2, is the most common site of human stroke 3, and ischemia within its territory can result in extensive dysfunction or death 1,4,5. Survivors of ischemic stroke often suffer loss or disruption of motor capabilities, sensory deficits, and infarct. In an effort to capture these key characteristics of stroke, and thereby develop effective treatment, a great deal of emphasis is placed upon animal models of ischemia in MCA.
Here we present a method of permanently occluding a cortical surface blood vessel. We will present this method using an example of a relevant vessel occlusion that models the most common type, location, and outcome of human stroke, permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO). In this model, we surgically expose MCA in the adult rat and subsequently occlude via double ligature and transection of the vessel. This pMCAO blocks the proximal cortical branch of MCA, causing ischemia in all of MCA cortical territory, a large portion of the cortex. This method of occlusion can also be used to occlude more distal portions of cortical vessels in order to achieve more focal ischemia targeting a smaller region of cortex. The primary disadvantages of pMCAO are that the surgical procedure is somewhat invasive as a small craniotomy is required to access MCA, though this results in minimal tissue damage. The primary advantages of this model, however, are: the site of occlusion is well defined, the degree of blood flow reduction is consistent, functional and neurological impairment occurs rapidly, infarct size is consistent, and the high rate of survival allows for long-term chronic assessment.

Permanent Cerebral Vessel Occlusion via Double Ligature and Transection

We describe a highly reproducible method for the permanent occlusion of a rodent major cerebral blood vessel. This technique can be accomplished with very little peripheral damage, minimal blood loss, a high rate of long-term survival, and consistent infarct volume commensurate with the human clinical population.

الدائم انسداد الأوعية الدماغية<em&gt; عبر</em&gt; ضمد مزدوجة وعانى من قطع

Stroke is a leading cause of death, disability, and socioeconomic loss worldwide. The majority of all strokes result from an interruption in blood flow ...

An Orthotopic Murine Model of Human Prostate Cancer Metastasis

Our laboratory has developed a novel orthotopic implantation model of human prostate cancer (PCa). As PCa death is not due to the primary tumor, but rather the formation of distinct metastasis, the ability to effectively model this progression pre-clinically is of high value. In this model, cells are directly implanted into the ventral lobe of the prostate in Balb/c athymic mice, and allowed to progress for 4-6 weeks. At experiment termination, several distinct endpoints can be measured, such as size and molecular characterization of the primary tumor, the presence and quantification of circulating tumor cells in the blood and bone marrow, and formation of metastasis to the lung. In addition to a variety of endpoints, this model provides a picture of a cells ability to invade and escape the primary organ, enter and survive in the circulatory system, and implant and grow in a secondary site. This model has been used effectively to measure metastatic response to both changes in protein expression as well as to response to small molecule therapeutics, in a short turnaround time.

This orthotopic model of human prostate cancer allows for quantification of tumor size, circulating tumor cells, and formation of distinct metastasis to the lung. As cells must escape the primary organ, enter the blood stream, and implant into a secondary site, this model effectively recapitulates the scenario in humans.

على الفئران نموذج مثلي من سرطان البروستاتا البشرية الانبثاث

Our laboratory has developed a novel orthotopic implantation model of  human prostate cancer (PCa). As PCa death is not due to the primary tumor, but  ...

An &#8220;All-laser&#8221; Endothelial Transplant

The &#8220;all laser&#8221; assisted endothelial keratoplasty is a procedure that is performed with a femtosecond laser used to cut the donor tissue at an intended depth, and a near infrared diode laser to weld the corneal tissue. The proposed technique enables to reach the three main goals in endothelial keratoplasty: a precise control in the thickness of the donor tissue; its easy insertion in the recipient bed and a reduced risk of donor lenticule dislocation. The donor cornea thickness is measured in the surgery room with optical coherence tomography (OCT), in order to correctly design the donor tissue dimensions. A femtosecond laser is used to cut the donor cornea. The recipient eye is prepared by manual stripping of the descemetic membrane. The donor endothelium is inserted into a Busin-injector, the peripheral inner side is stained with a proper chromophore (a water solution of Indocyanine Green) and then it is pulled in the anterior chamber. The transplanted tissue is placed in the final and correct location and then diode laser welding is induced from outside the eyeball. The procedure has been performed on more than 15 patients evidencing an improvement in surgery performances, with a good recovery of visual acuity and a reduced donor lenticule dislocation event.

An all laser procedure is proposed in the endothelial transplant. The surgical technique is based on the use of a femtosecond laser to prepare the donor tissue. Laser welding technique is then used to secure the donor endothelium in the correct position.

&quot;جميع ليزر&quot; البطانية زراعة

The &#8220;all laser&#8221; assisted endothelial keratoplasty is a procedure that is performed with a femtosecond laser used to cut the donor tissue at an ...

An Improved Method for Rapid Intubation of the Trachea in Mice

Despite some anatomical and physiological differences, mouse models continue to be an essential tool for studying human lung disease. Bleomycin toxicity is a commonly used model to study both acute lung injury and fibrosis, and multiple methods have been developed for administering bleomycin (and other toxic agents) into the lungs. However, many of these approaches, such as transtracheal instillation, have inherent drawbacks, including the need for strong anesthetics and survival surgery. This paper reports a quick, reproducible method of intratracheal intubation that involves mild inhaled anesthesia, visualization of the trachea, and the use of a surrogate spirometer to confirm exposure. As a proof of concept, 8-12 week old C57BL/6 mice were administered either 2.0 U/kg of bleomycin or an equivalent volume of PBS, and both damage and fibrotic endpoints were measured post-exposure. This procedure allows researchers to treat a large cohort of mice in a relatively short period with little expense and minimal post-procedure care.

This article presents a rapid and simple method for administering bleomycin directly into the mouse trachea via intubation. Key advantages of this method are that it is highly reproducible, easy to master, and does not require specialized equipment or lengthy recovery times.

افضل طريقة لرابيد تنبيب القصبة الهوائية في الفئران

Despite some anatomical and physiological differences, mouse models continue to be an essential tool for studying human lung disease. Bleomycin toxicity ...

Surgical Treatment for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: Holmium Laser Enucleation of the Prostate (HoLEP).

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) commonly occurs among elderly males. The condition causes symptoms in the lower urinary tract, thereby reducing the quality of life. BPH includes 2 major treatments: medication and surgery. Surgical treatment is often the most effective and final intervention. Holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP), one of the most efficient surgical procedures for BPH, is conducted transurethrally. During surgery, the most important and most difficult part is to locate the surgical capsule of the prostate, which is consistent to the idea of anatomic surgery. Different skills may be needed in treating different parts of the prostate. HoLEP tends to be efficient and safe with good hemostatic properties, and able to treat bladder calculus, which may be the complications of BPH. The technique is particularly suitable for prostate of varying volumes and sizes. Indeed, HoLEP also presents certain disadvantages, such as a long learning curve and costly equipment. Regardless, this method may be the "new standard" and the excellent method for the surgical treatment of BPH.

Surgical Treatment for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: Holmium Laser Enucleation of the Prostate HoLEP.

Here we present a safe and efficient protocol, holmium laser enucleation of the prostate, to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia.

المعالجة الجراحية لتضخم البروستاتا الحميد: انوكلييشن ليزر هولميوم البروستات (هليب).

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) commonly occurs among elderly males. The condition causes symptoms in the lower urinary tract, thereby reducing the ...

Enucleation of the Prostate for the Treatment of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Using a 980 nm Diode Laser

In the aging male population, the occurrence of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common problem. Here, we introduce a new technique called 980 nm diode laser enucleation (DiLEP) to treat BPH1. Diode lasers can absorb both water and hemoglobin at the same time, so they are good for cutting and hemostasis2. The diode laser was approved by the FDA in 2007, and has been used in the treatment of BPH because of its effective cutting and hemostasis effect3. DiLEP presents several advantages over other techniques, such as TURP, HoLEP, and PVP. During the procedure, we define the boundary of a high-volume prostate and separate it into three lobes with a diode laser by burning two rings and one groove (like a Cupid&#39;s arrow). Compared to other procedures, mDiLEP has fewer intraoperative complications, a shorter learning curve, and achieves more tissue resection.

Here, we present a protocol for modified 980 nm diode laser enucleation to treat large volume benign prostatic hyperplasia.

استئصال البروستاتا لعلاج تضخم البروستاتا الحميد باستخدام ليزر 980 نانومتر

In the aging male population, the occurrence of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common problem. ...

Inducing Acute Liver Injury in Rats via Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl4) Exposure Through an Orogastric Tube

Acute liver injury (ALI) plays a crucial role in the development of hepatic failure, which is characterized by severe liver dysfunction including complications such as hepatic encephalopathy and impaired protein synthesis. Appropriate animal models are vital to test the mechanism and pathophysiology of ALI and investigate different hepatoprotective strategies. Due to its ability to perform chemical transformations, carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) is widely used in the liver to induce ALI through the formation of reactive oxygen species. CCl4 exposure can be performed intraperitoneally, by inhalation, or through a nasogastric or orogastric tube. Here, we describe a rodent model, in which ALI is induced by CCl4 exposure through an orogastric tube. This method is inexpensive, easily performed, and has minimal hazard risk. The model is highly reproducible and can be widely used to determine the efficacy of potential hepatoprotective strategies and assess markers of liver injury.

Inducing Acute Liver Injury in Rats via Carbon Tetrachloride CCl4 Exposure Through an Orogastric Tube

This protocol describes a common and feasible method of inducing acute liver injury (ALI) via CCl4 exposure through an orogastric tube. CCl4 exposure induces ALI through the formation of reactive oxygen species during its biotransformation in the liver. This method is used to analyze the pathophysiology of ALI and examine different hepatoprotective strategies.