هذا العمل كان يدعمه "المجلس الوطني للعلوم"، تايوان وبموجب العقد لا معظم 105-2112-M-003-016-MY3. هذا العمل أيضا في الجزء أيده "المختبرات الوطنية لجهاز نانو" ومختبر شعاع ه في الهندسة الكهربائية من جامعة تايوان الوطنية.

<ol>
	<li>Kim, Y. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Challenges+for+Nanoscale+MOSFETs+and+Emerging+Nanoelectronics.">Challenges for Nanoscale MOSFETs and Emerging Nanoelectronics.</a> Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials. 11 (3), 93-105 (2010).</li><li>Waldrop, M. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+chips+are+down+for+Moore's+law.">The chips are down for Moore's law.</a> Nature. 530 (7589), 144-147 (2016).</li><li>Lan, Y. W., Chang, W. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+oxygen+bonding+on+defective+semiconducting+and+metallic+single-walled+carbon+nanotube+bundles.">Effects of oxygen bonding on defective semiconducting and metallic single-walled carbon nanotube bundles.</a> Carbon. 50 (12), 4619-4627 (2012).</li><li>Lan, Y. W., Aravind, K., Wu, C. S., Kuan, C. H., Chang-Liao, K. S., Chen, C. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interplay+of+spin-orbit+coupling+and+Zeeman+effect+probed+by+Kondo+resonance+in+a+carbon+nanotube+quantum+dot.">Interplay of spin-orbit coupling and Zeeman effect probed by Kondo resonance in a carbon nanotube quantum dot.</a> Carbon. 50 (10), 3748-3752 (2012).</li><li>Lan, Y. W., Nguyen, L. N., Lai, S. J., Lin, M. C., Kuan, C. H., Chen, C. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+embedded+charge+defects+in+suspended+silicon+nanowires+using+a+carbon-nanotube+cantilever+gate.">Identification of embedded charge defects in suspended silicon nanowires using a carbon-nanotube cantilever gate.</a> Applied Physics Letters. 99 (5), (2011).</li><li>De Volder, M. F. L., Tawfick, S. H., Baughman, R. H., Hart, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Carbon+nanotubes:+present+and+future+commercial+applications.">Carbon nanotubes: present and future commercial applications.</a> Science (New York, N.Y.). 339 (6119), 535-539 (2013).</li><li>Eatemadi, A., Daraee, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Carbon+nanotubes:+Properties,+synthesis,+purification,+and+medical+applications.">Carbon nanotubes: Properties, synthesis, purification, and medical applications.</a> Nanoscale Research Letters. 9 (1), 1-13 (2014).</li><li>Lan, Y. W., Chang, W. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Polymer-free+patterning+of+graphene+at+sub-10-nm+scale+by+low-energy+repetitive+electron+beam.">Polymer-free patterning of graphene at sub-10-nm scale by low-energy repetitive electron beam.</a> Small. 10 (22), 4778-4784 (2014).</li><li>Romero, M. F., Bosca, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impact+of+2D-Graphene+on+SiN+Passivated+AlGaN/GaN+MIS-HEMTs+Under+Mist+Exposure.">Impact of 2D-Graphene on SiN Passivated AlGaN/GaN MIS-HEMTs Under Mist Exposure.</a> IEEE Electron Device Letters. 38 (10), 1441-1444 (2017).</li><li>Blaschke, B. M., Tort-Colet, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mapping+brain+activity+with+flexible+graphene+micro-transistors.">Mapping brain activity with flexible graphene micro-transistors.</a> 2D Materials. 4 (2), 25040 (2017).</li><li>Zhu, Z., Murtaza, I., Meng, H., Huang, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thin+film+transistors+based+on+two+dimensional+graphene+and+graphene/semiconductor+heterojunctions.">Thin film transistors based on two dimensional graphene and graphene/semiconductor heterojunctions.</a> RSC Advances. 7 (28), 17387-17397 (2017).</li><li>Kim, S. J., Choi, K., Lee, B., Kim, Y., Hong, B. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Materials+for+Flexible,+Stretchable+Electronics:+Graphene+and+2D+Materials.">Materials for Flexible, Stretchable Electronics: Graphene and 2D Materials.</a> Annual Review of Materials Research. 45 (1), 63-84 (2015).</li><li>Manzeli, S., Ovchinnikov, D., Pasquier, D., Yazyev, O. V., Kis, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=2D+transition+metal+dichalcogenides.">2D transition metal dichalcogenides.</a> Nature Reviews Materials. 2, (2017).</li><li>Kolobov, A. V., Tominaga, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Emerging Applications of 2D TMDCs. 239, 473-512 (2016).</li><li>Nguyen, L. N., Lan, Y. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Resonant+tunneling+through+discrete+quantum+states+in+stacked+atomic-layered+MoS2.">Resonant tunneling through discrete quantum states in stacked atomic-layered MoS2.</a> Nano Letters. 14 (5), 2381-2386 (2014).</li><li>Torres, C. M., Lan, Y. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-Current+Gain+Two-Dimensional+MoS2-Base+Hot-Electron+Transistors.">High-Current Gain Two-Dimensional MoS2-Base Hot-Electron Transistors.</a> Nano Letters. 15 (12), 7905-7912 (2015).</li><li>Jariwala, D., Sangwan, V. K., Lauhon, L. J., Marks, T. J., Hersam, M. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Emerging+Device+Applications+for+Semiconducting+Two-Dimensional+Transition+Metal+Dichalcogenides.">Emerging Device Applications for Semiconducting Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Dichalcogenides.</a> ACS Nano. 8 (2), 1102-1120 (2014).</li><li>Choi, W., Choudhary, N., Han, G. H., Park, J., Akinwande, D., Lee, Y. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recent+development+of+two-dimensional+transition+metal+dichalcogenides+and+their+applications.">Recent development of two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides and their applications.</a> Materials Today. 20 (3), 116-130 (2017).</li><li>Xiao, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Introduction to Semiconductor Manufacturing Technology, Second Edition. , (2012).</li><li>Lin, C. Y., Zhu, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Atomic-Monolayer+Two-Dimensional+Lateral+Quasi-Heterojunction+Bipolar+Transistors+with+Resonant+Tunneling+Phenomenon.">Atomic-Monolayer Two-Dimensional Lateral Quasi-Heterojunction Bipolar Transistors with Resonant Tunneling Phenomenon.</a> ACS Nano. 11 (11), 11015-11023 (2017).</li><li>Qi, J., Lan, Y. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Piezoelectric+effect+in+chemical+vapour+deposition-grown+atomic-monolayer+triangular+molybdenum+disulfide+piezotronics.">Piezoelectric effect in chemical vapour deposition-grown atomic-monolayer triangular molybdenum disulfide piezotronics.</a> Nature Communications. 6, (2015).</li></ol>

الكتاب ليس لها علاقة بالكشف عن.

في هذه المقالة، وأثبتت الإجراءات المفصلة لاختلاق رواية الإلكترونيات استناداً إلى المواد 2D في مقياس نانومتر. نظراً لإجراءات إعداد نموذج لتطبيق كل الخلافات مع بعضها البعض، عمليات المتراكب يعاملون كالبروتوكول. إلكترون الزخرفة شعاع جنبا إلى جنب مع تصميم الموقع المادي، وتعريف القطب المعدني...

ومنذ العقود الماضية، البشرية تشهد السريع المتناقصة في حجم الترانزستورات، ونتيجة لذلك، زيادة هائلة في عدد الترانزستور في الدوائر المتكاملة (ICs). وهذا يؤكد التقدم المستمر في التكنولوجيا القائمة على السليكون التكميلية أكسيد معدني متمم (CMOS)1. وعلاوة على ذلك، يتم هذا الاتجاه الحالي في حجم وأداء الأجهزة ملفقة لا تزال على المسار مع قانون مور، الذي ينص على أن عدد الترانزستورات في الرقائق الإلكترونية، فضلا عن أدائها، ويتضاعف تقريبا كل سنتين2. ترانزستور CMOS موجودة في معظم، أن لم يكن كل، الأجهزة الإلكترونية المتوفرة في السوق، ومما يجعلها جزءا لا يتجزأ من حياة الإنسان. ونتيجة لهذا، هناك مطالب مستمرة لإدخال تحسينات على رقاقة الحجم والأداء التي قد تم دفع الشركات المصنعة للحفاظ على أثر قانون المسار مور.
ولسوء الحظ، يبدو قانون مور أن تقترب من نهايتها بسبب كمية الحرارة المتولدة كما هو أكثر السليكون الدوائر ويضيق مساحة صغيرة2. وهذا يدعو إلى أنواع جديدة من المواد التي يمكن أن توفر نفس، أن لم يكن أفضل، أداء كالسيليكون، وفي الوقت نفسه، يمكن أن تنفذ في نطاق أضيق نسبيا. ، مواد جديدة واعدة في الآونة الأخيرة مواضيع العديد من أبحاث العلوم المادية. بعض المواد مثل أحادي البعد (1-د) الكربون الأنابيب النانوية3،4،5،،من67، الجرافين 2D8،،من910، 11 , 12و15،14،13،ديتشالكوجينيديس (TMDs) المعادن الانتقالية17،،من1618، هي المرشحين جيدة يمكن استخدامها تكون بديلاً لمنظمات الإدارة الجماعية القائمة على السليكون ومواصلة المسار قانون مور.
تصنيع الأجهزة الصغيرة يتطلب تحديد دقيق للموقع بالمواد المضي قدما بنجاح في تقنيات التصنيع الأخرى مثل الطباعة الحجرية وتعريف القطب المعدني. لذا، صمم الطريقة المعروضة في هذه الورقة تلبية هذه الحاجة. مقارنة ب تقنيات تصنيع أشباه الموصلات التقليدية19، والنهج المعروضة في هذه الورقة خياط مزودة بتطوير الأجهزة الصغيرة التي تحتاج إلى مزيد من الاهتمام من حيث إيجاد مكان للمواد. ويهدف هذا الأسلوب تلفيق موثوق نانوماتيريال 2D الأجهزة، مثل الترانزستورات 2D عن طريق بوابة العودة و Q-هبتس، باستخدام عمليات تصنيع القياسية. هذا يمكن أن تخدم كمنصة للتطورات المستقبلية نانوديفيسي كما أنه يمهد الطريق نحو إنتاج أجهزة متقدمة مستقبلا على نطاق نانو.
في المقطع الشروع، تناقش عمليات تصنيع 2D الأجهزة المستندة إلى مواد هي: Q-ثنائية والترانزستور 2D عن طريق بوابة مرة أخرى بالتفصيل. إلكترون الزخرفة شعاع جنبا إلى جنب مع تصميم الموقع المادي، وتعريف القطب المعدني يشمل البروتوكول نظراً لأنها مطلوبة في كل من العمليات المذكورة. يناقش الجزء 1 عملية التصنيع خطوة خطوة س-هبتس20؛ ويوضح الجزء 2 نهج عالمي للحصول على بخار الكيميائية ترسب (الرسوم التعويضية) ثاني كبريتيد الموليبدينوم (MoS2) الترانزستور عن طريق بوابة العودة من نقل لانطلاقة21، الذي قد ثبت تماما في المادة. ويتضح تدفق عملية مفصلة في (الشكل 1).

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:973px;" width="973">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:248px;">E-gun Evaporator</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">AST</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">PEVA 600I</td>
			<td style="width:296px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:248px;">Au slug, 99.99%</td>
			<td>Well-Being Enterprise Co</td>
			<td>&#160;N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:248px;">Ti slug, 99.99%</td>
			<td>Well-Being Enterprise Co</td>
			<td>&#160;N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:248px;">E-beam Lithography System</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">Elionix</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">ELS7500-EX</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:248px;">Cold Wall CVD System</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">Sulfur Science</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">SCW600S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:248px;">C-plane Sapphire substrate</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">Summit-Tech</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">X171999</td>
			<td>(0001) &#177; 0.2 &#176; one side polished</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:248px;">100 nm SiO2/Si</td>
			<td style="width:175px;"></td>
			<td style="width:255px;"></td>
			<td>Fabricated in NDL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:248px;">Ammonia Solution</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">BASF</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">Ammonia Solution 28% Selectipur</td>
			<td style="width:296px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:248px;">Molybdenum (Mo), 99.95%</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">Summit-Tech&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:248px;">Tungsten (W), 99.95%</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">Summit-Tech&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:248px;">Sulfur (S), 99.5%</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">Sigma-Aldrich&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">13803</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:248px;">Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA)</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">Microchem&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">8110788</td>
			<td>Use for transfer process</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:248px;">Spin Coater</td>
			<td>Laurell&#160;</td>
			<td>WS 400B 6NPP LITE</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:248px;">Acetone</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">BASF</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">Acetone EL Selectipur</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:248px;">Isopropanol (IPA)</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">BASF</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">2-Propanol UPS</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:248px;">Photo Resist for EBL</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">TOK</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">TDUR-P-015</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:248px;">Plasma Cleaner</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">Harrick Plasma</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">PDC-32G</td>
			<td>Oxygen plasma</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a standard and reliable method to fabricate two-dimensional nanoelectronics

ثنائي الأبعاد (2D) المواد قد اجتذبت اهتمام كبير نظراً للخصائص الفريدة والتطبيقات المحتملة. حيث يفر مقياس توليف مواد 2D لا يزال في مراحله الوليدة، لا يمكن الاعتماد العلماء تماما على تقنيات أشباه الموصلات التقليدية للبحوث ذات الصلة. العمليات الحساسة من تحديد المواد اللازمة لتعريف القطب تحتاج إلى التحكم بشكل جيد. في هذه المقالة، مطلوب بروتوكول تصنيع عالمي في صناعة الإلكترونيات النانومترية الحجم، مثل 2D أو شبه هيتيروجونكشن القطبين الترانزستورات (س-ثنائية)، والترانزستورات 2D عن طريق بوابة العودة وأظهرت. هذا البروتوكول يتضمن تحديد الموقف المادي، والطباعة الحجرية شعاع الإلكترون (أبل)، وتعريف القطب المعدني، وآخرون. وترد أيضا سرد خطوة بخطوة إجراءات تصنيع هذه الأجهزة. وعلاوة على ذلك، تظهر النتائج أن كل من أجهزة ملفقة حققت عالية الأداء مع التكرار عالية. هذا العمل يكشف عن وصف شامل لعملية تدفق إعداد 2D نانو-إلكترونيات، تمكن مجموعات بحثية للوصول إلى هذه المعلومات، وتمهيد الطريق نحو المستقبل للإلكترونيات.

قد طبقت في عمليات تصنيع الجهاز على العديد من الأبحاث صاحب المقابلة التي تنطوي على تطوير أجهزة المواد ثنائية الأبعاد. في هذا الجزء، يتم عرض نتائج بعض هذه الأبحاث لإثبات الفعالية البروتوكول نوقشت أعلاه. أحادي الطبقة الجانبية WSe2-موس2 فثنائيه20 محددا...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Standard and Reliable Method to Fabricate Two-Dimensional Nanoelectronics at JoVE.com

A Standard and Reliable Method to Fabricate Two-Dimensional Nanoelectronics

المقالة تهدف إلى إدخال إجراءات تصنيع القياسية وموثوق بها لتنمية المستقبل النانو الأبعاد منخفضة.

طريقة قياسية وموثوقة لاختلاق النانو ثنائي الأبعاد

Two-dimensional (2D) materials have attracted huge attention due to their unique properties and potential applications. Since wafer scale synthesis of 2D ...

a-standard-reliable-method-to-fabricate-two-dimensional

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

9.4K Views.  National Taiwan Normal University. المقالة تهدف إلى إدخال إجراءات تصنيع القياسية وموثوق بها لتنمية المستقبل النانو الأبعاد منخفضة.

Video: A Standard and Reliable Method to Fabricate Two-Dimensional Nanoelectronics

A Method to Fabricate Disconnected Silver Nanostructures in 3D

The standard nanofabrication toolkit includes techniques primarily aimed at creating 2D patterns in dielectric media. Creating metal patterns on a submicron scale requires a combination of nanofabrication tools and several material processing steps. For example, steps to create planar metal structures using ultraviolet photolithography and electron-beam lithography can include sample exposure, sample development, metal deposition, and metal liftoff. To create 3D metal structures, the sequence is repeated multiple times. The complexity and difficulty of stacking and aligning multiple layers limits practical implementations of 3D metal structuring using standard nanofabrication tools. Femtosecond-laser direct-writing has emerged as a pre-eminent technique for 3D nanofabrication.1,2 Femtosecond lasers are frequently used to create 3D patterns in polymers and glasses.3-7 However, 3D metal direct-writing remains a challenge. Here, we describe a method to fabricate silver nanostructures embedded inside a polymer matrix using a femtosecond laser centered at 800 nm. The method enables the fabrication of patterns not feasible using other techniques, such as 3D arrays of disconnected silver voxels.8 Disconnected 3D metal patterns are useful for metamaterials where unit cells are not in contact with each other,9 such as coupled metal dot10,11or coupled metal rod12,13 resonators. Potential applications include negative index metamaterials, invisibility cloaks, and perfect lenses.
In femtosecond-laser direct-writing, the laser wavelength is chosen such that photons are not linearly absorbed in the target medium. When the laser pulse duration is compressed to the femtosecond time scale and the radiation is tightly focused inside the target, the extremely high intensity induces nonlinear absorption. Multiple photons are absorbed simultaneously to cause electronic transitions that lead to material modification within the focused region. Using this approach, one can form structures in the bulk of a material rather than on its surface.
Most work on 3D direct metal writing has focused on creating self-supported metal structures.14-16 The method described here yields sub-micrometer silver structures that do not need to be self-supported because they are embedded inside a matrix. A doped polymer matrix is prepared using a mixture of silver nitrate (AgNO3), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and water (H2O). Samples are then patterned by irradiation with an 11-MHz femtosecond laser producing 50-fs pulses. During irradiation, photoreduction of silver ions is induced through nonlinear absorption, creating an aggregate of silver nanoparticles in the focal region. Using this approach we create silver patterns embedded in a doped PVP matrix. Adding 3D translation of the sample extends the patterning to three dimensions.

Femtosecond-laser direct-writing is frequently used to create three-dimensional (3D) patterns in polymers and glasses. However, patterning metals in 3D remains a challenge. We describe a method for fabricating silver nanostructures embedded inside a polymer matrix using a femtosecond laser centered at 800 nm.

A طريقة لصنع النانو سيلفر قطع في 3D

The standard nanofabrication toolkit includes  techniques primarily aimed at creating 2D patterns in dielectric media. Creating  metal patterns on a ...

Nanomoulding of Functional Materials, a Versatile Complementary Pattern Replication Method to Nanoimprinting

We describe a nanomoulding technique which allows low-cost nanoscale patterning of functional materials, materials stacks and full devices. Nanomoulding combined with layer transfer enables the replication of arbitrary surface patterns from a master structure onto the functional material. Nanomoulding can be performed on any nanoimprinting setup and can be applied to a wide range of materials and deposition processes. In particular we demonstrate the fabrication of patterned transparent zinc oxide electrodes for light trapping applications in solar cells.

We describe a nanomoulding technique which allows low-cost nanoscale patterning of functional materials, materials stacks and full devices. Nanomoulding can be performed on any nanoimprinting setup and can be applied to a wide range of materials and deposition processes.

Nanomoulding من مواد وظيفية، تنوعا النسخ المتماثل خطة التكميلية طريقة لNanoimprinting

We describe a nanomoulding technique which  allows low-cost nanoscale patterning of functional materials, materials stacks  and full devices. Nanomoulding ...

A Method for Studying the Temperature Dependence of Dynamic Fracture and Fragmentation

The dynamic fracture of a body is a late-stage phenomenon typically studied under simplified conditions, in which a sample is deformed under uniform stress and strain rate. This can be produced by evenly loading the inner surface of a cylinder. Due to the axial symmetry, as the cylinder expands the wall is placed into a tensile hoop stress that is uniform around the circumference. While there are various techniques to generate this expansion such as explosives, electromagnetic drive, and existing gas gun techniques they are all limited in the fact that the sample cylinder must be at room temperature. We present a new method using a gas gun that facilitates experiments on cylinders from 150 K to 800 K with a consistent, repeatable loading. These highly diagnosed experiments are used to examine the effect of temperature on the fracture mechanisms responsible for failure, and their resulting influence on fragmentation statistics. The experimental geometry employs a steel ogive located inside the target cylinder, with the tip located about halfway in. A single stage light gas gun is then used to launch a polycarbonate projectile into the cylinder at 1,000 m/sec-1. The projectile impacts and flows around the rigid ogive, driving the sample cylinder from the inside. The use of a non-deforming ogive insert allows us to install temperature control hardware inside the rear of the cylinder. Liquid nitrogen (LN2) is used for cooling and a resistive high current load for heating. Multiple channels of upshifted photon Doppler velocimetry (PDV) track the expansion velocity along the cylinder enabling direct comparison to computer simulations, while High speed imaging is used to measure the strain to failure. The recovered cylinder fragments are also subject to optical and electron microscopy to ascertain the failure mechanism.

Fracture and fragmentation are late stage phenomena in dynamic loading scenarios and are typically studied using explosives. We present a technique for driving expansion using a gas gun which uniquely enables control of both loading rate and sample temperature.

منهج في دراسة الاعتماد درجة الحرارة من ديناميك الكسر والتفتيت

The dynamic fracture of a body is a late-stage phenomenon typically studied under simplified conditions, in which a sample is deformed under uniform ...

A Cost-effective and Reliable Method to Predict Mechanical Stress in Single-use and Standard Pumps

Pumps are mainly used when transferring sterile culture broths in biopharmaceutical and biotechnological production processes. However, during the pumping process shear forces occur which can lead to qualitative and/or quantitative product loss. To calculate the mechanical stress with limited experimental expense, an oil-water emulsion system was used, whose suitability was demonstrated for drop size detections in bioreactors1. As drop breakup of the oil-water emulsion system is a function of mechanical stress, drop sizes need to be counted over the experimental time of shear stress investigations. In previous studies, the inline endoscopy has been shown to be an accurate and reliable measurement technique for drop size detections in liquid/liquid dispersions. The aim of this protocol is to show the suitability of the inline endoscopy technique for drop size measurements in pumping processes. In order to express the drop size, the Sauter mean diameter d32 was used as the representative diameter of drops in the oil-water emulsion. The results showed low variation in the Sauter mean diameters, which were quantified by standard deviations of below 15%, indicating the reliability of the measurement technique.

Shear stress investigations on an oil-water emulsion system result in drop breakup over the experimental time. To count drop sizes in pumping processes, the suitability of inline endoscopy was successfully demonstrated in this protocol.

طريقة فعالة من حيث التكلفة ويمكن الاعتماد عليها للتنبؤ إجهاد ميكانيكي في ذات الاستخدام الواحد ومضخات قياسي

Pumps are mainly used when transferring sterile culture broths in biopharmaceutical and biotechnological production processes. However, during the pumping ...

Standardized Method for Measuring Collection Efficiency from Wipe-sampling of Trace Explosives

One of the limiting steps to detecting traces of explosives at screening venues is effective collection of the sample. Wipe-sampling is the most common procedure for collecting traces of explosives, and standardized measurements of collection efficiency are needed to evaluate and optimize sampling protocols. The approach described here is designed to provide this measurement infrastructure, and controls most of the factors known to be relevant to wipe-sampling. Three critical factors (the applied force, travel distance, and travel speed) are controlled using an automated device. Test surfaces are chosen based on similarity to the screening environment, and the wipes can be made from any material considered for use in wipe-sampling. Particle samples of the explosive 1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) are applied in a fixed location on the surface using a dry-transfer technique. The particle samples, recently developed to simulate residues made after handling explosives, are produced by inkjet printing of RDX solutions onto polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) substrates. Collection efficiency is measured by extracting collected explosive from the wipe, and then related to critical sampling factors and the selection of wipe material and test surface. These measurements are meant to guide the development of sampling protocols at screening venues, where speed and throughput are primary considerations.

Optimized sampling protocols and the development of new wipe materials can be facilitated by standardized measurements of collection efficiency from wipe-sampling. Our approach for sampling trace explosives uses an automated device to control speed, force, and distance during wipe-sampling followed by extraction of collected explosives.

طريقة موحدة لقياس كفاءة مجموعة من مسح لعينة من المتفجرات تتبع

One of the limiting steps to detecting traces of explosives at screening venues is effective collection of the sample. Wipe-sampling is the most common ...

A Novel Method for In Situ Electromechanical Characterization of Nanoscale Specimens

Electrically assisted deformation (EAD) is increasingly being used to improve the formability of metals during processes such as sheet metal rolling and forging. Adoption of this technique is proceeding despite disagreement concerning the underlying mechanism responsible for EAD. The experimental procedure described herein enables a more explicit study compared to previous EAD research by removing thermal effects, which are responsible for disagreement in interpreting previous EAD results. Furthermore, as the procedure described here enables EAD observation in situ and in real time in a transmission electron microscope (TEM), it is superior to existing post-mortem methods that observe EAD effects post-test. Test samples consist of a single crystal copper (SCC) foil having a free-standing tensile test section of nanoscale thickness, fabricated using a combination of laser and ion beam milling. The SCC is mounted to an etched silicon base that provides mechanical support and electrical isolation while serving as a heat sink. Using this geometry, even at high current density (~3,500 A/mm2), the test section experiences a negligible temperature increase (&#60;0.02 &#176;C), thus eliminating Joule heating effects. Monitoring material deformation and identifying the corresponding changes to microstructures, e.g. dislocations, are accomplished by acquiring and analyzing a series of TEM images. Our sample preparation and in situ experiment procedures are robust and versatile as they can be readily utilized to test materials with different microstructures, e.g., single and polycrystalline copper.

A Novel Method for In Situ Electromechanical Characterization of Nanoscale Specimens

Isolating electrical and thermal effects on electrically assisted deformation (EAD) is very difficult using macroscopic samples. Metallic sample micro- and nanostructures together with a custom test procedure have been developed to evaluate the impact of applied current on the formation without joule heating and evolution of dislocations on these samples.

طريقة جديدة ل<em&gt; في الموقع</em&gt; الكهروميكانيكية توصيف عينات النانو

Electrically assisted deformation (EAD) is increasingly being used to improve the formability of metals during processes such as sheet metal rolling and ...

Experimental Implementation of a New Composite Fabrication Method: Exposing Bare Fibers on the Composite Surface by the Soft Layer Method

The bipolar plate is a key component in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) and vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs). It is a multi-functional component that should have high electrical conductivity, high mechanical properties, and high productivity.
In this regard, a carbon fiber/epoxy resin composite can be an ideal material to replace the conventional graphite bipolar plate, which often leads to the catastrophic failure of the entire system because of its inherent brittleness. Though the carbon/epoxy composite has high mechanical properties and is easy to manufacture, the electrical conductivity in the through-thickness direction is poor because of the resin-rich layer that forms on its surface. Therefore, an expanded graphite coating was adopted to solve the electrical conductivity issue. However, the expanded graphite coating not only increases the manufacturing costs but also has poor mechanical properties.
In this study, a method to expose fibers on the composite surface is demonstrated. There are currently many methods that can expose fibers by surface treatment after the fabrication of the composite. This new method, however, does not require surface treatment because the fibers are exposed during the manufacture of the composite. By exposing bare carbon fibers on the surface, the electrical conductivity and mechanical strength of the composite are increased drastically.

A protocol to expose bare fibers on the composite surface by eliminating resin rich area is presented. The fibers are exposed during fabrication of the composites, not by the post surface treatment. The exposed carbon composites exhibit high electrical conductivity in the through-thickness direction and high mechanical property.

التنفيذ التجريبي لأسلوب تصنيع مركب جديد: تعريض الألياف العارية على سطح مركب بواسطة الأسلوب طبقة لينة

The bipolar plate is a key component in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) and vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs). It is a multi-functional ...

Method for Recording Broadband High Resolution Emission Spectra of Laboratory Lightning Arcs

Lightning is one of the most common and destructive forces in nature and has long been studied using spectroscopic techniques, first with traditional camera film methods and then digital camera technology, from which several important characteristics have been derived. However, such work has always been limited due to the inherently random and non-repeatable nature of natural lightning events in the field. Recent developments in lightning test facilities now allow the reproducible generation of lightning arcs within controlled laboratory environments, providing a test bed for the development of new sensors and diagnostic techniques to understand lightning mechanisms better. One such technique is a spectroscopic system using digital camera technology capable of identifying the chemical elements with which the lightning arc interacts, with these data then being used to derive further characteristics. In this paper, the spectroscopic system is used to obtain the emission spectrum from a 100 kA peak, 100 &#181;s duration lightning arc generated across a pair of hemispherical tungsten electrodes separated by a small air gap. To maintain a spectral resolution of less than 1 nm, several individual spectra were recorded across discrete wavelength ranges, averaged, stitched, and corrected to produce a final composite spectrum in the 450 nm (blue light) to 890 nm (near infrared light) range. Characteristic peaks within the data were then compared to an established publicly available database to identify the chemical element interactions. This method is readily applicable to a variety of other light emitting events, such as fast electrical discharges, partial discharges, and sparking in electrical equipment, apparatus, and systems.

Emission spectroscopy techniques have traditionally been used to analyze inherently random lightning arcs occurring in nature. In this paper, a method developed to obtain the emission spectroscopy from reproducible lightning arcs generated within a laboratory environment is described.

طريقة لتسجيل النطاق العريض عالية الدقة الأطياف الانبعاثات من أقواس البرق المختبر

Lightning is one of the most common and destructive forces in nature and has long been studied using spectroscopic techniques, first with traditional ...

A Fabrication and Measurement Method for a Flexible Ferroelectric Element Based on Van Der Waals Heteroepitaxy

Flexible non-volatile memories have received much attention as they are applicable for portable smart electronic device in the future, relying on high-density data storage and low-power consumption capabilities. However, the high-quality oxide based nonvolatile memory on flexible substrates is often constrained by the material characteristics and the inevitable high-temperature fabrication process. In this paper, a protocol is proposed to directly grow an epitaxial yet flexible lead zirconium titanate memory element on muscovite mica. The versatile deposition technique and measurement method enable the fabrication of flexible yet single-crystalline non-volatile memory elements necessary for the next generation of smart devices.

In this paper, we present a protocol to directly grow an epitaxial yet flexible lead zirconium titanate memory element on muscovite mica.

تلفيق وطريقة قياس عنصر Ferroelectric مرنة تستند إلى هيتيرويبيتاكسي فإن دير فالس

Flexible non-volatile memories have received much attention as they are applicable for portable smart electronic device in the future, relying on ...

Scalable Quantum Integrated Circuits on Superconducting Two-Dimensional Electron Gas Platform

To form a coherent quantum transport in hybrid superconductor-semiconductor (S-Sm) junctions, the formation of a homogeneous and barrier-free interface between two different materials is necessary. The S-Sm junction with high interface transparency will then facilitate the observation of the induced hard superconducting gap, which is the key requirement to access the topological phases (TPs) and observation of exotic quasiparticles such as Majorana zero modes (MZM) in hybrid systems. A material platform that can support observation of TPs and allows the realization of complex and branched geometries is therefore highly demanding in quantum processing and computing science and technology. Here, we introduce a two-dimensional material system and study the proximity induced superconductivity in semiconducting two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) that is the basis of a hybrid quantum integrated circuit (QIC). The 2DEG is a 30 nm thick In0.75Ga0.25As quantum well that is buried between two In0.75Al0.25As barriers in a heterostructure. Niobium (Nb) films are used as the superconducting electrodes to form Nb- In0.75Ga0.25As -Nb Josephson junctions (JJs) that are symmetric, planar and ballistic. Two different approaches were used to form the JJs and QICs. The long junctions were fabricated photolithographically, but e-beam lithography was used for short junctions&#8217; fabrication. The coherent quantum transport measurements as a function of temperature in the presence/absence of magnetic field B are discussed. In both device fabrication approaches, the proximity induced superconducting properties were observed in the In0.75Ga0.25As 2DEG. It was found that e-beam lithographically patterned JJs of shorter lengths result in observation of induced superconducting gap at much higher temperature ranges. The results that are reproducible and clean suggesting that the hybrid 2D JJs and QICs based on In0.75Ga0.25As quantum wells could be a promising material platform to realize the real complex and scalable electronic and photonic quantum circuitry and devices.

Quantum integrated circuits (QICs) consisting of array of planar and ballistic Josephson junctions (JJs) based on In0.75Ga0.25As two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) is demonstrated. Two different methods for fabrication of the two-dimensional (2D) JJs and QICs are discussed followed by the demonstration of quantum transport measurements in sub-Kelvin temperatures.

الدوائر المتكاملة الكم قابلة للتحجيم على فائقة التوصيل ثنائي الأبعاد منصة الغاز الإلكترون

To form a coherent quantum transport in hybrid superconductor-semiconductor (S-Sm) junctions, the formation of a homogeneous and barrier-free interface ...